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33 viewsGrammar in Context
Materi Grammar in Context untuk pelajar/umum
Uploaded by
Aulia AfwaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 21
101 Singular and
pe
EXERCISE 100E mk:
yse, asin the
Rephrase the sentences using 2° -ing clau
Examples:
Because she didn't want [0
‘Not wanting to miss the train, she ran
Because I had just eaten, I wasn't hungry- cer
1 Because I felt hungry. I made myself something a.
2 Because he doesn’ 'thave much money, he on ee
3 Beaue she ich sh an or edt take it back tthe brary
i the book.
cca eee re eet late the night before, they felt quite tired the nextday
Note
—We normally expect the subject of an -ing clause to be the same as the subject of
the main clause eg Having just eaten, I wasn't hungry. (= Because I had just eaten,
I wasn't hungry.) It is normally a mistake to make sentences where the subjects
are different. For example, we would not normally say Running down the street, the
envelope fll out of my hand (because this makes it sound as if the envelope was
running down the street!)
{01 Singular and plural nouns (1)
1 | Regular plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
NOUN __NOUN
Most nouns form their plural by addir | ike ae
‘ ~$ to the singular noun. eats int ae
day days
rl
ae 4 girls
ir add sf the singular noun ends in a h
eens church churche:
| dish dishes :
c Some nouns ending in 9 (tomato,
Potato echo, hero, negro are thea
Common), add-es in the plural eo
Other nouns endin, :
8 iN-0, add-s only.
d Nouns endi
ending in a
change the aK:
‘tolandadd ee *%
154 |
irregular plurals
Latin have Greek or Latin plural
endings.
persons).
EXERCISE 101A
Complete the sentences using #
Example:
like oranges, apples, peaches an‘
1 They've got five —., three — an
2 London has many different —
(restaurant | theatre | cinema | disco)
€ Some nouns borrowed from Greek and
The usual plural of person is people (not
Ce
Some nouns endin, stat
: Ef/se and add in the trop the h ee z
thief, leaf, loaf, sey, shel, ayy uc hal, Hi ie
We. Stel kaje we, | iA pty
knife knives:
se wives
PIS cons tr iets)
e plural b 7
changing their vowel(g). eee bss
| ‘tooth teeth
| goose seese
| man men
The plural of mouse is m eer etl Riker
nice fz
mouse mice
¢ —Afew nouns form the plural with -n, hild children [eftdron/ |
chi children ['fildran/
d Some nouns have the same form in
singular and the plural, ae ae Pad
fish fish®
aircraft aircraft
hovercraft hovercraft
spacecraft spacecraft
series series
species species
crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
cactus cacti
*fish is the normal plural of fish; fishes is also possible, but less usual.
For the pronunciation of the -(e)s ending, see 187.1.
le |
d strawberries. (orange | appl
.d two ——. (child | girl | boy)
and —
iperpor: people
he plurals of the nouns in brackets.
peach | strawberry).
os ai is
Geese eae
‘i oth) ¥
jen he fell over, he broke two ofhis ane ange xf
3 Whee got enough, but we rieed some
(plate | knife | fork) insix — (country | day)
5 Ontheir tour of Europe, they visited seven ——
6 hunt. (cat| mouse) =
7 Do you know those ‘over there? (pers __ (shoe | foot)
8 These are too small for me. They hur my
9 We've got some and. but we have —
(egg | tomato | potato)
10 Autumn is coming. The
are starting to all from the — (leaf tree)
02. Singular and plural nouns (2)
a uns, and plural
Normally, we use singular nouns with singular v cerbs and prono Dl
nouns with plural verbs and pronouns.
“Where's the key?’ ‘It's on the table. | ‘Where are the keys?” “They're on the table,
But see 2-9 below.
With group nouns eg family, eam, group, crowd, class. company, government we can,
use singular or plural verbs and pronouns:
a | Weuse plural verbs and pronouns when we think of these groups as a number of people
My family are on holiday
The government think they can solve the problem.
b | Weuse singular verbs and pronouns when we think of the group as an impersonal unit.
