4.

6 Cauchy’s Residue theorem:

(i) If F (z ) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve C except for a pole of
order m at z = a inside C, Prove that
1
2 i C F ( z )dz = lim
1 d m −1
z → a ( m − 1)! dz m −1

( z − a) m F ( z ) 
(ii) if there are two poles at z = a1 and z = a2 inside C of orders m1 and m2
respectively,
Prove that
2 i C
1

F ( z )dz = lim
1 d m1 −1
z →a1 ( m1 − 1)! dz 1
m −1

( z − a1 ) m1 F ( z ) + 
lim
1 d m2 −1
z →a2 ( m 2 − 1)! dz m2 −1

( z − a 2 ) m2 F ( z ) 
(iii) In general if F (z ) has a number of poles inside C with residues
R1 , R2 , R3 ,, then

C F ( z)dz = 2 iR1 + R2 + R3 + 

= 2 i  sum of Residue 
f ( z)
Proof :If F (z ) has a pole of order m at z = a , then F ( z ) = where f (z ) is
(z − a )m
analytic inside and on C and f (a )  0. Then by Cauchy’s integral formula, we get
(m − 1)!

f ( z)
f (m−1) (a) = dz ……………..............(1)
2 i c ( z − a) m
f ( m−1) (a)
 
1 1 f ( z)
F ( z )dz = dz = [by (1) ]
2 i C 2 i C {z − a) m (m − 1)!
d m−1
=
1
lim  f ( z )
(m − 1)! z →a dz m−1

= lim
1 d m−1
z →a ( m − 1)! dz m −1
 
( z − a) m F ( z ) , since F(z) =
f(z)
(z − a)m
.

ez
Problem 4.6.1: Evaluate C ( z 2 +  2 )2 dz , where C is the circle | z |= 4 .
ez ez
Solution: The poles of = are at z =  i inside C and are
(z 2
+ )
2 2 (z −  i )2 (z +  i )2
both of order 2.

1 d 
 ez 
  +i
Residue at z =  i is lim  ( z −  i ) 2
 =  =
z → i 1! dz 
 (z −  i )2 (z +  i )2  4 3
 1 d  ez   −i
Residue at z = − i is lim  ( z +  i ) 2
 =  =
z → i 1! dz  (z −  i )2 (z +  i )2  4 3

ez  + i  − i  i
Then 
C ( z 2 +  2 )2
dz = 2 isum of residue  = 2 i  3 +
 4 3 
4 
= .

ezt

1
Problem 4.6.2: Evaluate dz if t  0 and C is the circle | z |= 3 .
2 i C ( z 2 + 1) 2

ezt  ezt   ezt 

  
1 1 1
dz =  2
=  2
C ( z − i )( z + i ) C (z − i ) (z + i )
Solution :
2 i C ( z + 1)
2 2
2 i   2 i 
2

ezt
The poles of are at z =  i inside C and are both of order two.
(z − i )(z + i )2
Residue at z = + i is

1 d  ezt  d  ezt  ( z + i )te z t − 2e zt

(z − i )  = lim   = lim
2
lim
z → i 1! dz
 (z − i )2 (z + i )2  z→ i dz  (z + i )2  z→ i (z + i )3
2ite i t − 2e i t ite it − e it
= =
− 8i − 4i
Residue at z = − i is

1 d  ezt  d  ezt  ( z − i )te z t − 2e zt

(z + i )  = lim  = lim
2
lim 
z → −i 1! dz
 (z − i )2 (z + i )2  z→ −i dz  (z − i )2  z→− i (z − i )3
− 2ite −i t − 2e −i t ite −it + e −it
= =
8i − 4i
By Cauchy’s residue theorem,
ezt ite it − e it ite −it − e −it

1
dz = (sum of residue) = +
2 i C ( z 2 + 1) 2 − 4i − 4i

1  e it + e −it  1  e it + e −it 
=
it it
− 4i
( 1
) (
e + e −it + e it + e −it = − t 
2 
)  + 
1 1
 = − t cos t + sin t
4i 2  2  2i  2 2

=
1
(sin t − t cos t ) .
2
 Chapter- 7
The Residue Theorem

Contour Integration

A. Evaluation of certain integrals between the limits −  and  . Type
 F ( x)dx .
=

[Ref. Applied Mathematics for Engineers and physics by Louis A. Pipes ]

+


Theorem 1: Consider the evaluation of integrals of the type I = F ( x)dx , where F (z ) is
−

a function that satisfies the following conditions :

1. It is analytic in the upper half plane except at a finite number of poles.
2. It has no poles on the real axis.
3. zF ( z ) → 0 uniformly as | z | →  for 0  arg z   .

