Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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CHAPTER 7

P.E. 7.1
z

α1 α2

2
ρ = 5, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
27
 −a − a y  −a x + a y
aφ = al × a ρ =  x  × az =
 2  2

10  2   −a + a y 
H3 =  − 0   x  = −30.63a x + 30.63a y mA/m
4π (5)  27  2 

P.E. 7.2
2  3 
(a) H =  1+  az = 0.1458az A/m
4π (2)  13 
12
ρ = 32 + 42 = 5, α 2 = 0, cos α1 = − ,
(b) 13

 3a − 4a z  4a x + 3a z
aφ = −a y ×  x =
 5  5
2  12   4a x + 3az  1
H= 1 +  = ( 4ax + 3az )
4π (5)  13  5  26π
= 48.97a x + 36.73a z mA/m

P.E. 7.3
(a) From Example 7.3,
Ia 2
H= az
2(a 2 + z 2 )3/ 2
At (0,0,-1cm), z = 2cm,
50 × 10−3 × 25 ×10−4
H= a z = 400.2a z mA/m
2(52 + 22 )3/ 2 × 10−6

(b) At (0,0,10cm), z = 9cm,

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50 × 10−3 × 25 ×10−4
H= a z = 57.3a z mA/m
2(52 + 92 )3/ 2 × 10−6

P.E. 7.4
NI 2 × 103 × 50 × 10−3 (cosθ 2 − cosθ1 )a z
H= ( cosθ 2 − cosθ1 ) a z =
2L 2 × 0.75
100
= ( cosθ 2 − cosθ1 ) az
1.5
0.75
(a) At (0,0,0), θ = 90o , cosθ 2 =
0.752 + 0.052
= 0.9978 θ1 θ2
100
H= ( 0.9978 − 0 ) az
1.5

= 66.52 az A/m
(b) At (0,0,0.75), θ 2 = 90o ,cosθ1 = −0.9978 θ1 θ2
100
H= ( 0 + 0.9978 ) a z
1.5
= 66.52az A/m
−0.5
(c) At (0,0,0.5), cosθ1 = = −0.995
0.52 + 0.052
0.25 θ1
cosθ1 = = 0.9806 θ2
0.252 + 0.052
100
H= ( 0.9806 + 0.995) a z
1.5
= 131.7az A/m

P.E. 7.5
1
H= K × an
2
1
(a) H (0, 0, 0) = 50a z × (−a y ) = 25a x mA/m
2
1
(b) H (1,5, −3) = 50a z × a y = −25a x mA/m
2

P.E. 7.6
 NI
 , ρ − a < ρ < ρ + a, 9<ρ < 11
H =  2πρ
 0, otherwise


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(a) At (3,-4,0), ρ = 32 + 42 =5cm ‹ 9cm

H =0
(b) At (6,9,0), ρ = 62 + 92 = 117 ‹ 11
103 × 100 ×10−3
H = = 147.1 A/m
2π 117 × 102

P.E. 7.7
(a) B = ∇ × A = (−4 xz − 0)ax + (0 + 4 yz )a y + ( y 2 − x 2 )az
B (−1, 2,5) = 20a x + 40a y + 3a z Wb/m2
4 1 4 1
(b) ψ =  B.dS =   ( y 2 − x 2 )dxdy =  y 2 dy − 5 x 2 dx
y =−1 x = 0 −1 0

1 5
= (64 + 1) − = 20 Wb
3 3

Alternatively,
1 4 0
ψ =  A.dl =  x 2 (−1)dx +  y 2 (1)dy +  x 2 (4)dx + 0
0 −1 1

5 65
=− + = 20 Wb
3 3

P.E. 7.8
z

R
h

k y

dS

kdS × R
H = ,
4π R 3

dS = dxdy, k = k y a y ,
R = (− x, − y, h),

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2 2π
−40
(b) k × IR==(Jhadx S+ =xa z )k y ,  ρ dφ d ρ , dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z
k y (ha x + xaμzo)dxdy
ρ =0 φ =0
H = 2 2π
2 2ρ
3 2
−40 4π ( x 2 + y 2 + −h40 )
 ρ ρ  φ 0 (2π )
2
= d d =
μko ha0 ∞ ∞ 0 μo 2
dxdy k y az ∞ ∞ xdxdy
= y x   −6 +  
−80 × 2 × 10 2 + 2 + 2 2 4π
= 4π −∞ −∞
3 3
2 2 2 2
( x = y
− 400 h A ) −∞ −∞ ( x + y + h )
4π × 10−7
The integrand in the last term is zero because it is an odd function of x.
Prob. 7.51 H = − ∇V → V = − H ⋅ dl = −mmf
m m 
k y ha x 2π ∞
ρ dφ d ρ k y h2π a x ∞ 2 2 2 − 3 2 d ( ρ 2 )
H=
4π From  Example
φ =0 ρ =0 ( ρ + h )
2 2 7.3,
3
2
=
H 4= π 0 2 2 3 2 a z 2
( ρIa+ h )
2 (z + a )
k h  −1  k
= y ax   ∞0 = yIaa2x − Iz
( )
3
2 − 2