8 pet
The family is a very important part of society.
3 | Wealways use plural words with the nouns people, (the) police and cattle.
People are strange, aren't they?
The police have arrested a man.
We use plural nouns, verbs and pronouns with a number of and a group of.
A number of my friends are planning a holiday together. Th :
Aree iey hope to go to Greece
For a lot of, see 116,
After expressions with one of
my/his/her ete w
One of my friends ts coming to see me use a plural noun and a singular verb
6 When we talk about an amor
Pronouns with plural nouns,
unt or a quantity, w
. We often u;
Ten thousand ‘se singular verbs and
Pounds is alot of money
wwnts five kilometres from here,’ jouns have only
got B iss0r8
ws gge your new erousers?
ot some scssorS ithe kitchen,
vec!
hr gsapairof scissors in the kitchen
vert .
ouns end in -s, but are singular e
ni
athletics, billiards, rabies,
soe
monies
is depressing
ics is an inter
he ne
yyathemat
ing subject.
iiacout
ually have no plural form.
ome milk in the fridge.
Money
ountable nouns, see 107.
or unc
ISE 102A
Choose the
Example:
‘There were/was- a lot Of people at the party.
1 Economics is/are an interesting subject.
2 My trousers have/has got a hole in it/them.
3 Rabies ish’t/aren’t a very common disease in
Britain.
4 My family lives/live in. the North of England.
5 The news was/were quite surprising.
Compound nouns
Acompound noun is a noun that is ma
“toothbrush a tin-opener
Many compound nouns are formed by oe
another noun, When this happens: ‘he
‘he meaning is plural).
“Woothbrush (a brush for cleaninB teeth)
‘shoe shop (a shop which sells shoes)
* taxi driver (a person who drives te
157
@ plural form eg trousers leans,
1S
Hans, pyamas, shor
jan also use @ singular verb +q Petr of with th,
ese ni
1Ouns, |
table nouns, the names of things which
S which we
y isn't the most important thing in life, is it2
oe
de of two (orm |
en
oun is al
103 Compound ne"
8 news,
S, politics, my
8, mathematics
cs, physics,
annot co
not count, eg milk, money
correct form. In one sentence either answer is possible.
6 ‘Is this/Are these your scissors?” “Yes
they are/itis.”
7 Two weeks isn't/aren’t a ver
are they?
$ My hair is/are quite greasy
washing.
y long time, isi
Tt needs/They need
pees
ee |
ore) parts:
cctive) in front of |
fas an ad) :
a singular (even
most aways clothes, spores: me women.
women doctors
‘one word e8 t0oHhDTUs SOME AEE Write
‘me are written as two words eg shoe He
sere 28 few exceptions ef
| ines shop sportscar
| some compound nouns are written as
ener, arn 01
with a hyphen (-) eg tin-oPe
uns can be written a
abyesitter, baby sitter
vung are formed with an
gone word, or with a hyphen, or as ty,
Some compound no * (but there are no clear rules about thi)
words eg babysitter,
Some compound not
adjective + noun.
drinking water
ashopping bag awaiting room ‘
greenhouse (= a building made of ass, used for growing plants)
-ing form + noun, or an
We normally form plurals of compound nouns PY adding -(e)s to the second word
ashoe shop | shoe shops
atoothbrush | two toothbrushes
But note that compounds ending in -in-law add -s to the first word.