  F ( x)dx
0 0
4. When x is real, xF ( x) → 0 as x →   in such way that F ( x)dx and
 −
+
both converge. Then I =
 F ( x)dx = 2 isum of Residue .….
−
….
(7.1.1)
Proof : To prove this, we chose a contour a semicircle C with the centre at the origin and
radius R in the upper half plane, as shown in fig. 7.1. Then, by Cauchy’s residue
theorem,

 F (z)dz =   F (z)dz = 2 isum of residue …….

R

we have F ( x)dx + ..... (7.1.2)

C −R 

Now by condition 3, if R is large enough, we have | zF ( z ) |  … … … (7.1.3)

for all points on C, and so
 

C
F ( z )dz =
0 
F (Re i ) i Re i d   d = 
0
…. …. …. …. …. (7.1.4)

Hence as R →  , the integral around C tends to zero, and if (4) is satisfied, we have
equation (7.1.2), i.e.


 F ( z)dz =  F ( x)dx + 0 = 2 isum of residue .

C −
 Fig.1


dx
Example 1: Evaluate .
0 x + a4
4

z
1
Solution : Consider the integral dz where C is the closed contour of fig. 2
C + a4 4

consisting of the line from − R to + R and the semicircle  , traversed in

anticlockwise.
i 3 i 5 i 7 i
1 4 4 4 4
The function F ( z ) 4 has simple poles ae , ae , ae , ae but only the
z + a4
first two
i 3 i
4 4
poles ae , ae are in the upper half plane.

The function F (z ) clearly satisfies the conditions of the theorem, Therefore

i


i
 1  
Residue at ae
4
= lim i  z − ae 4  4 4
 0
 type of the limit 0 

z →ae 4   z +a 

Using L’Hospital rule,

i


i
 1   1 1 −4
3 i
4 
Residue at ae 4
= lim i  z − ae  4 4
= lim i 3 = 3 e
   z + a 
 z →ae 4 4 z 4a
z →ae 4 

Fig.2
 3 i


i
 1   1 1 − 4
9 i

Residue at ae 4
= lim3 i  z − ae 4  4 4 
= lim = e
z +a 
3 i

3
4a 3
z → ae 4   z →ae 4 4 z
+R

   dz = 2 isum of Residue 
1 1 1
Thus dz = +
C z + a4
4
−R x + a4
4
z + a
4 4

Or,
+R
 1 − 34 i 9 i
1 − 4 
  
1 1 1 1
dz = + dz = 2 i  3 e + e  = 2 i  3  −i 2
C z + a4
4
−R x + a4
4
z + a
4 4
 4a 4a 3
 4a

+R

  
1 1 1
Or, dz = + = … … …. ….
C z + a4
4
−R x + a4
4
z + a
4 4
2 a3
(7.1.5)
Taking the limit of both side of (7.1.5) as R →  , we have
+

z 
1 1
dz = +0=
C
4
+ a4 − x4 + a4 2 a3
+

 x +a = 2a
1
or, 2 4 4 3
0



 x +a = 2 2a
1
or, 4 4 3
0

 
dx
Example 2: Evaluate . Ans.
0 x6 +1 3


cos mx
Example 3: Evaluate dx
0 x2 +1


e imz
Solution :Consider the integral dz where C is the closed contour of fig.3
C z +1
2

consisting of line from –R to +R and the semicircle  , traversed in

anticlockwise. The integral has simple

Fig.3

pole s at z =  i , but only z = + i lies inside C.

  e imz   e imz  e −m
( )
Residue at z = + i is lim  z − i 2  = lim  z − i ( ) =
z →i
 z + 1 z →i  (z − i )(z + i ) 2i
 e =m 

e imz
Thus dz = 2 i sum of residue  = 2 i  = e
=m

C z +1
2
 2i 
e imz  e
imx
e imz
C z 2 + 1 − x 2 + 1  z 2 + 1 dz =  e
=m
Or dz = dx + …. … …. …. …
(7.1.6)
Taking the limit of both side of (7.1.6) as R →  and the integral around  approaches
zero, we have


 
e imz e imx
dz = dx + 0 =  e =m
C z 2
+ 1 − x + 1
2


 −m

e imx  e imx
or, 2
0 x +1
2
dx =  e =m , or, 
0 x2 +1
dx =
2
e , m  0.

