Scribd
Upload
37 views4 pages

Earth Science Reviewer

Georges Lemaitre and Edwin Hubble contributed to the theory of an expanding universe and the origin of the universe from a primordial singularity approximately 13.8 billion years ago known as the Big Bang. The universe rapidly expanded from this initial extremely dense and hot point, forming the basic elements over the first few minutes. The Earth has layered structure with an iron core, mantle composed of silicate rocks, and outer crust. Plate tectonics involve the movement of tectonic plates driven by convection currents in the mantle, resulting in the processes of subduction, spreading, and transform faults at plate boundaries. The geologic time scale provides a system for dating Earth's history based on stratigraphy and

Uploaded by

Mark Vincent Rei Villacruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
37 views4 pages

Earth Science Reviewer

Georges Lemaitre and Edwin Hubble contributed to the theory of an expanding universe and the origin of the universe from a primordial singularity approximately 13.8 billion years ago known as the Big Bang. The universe rapidly expanded from this initial extremely dense and hot point, forming the basic elements over the first few minutes. The Earth has layered structure with an iron core, mantle composed of silicate rocks, and outer crust. Plate tectonics involve the movement of tectonic plates driven by convection currents in the mantle, resulting in the processes of subduction, spreading, and transform faults at plate boundaries. The geologic time scale provides a system for dating Earth's history based on stratigraphy and

Uploaded by

Mark Vincent Rei Villacruz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

Origin of the Universe

 Georges Lemaitre – A Belgian Cosmologist and Catholic priest that first to publish a study
pertaining to the idea of expanding universe in 1927 based on Albert Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity.
 Edwin Hubble – An American astronomer that proved the hypothesis of Lemaitre.
o He observed that the universe is indeed expanding through the Hooker’s Telescope.
o He observed that over time, other galaxies that he has seen turns redder.
 This is because of the separation of light where white light divides into Red,
Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet, where Red is the fastest color of
the rest.
 The Red light that Edwin Hubble observed is due to the speed of Red Light which
reached Hubble’s eyes first.
 The farther the galaxy were, the red it is.
 Singularity
o Synonymous to the Big Bang Theory
o A theory which states that the universe started as a small, dense, singular point which
expanded over a period of time.
 The Big Bang Theory (10-43 seconds) – The universe started as a singular point
 Shaping of the Universe (10-6 seconds) – The singular dot expanded and particles
started appearing.
 Formation of Basic Elements (3 seconds) – The particles collided with each other
and created basic elements such as Hydrogen, Helium, and Lithium.
 Radiation Era (10,000 years) – Particles and elements continuously collide and
react with one another, producing radiation waves which still exists up to this
day.
 Beginning the Era of Matter Dominion (300,000 years) – Particles and Elements
continuously being made; dusts are collecting and starts to build up as celestial
bodies.
 Birth of Stars and Galaxies (300 million years) – Dust and Particles eventually
created stars and galaxies, effectively giving birth to celestial bodies.

Layers of the Earth

 Core – Ball-shaped core at the center of the Earth


o Iron Catastrophe – The heat of the core that allowed it to melt Iron, its heat is caused by
radioactive decay and heat residue from the creation of the universe.
o Planetary Differentiation – The heat allowed the early formation of Earth to rotate
rapidly, pulling buoyant materials which formed the mantle, and heavier metals as the
core.
o Bullen Discontinuity – the separation between the Outer Core and Inner Core.
o Outer Core – Made up of liquid metal.
o Inner Core – Made up of solid metal as the pressure prevents the liquid metal to flow.
 Mantle – Largest part of the Earth’s Layer.
o Made up of Silicates (rocks that have silicon and oxygen content)
o Asthenosphere – layer beneath the lithosphere, it is much softer and semi-molten due
to high pressure.
o Lithosphere – the most rigid layer of the Earth. It is also known as the tectonic plates.
o Mohorovicic Continuity – the division between the crust and the mantle
 Crust – The outermost layer of the Earth this is where buildings, infrastructure, and everything
are built.

Plate Tectonics

 Also known as the Lithosphere


 These are large slabs of Earth above the Asthenosphere
 Plate Tectonics are the reason for the formation of Earth

 A convection current occurs in the Mantle where the cold part drops beneath causing it to melt
due to high temperature, this molten part of the mantle will then rise and solidify once again
causing it so sink, starting a convention cycle.
 This convection cycle is what causes the tectonic plates to move.
 The movement of tectonic plates can be classified as:
o Subduction – Two tectonic plates collide with each other, also known as convergent
o Lateral Sliding – Two tectonic plates move side ways in relation with each other, also
known as transform
o Spreading – Two tectonic plate moves apart, also known as divergent

Subsystem of the Earth

 Geosphere – includes the rocks, earth, and the rock cycle, etc.
 Hydrosphere – includes water, different bodies of water, and the water cycle.
 Atmosphere – includes the layers of the atmosphere, etc.
 Biosphere – Includes the energy cycle and nitrogen cycle, etc.
 Important note: focus more on the correlation of each subsystem rather than its terms and
meanings.

Earth’s Processes

 Exogenic Processes – Processes that occur in the surface of the Earth


o Weathering – the process of disintegration of rocks or breaking down of rocks due to
mechanical and chemical weathering.
o Erosion – the process of materials from the rocks getting blown away by wind, water, or
ice.
o Mass Wasting – Describes the movement of large materials down a slope, hill, or side of
a mountain due to gravity.
o Sedimentation – Refers to the accumulation of materials such as soil and sand setting on
the ground or below a body of water.
 Endogenic Process – Processes that affects the formation of the Earth’s surface
o Magmatism – molten rocks solidify from inside the volcano, this process produces
intrusive igneous rocks.
o Volcanism – molten rocks get out of the volcano then solidifies; this process produces
extrusive igneous rocks.
o Metamorphism – the process of rocks transforming due to extreme pressure and heat

Geologic Time Scale

 Can be referred as the “calendar” for events in Earth History.


 Refers to the division of Earth’’s history that is based on lifeforms that existed in specific times.
 Division of Geologic Time Scale:
o Eons
o Eras
o Periods
o Epoch
 Principles Behind Geologic Time Scale
o Uniformitarianism – states that “the past history of our globe must be explained by what
can be seen happening now”
o Principle of Superposition – the base layer is the first to be deposited, hence, it is older

 Relative Age Dating – The age of the rock is relative to its layer. Older rocks are found below,
younger layer of rocks is nearer the surface.

 Absolute Age Dating – Also known as the Geochronometric Ages; Ages of rocks can be assigned
to the Geologic Time Scale according to the composition of atoms of the minerals.
o Half-Life – Half-Life refers to the time required by an isotope for it to be reduced into half
of it. Example: If an atom has a half-life of 4000 years, after 4000 years, the atom will be
reduced to its half.
o Radiocarbon Dating – Common method used to date anything that was once alive; It
utilizes isotopes Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 as half-life of these isotopes are known.

Hazards and Mitigation

 Hazards - A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss
of life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social
and economic disruptions, or environmental degradation.
 Exposure - People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are
thereby subject to potential losses.
 Vulnerability:

o Weakness of a community form a particular hazard


o Eg. construction of houses, community action like participatory approach on
safety awareness
 Disaster - serious disruption of the functioning of a community/society, involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of
the affected community/society to cope using its own resources.
 Different Kinds of Hazards
o Geologic Hazards
o Hydrologic Hazards
o Meteorological Hazards
o Man-made Hazards

You might also like