Name, KEYSTONE BIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE Keystone Biology Review - Module 1- CELLS AND CELL PROCESSES Allliving things have the following characteristics: They are all made of cells: either one cell (unicellular) or many cells (multicellular). * They reproduce sexually (using 2 parents) or asexually (1 parent). ‘© They perform respiration to make energy available to the cell. ‘© They carry on metabolic activities (chemical reactions). ‘© This includes: Synthesizing larger compounds Digesting larger compounds to smaller © They grow and develop conditions) There are 2 Major Cell Type: Differences are shown below: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes ‘They respond to environmental stimuli and maintain homeostasis (constant internal condition despite external Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Simpler; Unicellular ‘More complex; Multicellular; Smaller Cell specialization No true nucleus because there is no membrane around their DNA No complex organelles Includes Bacteria Larger A membrane around their DNA (A Nucleus!) Complex organelles ( Mitochondria, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, Chloroplasts Includes Animals, Plants, Fungi “Similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Both have: Cell membrane/plasma membrane - semi-permeable and regulates what enters and exists the cell Ribosomes ~ make proteins for the cell Cytoplasm - site of various chemical reactions ‘What are some complex organelles in Eukaryotic cells? Mitochondria ~ makes energy (ATP) for the cell using Rough Endoplasmic reticulum -transports proteins ‘Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum ~ makes lipids Golgi Complex - modifies and packages proteins Living things are organized in the following way: organelles Cells Tissue Organs ‘Smallest ‘Nucleus ~ control center of the cell, houses the cells DNA Lysosomes - “suicide sac of the cell” contains strong digestive enzymes organ Systems the process of cellular respiration Chloroplasts - make sugar and oxygen using the process of photosynthesis organism Largest All cells and organs have a specific shape because they do a specific function. Example: Alveoli are structures in the lungs. They are litte sacs with lots of little spacesto increase surface area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The cells omnis bound them are VERY tin tallow gases te be exchanged “6 Water i unique because it's POLAR > =, (ithas opposite charges on the oxygen and hydrogens.) Because of this, individual aor sponte ‘water molecules are attracted to each other and form hydrogen bonds. Pol ee OM Because ofthis, water has the following properties ae % Cohesion - water molecules stick together because they are attracted to each other. inom /8 ‘ (Helps move water up trees) Adhesion -water molecules stick to other stuff. (Helps move water up trees) Capillary action - water moves up tiny tubes using adhesion and cohesiontlike in trees!) High specific heat - it takes a lot of heat energy to raise the temperature of water. (Good for living things because they are made of mostly water, so it keeps them from heating up too quickly. Buffers coastal areas.) High heat vaporation — it takes a lot of heat energy to make liquid water molecules evaporate as gas molecules. (Because of this, water is good at cooling off living things.) Good at cooling organisms - when you sweat, it cools you off because water takes a lot of heat energy with itas it evaporates. Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid - this means ice floats on lakes and things can live under it ACIDS have a pH below 7 and BASES are above 7 on the pH scale, © pHlof 1 or2isavery strong acid © pilof 13 or 14 is a very strong base Carbon is unique because it can for 4 bonds, ‘This allows itt: ¢ Make long chains Form rings Bond with other carbons and other types of atoms Form double bonds Form very complex molecules (like carbohydrates, lipids like fat, proteins and nucleic acids like DNA) ‘The four compounds are: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids Each group of compounds has small building blocks (monomers) that make up the larger Dehydration Synthesis, cme the proces ofhyropisaddsa oleae tote) sek don ange ‘The characteristics of each group of compounds are show below - carbohydrates Ny Mier monosaccharides (snp suas he ease) ne Polymers ~ polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates like starches) Functions - short term energy storage Structure of a carbohydrate-glucoseLipids Gyceot Faty cds ‘Monomers - Glycerol and fatty acids Polymers - fats and oils Functions - long term energy storage, make up the plasma membrane as phospholipids, hormone messengers Structure of Lipid Nucleic Acids Monomers - nucleotides made ofa sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base Polymers - DNA and RNA Functions - Store and transmit