‘one brother-in-law | two brothers-in-law
| my mother-in-law | some mothers-in-law
‘A few other compound nouns also add -s to the fi
- rst word eg passer-by (=
who happens ‘by chance’ to pass by a place). : a
| passer-by | some passers-by
sally's"
we oft
relation
sally’s
andrey
my sis
weals
someo
Weca
adog’
Weca
EXERCISE 103A
Make compound nouns from the words in the box to describe the objects in th
in the
Examples:
1 ala
alomelek 2 Tshirts 3 crossroad
.2
live, v
the co
the w
Wea
yeste
next
Wev
awe
Forn
Afte
Alte
onl
Att
ade sally's motorbike
weoften add the possessive ’s to personal
celationship of the person to something or gan °® Sly
oF Someone else
sally's motorbike (a motorbike which be
indrew's bedroom (the bedroom where he ey)
my sister's school (the school which my sister ous
ster goes to)
also use the possessive 's with personal indefinite
é ronoun:
someone's passport —_ nobody's problem a
Andrew) to show the
"2 someone, nobody,
We can also use the possessive 's with the names of animals
adog's life the cat's milk
We can use the possessive ‘s with a group of people or with
a pl re
live, work, ete. oor he oe
the company’s office _ the club's rules
the world’s problems London's traffic
We also use the possessive 's in some expressions of time.
yesterday's newspaper _last week's football match
next year's plans
We use the possessive 's with periods of time.
aweek's holiday two days’ work
Form
‘my father's car
After a singular noun, we add ‘s ‘sally’ roont
my parents” car
en
csiweadd | re adi room
After a plural noun ending in
only’
iaeinserwe
After a plural noun not ending ins: W
add 's,
159 lar 1
oa sing
ae ‘hi des’ Law
. dk Holmes’ best friend
twa
cut!
ie ' e980 ito a whole PAN
«| Weean othe ome a
| sue and Prank 's dang! oe ; ;
mash 09) huni ler what
ve pousesae aout #7
2 who we are talking about).
N next to Ken's car )
My car fs next
out shops, surgeries, etc in thls
We often talk
n to the hardresser's
She has just been
este
Twent to the doctor's vi ‘
tation of the 's ending, see 187.1
day,
Por the pronunc
EXERCISE 104A
.nces using the possessive ‘s and the words in the box.
Look at the family tree. Make se
“a A
, ae te
Bal @ ca eee
g rs o
ie | a
t
Dp : Co
Sally we > Ex
Chris Tinta 3
Examples
Kate-Ken 1 Gloria—Chris and 1
sand Linda
Eases 2 Unda-chris a eater Oe 2
Simon and aceon Bally 4 Chri sgctt* and Linda | sister brother st
‘and Andrew are gait, is~G
Orla ts Ken's sisterin © Daisy. ousin _ sister-i r
(er-Intaw, 7 ste ind Chris father-in-law
Sally, Simon angie 105 Possessive'
phCISB 104B
e the set
ntences usi
sing the correct
ect form of th
ne posses
prample
fpnotis your frend’s name?
sarah found somebody ___¢)
1 ye Biffel Tower is Paris
+ the boys — bedroom hi
it cards the street,
pe famous landmark,
.ad about a murder in this mo pany 5
, you borrow your parents car at th alee
atthe weekend
[need to get some medicine, Is there a chemist
nist near here?
Wenormally use 's when the fir
: ye he first noun | We norm
isa person or an animal. /e normally use
Andrew's bedroom
Sarah's book the door of the room
BE the middle of the book
my parents’ car is
he cat's food 1 front of the car
4 the smell of the food
of... with things.
Also, we often use ... of... instead of 's with longer phrases.
Yesterday I met the daughter of the Australian couple who live next door. (Instead
of: Yesterday I met the Australian couple who live next door’s daughter.)
L
EXERCISE 105A
Complete the sentences. Use the words in brackets with the possessive 's or
of..., as in the examples.