 eimx  cos mx  sin mx  e= m

0r ,  (x
0 2
+1 )
dx = 
0
(x 2
+1 )
dx + i 
0
(x 2
)
+1
dx =
2
.... ..... (7.1.7)

Equating real and imaginary parts of the above equation no. (7.1.7), we get

 cos mx  e−m
 0 x2 + 1
dx =
2
.


cos mx
dx ; m0
(x )
Example 4: Evaluate 2
0
2
+1

 (z
e imz
Solution :Consider the integral dz where C is the closed contour of fig.4
C
2
+1 )
2

consisting of line from –R to +R and the semicircle  , traversed in anticlockwise. The

integral has a poles at z =  i of order 2, but only z = + i lies inside C.

Fig.4
 d  e imz   e imz 
Residue at z = + i is lim (z − i ) 2 = ( − )
2 2
 lim  z i 
z →i dz  (z + 1)  z→i 
2
(z − i ) (z + i ) 
2 2

= lim 
d  e imz  ( z + i ) im e imz − e imz 2 (z + i )
2

z →i dz ( z + i )2
 = lim
 
z →i (z + i )4
( z + i)e imz im (z + i ) − 2
= lim
z →i (z + i )4
e imz im (z + i ) − 2
= lim
z →i (z + i )3
− 2e − m (1 + m ) e − m (1 + m)
=
− 8i 4i
 e =m (1 + m)   e =m (1 + m)
(
imz
e
dz = 2 i sum of residue  = 2 i  =
)
Thus 2
C z +1
2
 4i  2

 e =m (1 + m)
 (z  (
imz
e e imx e imz
dz = dx + dz = …. … ….
) ( ) )
Or 2 2 2
C +1 2
− x + 1
2
 z +1
2 2
(7.1.8)
Taking the limit of both side of (7.1.8) as R →  and the integral around  approaches
zero, we have

 e =m (1 + m)
( 
e imz e imx
dz = dx + 0 =
C z +1
2 2
)
− x + 1
2 2
( 2 )

 e =m (1 + m)
 (x + 1) dx =
e imx
or, 2 2
0
2 2

 e =m (1 + m)
 (x + 1) dx =
e imx
or, 2 .
0
2 4
 e imx  cos mx  sin mx  e =m (1 + m)
or  (x
0 2
+1 )
2
dx = 
0
(x 2
+1 ) 2
dx + i 
0
(x 2
+1 )2
dx =
4
...... .... (7.1.9)

Equating real and imaginary parts of the above equation no (7.1.9), we get

 cos mx  e = m (1 + m)
 (x0 2
+1 )
2
dx =
4
.

 sin x
Example 5: Evaluate  0 x
dx ;

e iz
Solution : The method of this problems leads us to consider the integral C dz
z
around the contour of fig.4. However, since z = 0 lies on this path of integration and
since we cannot integrate through a singularity, we modify that contour by intending the
path at z = 0 , as shown in fig. 5, which we call contour C or ABDEFGHJA

Since z = 0 is outside the C/ i.e ABDEFGHJA, we have

Fig.5

e iz
C z dz = 0
 R
e ix e iz e ix e iz
 dx + HJA z dz +  x dx + BDEFG
or, − R x
 z dz = 0
𝑠
Replacing x by –x in the first integral and combining with the third integral, we find

e ix − e −ix
R
e iz e iz
HJA z dz +  x dx + 
BDEFG
z
dz = 0
R
sin x e iz e iz
2i  dx = −  dz −  dz
or,  x BDEFG
z HJA
z
Let  →  and R →  , the first integral on the right sides approaches zero.
i
Letting z =  e in the second integral on the right, we see that it approaches
i 
ei e
0 0
eiz i ei
HJA z  →0   e i  →0 
d = i  d =  i
i
dz = − lim i  e d = − lim i e
  0
since the limit can be taken under the integral sign.
R sin x
Then we have Rlim 2i  dx =  i
→  x
 →0
 sin x 
or. 0 x
dx =
2
Thus,
Example 1: z-plane is mapped onto the w-plane by the function w = f ( z ) = z 2 .

Solution : w = f ( z ) = z 2 . = (x + iy )2 = x 2 + y 2 − 2ixy and thus

u = u( x, y) = x 2 + y 2 and v = v( x, y) = 2 xy ...........(1)