hereditary information Protein Monomers - amino acids Polymers -chains of amino acids a.k.a. polypeptides Amino Acid Structure Functions ~ ‘© Help in chemical reactions as enzymes eiarogee ‘© Actas chemical messengers like hormones in the body Amina a cabo! ‘© Help in movement, ike muscles a i ‘© Transporters, like hemoglobin carrying oxygen in your blood == + WN 6 6 ‘* Immunity (antibodies are made of proteins) we L oe ‘© Pump molecules across the plasma membrane R R-group Structure of an Amino Acid - aoa ‘© You can identify an amino acid by a nitrogen atom, ‘* The Rinthe structure below represents different elements that make up 20 different kinds of amino acids Enzymes: ‘¢ Area special group of proteins that act as catalysts to speed up the rate of chemical reactions. © Lower the energy needed to activate the chemical reaction. © There are MANY different enzymes in your body ‘© Have specific shape to compound they work on (called the substrate). rs a cote nes & bonds In substrate emis ‘enzyme-substrate cos Enzymes can either play a role in a hydrolysis reaction or dehydration synthesis. The above reaction is hydrolysis because it shows a larger substrate being broken down into 2 smaller products. Factors that can affect enzyme’s ability to interact with the substrate. ‘* pH changes can change the enzyme active site shape. Itmay not fitthe 4... substrate, The reaction rate will decrease neyme ‘© Temperature changes: a ‘* Lower temperatures slow down the molecules and slow down the enzyme activity. The reaction rate is, decreased. + ‘* Higher temperatures speed up molecular movement o 10 20 20, 40 0 60 70 and increase enzyme activity UNLESS THE TEMPERATURE ere SererGETS TOO HIGH. Ifitis too high, the enzyme active site shape will change and it will not fit the substrate. The reaction rate decreases and eventually stops. ‘* Substrate and enzyme concentrations changes can effect enzyme activity. Higher concentrations increase enzyme activity to a maximum rate, Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis For each of these processes you need to focus on energy transfer during each process. Think about where the energy is ‘going from and transferred to, Cellular Respiration is the process by which cells make energy from glucose, with the help of oxygen. This occurs in the Cll, 0,+ 60, > GH,0 + 6CO, + energy mitochondria, (glucose + oxygen —+ water + carbon dioxide + energy) Overall reaction for cellular respiration: Energy is transferred from the bonds between atoms in a glucose molecule to a molecule of ATP. ‘When energy is released from the bonds in glucose, itis transferred to a molecule of ATP. ATP. is made from bonding a phosphate group to a molecule of ADP with the energy from glucose. Every time an ATP is made, this is what occurs: ADP + Phosphate + Energy —> ATP ATP can then be used to do cell work by releasing the phosphate and releasing the energy that was stored with the ATP molecule. ATP — ADP + Phosphate + Energy Photosynthesis is the process by which cells make glucose (organics) from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy. This occurs in the chloroplast. Light Overall reaction for photosynthesis: Carbon Dioxide + Water ——> Glucose + Oxygen Light energy is transferred to the bonds in a molecule ee of glucose. Photosynthesis occurs with the help of pigment called em, “HEHE EIROEH 1603 ‘chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps by capturing light energy. The Cell Membrane Makeup ~ Phospholipids and Proteins ‘The membrane is selectively permeable (semi-permeable) and allows some substrates to enter the cell while keeping others out. ‘There are two types of transport: 1. Passive transport - moves molecules across the membrane through diffusion. Diffusion moves molecule from high to low concentration (from more crowded to less crowded together), Substances that dissolve in lipids can easily diffuse across the lipid barrier. Substances that are larger, like glucose, or electrically charge, like ions, ‘will move across the protein channels in a process called facilitated diffusion. Cell Membrane cosene Phosphate of the Phosphol id fa a phospholipi hydrophob d (this ve water partsis tenting) hydrophitic and face (water ‘The proteins might use ATP (energy) to pump molecules across in active transport or allow other molecules to diffuse across using no energy2. Active Transport when the cell uses energy to move substances across the cell membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient (difference) (less crowded to more crowded). Protein Pumps - moves individual ions across the membrane AGAINST the concentration gradient Endocytosis - when large quantities of substances are surrounded by the cell membrane and taken IN. (Example- an ameba ingesting food) Exocytosis - when large quantities of substances are pushed OUT of the cell (Example - waste removal, a paramecium pumps water out)