Examples:
Have you seen Steven Spielberg's new fil
‘The roof of the house was badly damage
1 Wehad to leave the cinema early so we didn't see — (the end the film)
2 Wemet Sue and Frank at —— (the party | Sarah)
; My flat is on __. (the top floor | the house)
5
iIm? (the new film | Steven Spielberg)
.d in the storm. (the root | the house)
The bus crashed into ——. (the back | my car)
“(a friend | the woman WI
\d | this road)
he girls)
(the manager | the
5 We heed ee ho works in the post office)
© There's a hospital at —. (the en
7 Tve spoken to. (the parents | t!
5 The police want to interview —: Black Cat Club) le possessive
: e Be
. suble possessive’ \ 7
1 possessive form in a “4° ble po 4
of.andap -
ar ex
[nae poset @
ee = one of Simon's friends) ia
sarah isa frend of Simon's (= 000 one of my cousins) Zz
A cousin of mine Is coming colleagues of hers. (= some of her colleagues) &
Sue ts having lunch w oon erie Hers, 8 PrN w
Note that after of we can use a pos
pronoun eg me, her, tc w
s0
so
EXERCIS
c, as in the example. Sc
Make a new sentence using... of...-+ possessive, as in the examp! _
Example
[met one of my friends in London, I met a friend of mine in London. a
1 Robert visited one of his relatives.
2 One of our neighbours is going to babysit for us.
3 Sally is going on holiday with some of her friends.
4 Simon has borrowed some of Sarah's records.
$ Two of my colleagues are ill at the moment. a
107 Countable and uncountable nouns
Nouns can be countable or uncountable: a
Countable nouns are the names of se i
parate object:
count; they have singular and plural forma, Peoeke Ste Which we can
one book two books ;
aman some men
names of things which
we do not s
ey donot have plural forms, SS SeParate: and
take singular or ph ‘
This book Is expensive Plural verbs, :
Th
hat man lives next door, ne ee
ve Those men live next door,
ays e
di yogis 8 ke Saga vers |
The music was very good, efor countable NOUNS, we can ge
ne boon ttle numba
vedo not normally Us e/a ora number
Trample, We dO NOt SAY Mmusio, wma ey Peo
rinbers With eg coffe, tea, ber, ete wig
ep restaurant rae
| gman
ote ee UNCOURLAble nou, For
an and
1s by the cup oF plas
pxcuse me, walter. Could we have wo coffees and
ees and a tea, please?
ese a before consonant
We nsonant sounds ¢
Woe, an egg (See 108.1), en
And an before vowel sounds eg
weuse some before plural countable nouns and unc
WORE ces srr ‘untable nouns (see 115)
fomemen some milk
some nouns can be used as countable o1 intable, with a differen
able or uncountal
seen ; table, with a difference of
pUNTABLE
countal UNCOUNTABLE
eS
glass (= the material)
LE
her hair (= all the hair on her head)
<<"
some paper (= the writing material)
iron (= the metal)
some potato
163 other languages. Here
« yogether With some
bh, but countable In
racountable noutls
cOUNTABLE
ice to live/stay
a pla
eNcoUNTADLE
accommodation ae of alice
ee a aflice/ piece (of bread) (bread) roll
Pa daplece of furniture
ite ore formation
lege arrece of luggage: a sutase/ bag
en ap oin:asum (of money)
news apiece of news
traffic acar/bus etc
| trae aajourney/ trip
work ‘job; a plece of work
| compare
Tl give you some advice. Tiigive you a piece of advice
Where are your suitcases?
Where is your luggage?
ue | He's looking for work.
| Instead of @ a ce
| of apiece of here, we can use a bit ofin a more informal style eg a bit of advice
4 We a
| Wecan use both countable and uncountable nouns in phrases of quantity with of
y with of
1 | a box of match
| ates Spaces | a bottle of water
. | two loaves of bread
He's looking for a job
EXERCISE 107A ge the correct form,
008
sample
que some information 4nformationg about hotels in 1
1 els in London,
sue is the woman with blonde h
1
} pont forget to buy a bread/some bread wh,
4 raike to find out what's on TY this eveny
s trying to find a work/job
lable.
7 He’
z iair/hairs who |
piyou have a good travel/journey ror qo
} yegota problem and I'd like some adver
ves opposite,
land?
"1-YOU go shopping.
rhere Ware usually a lot of trafic traffes in the sng
n the city
at the moment, but th
You got a paper/some paper?
at this time of the day.
lere ist't/aren't much work)
s Hare good accommodation/accommadatons dificult to find int it
Ind in the city centre?
Articles: a/an and the
Form and pronunciation
Weuse a /a/ before words beginning
with a consonant sound
| a book /a bok/
acar /a ka:/
a day /a det/
| afriend /o frend/
| agirl/a.gsel/
Wesay the /62/ before words beginning
with @ consonant sound.
the book /8a buk/
the car /Sa ka:/
\ the day /9 der/
Weuse a and the /da/ before u when it
has the consonant sound /j/-
university /a juz’ va:sott/
‘the university /6a juznr'va:satt/
We use an /on/ before words beginning
with a vowel sound.
‘an apple /an ep\/
an egg /aneg/
an interview /an ‘intavju:/
aan old coat /an auld kout/
an umbrella /an am'brelo/
Wesay the /di:/ before words
beginning with a vowel sound.
the apple /®i:‘zepl/
the egg /8i: eg/
the interview [iz ‘intoyjus/
We use anand the /Siz/ before h when it
isnot sounded.
an hour /an ‘ava(r)/
the hour /8i: ‘ava()/ R
&, 107. os
een ountable hours. £62
ico -
Oa ingulat countable noun "
ve use a/an before si :
weuse a/an _ pee
rook ai aes
idan. = ae jural countable NOUNS: |e uncountable nouns. For Ae
We do not use a/an before e a 5 nt ase a/an befor une re
Ne doo or aden. We dO 1° u
* or arias, cnet or eu (DUE 8 Norge
(ae ble nouns alone, without a/an, r :
countable nour
not us singular count 4
ria | me students) - "
Tm a student. (Not: Fat ow oat aes :
lo
Weuse a/an when the listener or reader d
thing we mean.
There is a book on the table.
He met a girl last night. She wor
rn we say what someone
hich book.)
fedon't know which girl, or which bank.)
(We don't know ve
ks in a bank. (W
or something is.
Tt was a good film.
We use a/an whet
Tman architect He's a vegetarian.
Use of the
For countable and uncountable nouns, see 107.
| We use the with singular countable nouns, plural countable nouns, and
uncountable nouns.
the man the shoes the water
| ‘We use the when the listener or reader knows exactly which person or thing we mean:
= We use the to talk about people and things that we have already mentioned.
Imetagirland a boy. I didn’t lke the boy much, but the gir! was very nice.
‘My father bought a shirt and some shoes. The shoes were quite expensive.
= Weuse the when we say which people or things we mean,
| Who is the man over there talking to Sue?
| © We use the when it is clear from the situation which People or things we mean.
“Where's ate, , :
| coun: Simon" “He's in the bathroom.’ (= the bathroom in this house)
| oon duswtch on the light? (= the light in this room)
got into a taxi. The dri
litres river asked me where I wanted to go. (=
the driver of the taxi
® Weuse the when
“th two, #Ony one of something eg the sun the moon, the sky, the
ae) 'ying in the sun,
ox
ld you like to tray} round the world?
166 ixCiSE 108A
vords in the correct
punto ds in the correct column, Avobn, ee
am :
he /02/
sat 4n and the /6ix/
a orange
+c Se ee
“ek aunt Mndwich bowss " schoot tion
Id car ui da
erange a Soar
university game dtl ee
examination
ice-cream
sRCISE 108B
La EXERCISE 108¢
door an where necessary,
Complete the sentences using a, an or the
sxamples: ‘ ' Examples:
like a hamburger, please. e .
1 There's post office in West Street. 1 Who is __ best footballer in _~ world?
2 Tre got_— envelope, butI haven't got_““ 2 My brother works in. large garage in
stamp. Brighton. He's engineer.
3 Weate cheese and drank “wine 3 Did you enjoy | party you went toon
4 Can you see those two men? They're __ Saturday?
policemen. 4 __