2
2  ( ρ 2 + hV 2 m 2 =
)
1
− 2 z + a dz = + c
 
2 ( z2 + a 2 ) 2
1
2
1
Similarly, for point (0,0,-h),
As z → ∞, Vm = 0 , 2i.e. H = − k y ax
Hence, I I
0 = − + c → c =
1 2
 k a , z >2 0
2 y x
H =Hence,
1
 k a , z I< 0 z 
 2 y Vxm = 1 − 
2  z2 + a 2 
P.E. 7.9
I
H = aφ
2πρ
Prob. 7.1
But H = − ∇Vm ( J = 0 )
(a) See text
(b) Let I H = Hy + Hz 1 ∂Vm I
aφ = − aϕ → Vm = − φ + C
2πρ ρ ∂φ 2π
I
For H = a ρ = (π−3) 2 + 42 = 5 I π
At (10, 60 , 7 ) , 2πρ
o z
φ =φ 60o = , Vm = 0 → 0 = − ⋅ + C
3 2π 3
(−3a +I 4a y ) (3a y − 4ax )
aφ =or−az ×C = x =
56 5
20Vm = − I I
Hz = (4ax + 32aπy )φ= 0.5093
+
6 ax + 0.382a y
2π (25)
π
At ( 4, 30o , − 2 ) , φ = 30o = ,
I 6
For H y = aφ , ρ = (−3) + 52 = 34
2

2πρ I π I I 12
Vm = − ⋅ + = =
(−3a + 5a )2π 36a + 5a x6 12 12
aφ = a y × Vm x = 1 zA = z
34 34

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185
P.E. 7.10
k × R = (ha x + xa z )k y , ∂ ∂ ∂
(a ) B = ∇k y×(hAa x = + xa z )dxdy∂x ∂y ∂z
H = 2 3
4π ( x 2 + y 2 +2x h 2 )y +
2 yz xy 2 − xz3 − 6 xy + 2z 2 y 2
B k=y ha( x− ∞6xz dxdy (
∞ + 4 x 2 y + 3 xz 2 )a + y + 6yz-4xy
x k y az
∞ ∞ 2
) ( )
a y + y 2 − z 3 − 2 x 2 − z a z Wb/m 2
xdxdy
=
4π  −∞ ( x 2 + y 2 + h2 ) 3 2 + 4π −∞ −∞ ( x2 + y 2 + h2 ) 3 2
(b) −∞

( −6 xz +in4the
x y + 3 xz ) dy dz
2 2
ψ =  integrand
2 2
The z=0 y=0 last term is zero because it is an odd function of x.
x =1

= k ha ( − ∞ ) dy dz + 4  x y dy
2π6 xz
k h 2π
2
a ∞ dz + 3  xz2 dy dz
2
0 ρ d φ d ρ 0 − 3 d
0 ( ρ )
  
y x
H= = y x
(2ρ 2 +2 h 2 ) 2
4π 2 =0 ρ =20 ( ρ 2 + h 2 ) 22
3
2 4π 2
= − 6 φdz  dy + 4 dz  y dy + 03 dy  z 2 dz
0 0 0 0
kyh  −1  ∞ ky 0 0
= ax   = a
2y  2
z  2
2  ( ρ 2 + h2 ) 12  0 2 x 3
 ( 2) + 4(2)
= − 6(2)    +3(2)   = -24+16+16
 2 0 1  3 0
Similarly, for point (0,0,-h), H = − k y a x
ψ = 8 Wb 2
Hence,
∂Ax 1 ∂A y ∂A
(c ) ∇ ⋅ A = k+ a , +z > 0 z = 4xy + 2xy − 6 xy = 0
∂x y x ∂y ∂z
H =2
∇ ⋅ B = − 6 z + 8 xy +1 3kz 3a+ ,6 z − 8zxy<+01 − 3z 3 − 1 = 0
2 y x

As a matter of mathematical necessity,

∇ • B = ∇ • (∇ × A) = 0

Prob. 7.1
7.43
(a) See∂ text ∂ ∂
B1 = ∇ × A1 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
(b) Let H = Hy + Hz
0 (sin x + x sin y ) 0
I
For ∂H z = ∂ aφ∂ ρ = (−3) 2 + 42 = 5
2πρ
B2 = ∇ × A2 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
sin(−x3ax 0+ 4a y ) = (3a y − 4ax )
= −yaz ×
aφcos
B =B =B 5 5
1 2
20 the same B.
Hence, A 2 and A 2 give
Hz = (4ax + 3a y ) = 0.5093ax + 0.382a y
∇ B = 0 2π (25)
showing that B is solenoidal.
I
For H y = aφ , ρ = (−3)2 + 52 = 34
2πρ
(−3a x + 5a z ) 3a z + 5a x
aφ = a y × =
34 34

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10
Hy = (5a x + 3a z ) = 0.234a x + 0.1404a z
2π (34)
H = Hy + Hz
= 0.7433ax + 0.382ay + 0.1404az A/m

Prob. 7.2
Idl × R
dH =
4π R 3
(a) At (1,0,0), R=(1,0,0) - (0,0,0) = (1,0,0)
4a × a
dH = x 3x = 0
4π (1)
(b) At (0, 1,0), R = ay

4a x × a y
dH = = 0.3183a z A/m
4π (1)3
(c) At (0,0,1), R =az

4a x × a z
dH = = −0.3183a y A/m
4π (1)3

(d) At (1,1,1), R=(1,1,1)

4a x × ( a x + a y + a z )
dH = = 61.26(−a y + a z ) mA/m
4π (3)3/ 2

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Prob. 7.3
Let H = H1 + H 2
where H1 and H 2 are respectively due to the lines located at (0,0) and (0,5).
I
H1 = aφ , ρ = 5, aφ = a × a ρ = a z × a x = a y
2πρ
10 ay
H1 = ay =
2π (5) π
I
H2 = aφ , ρ = 5 2, aφ = a × a ρ , a = −a z
2πρ
5a x − 5a y a x − a y
aρ = =
5 2 2
 a x − a y  -a x − a y
aφ = −a z ×  =
 2  2
10  -a x − a y  1
H2 =  = ( -a x − a y )
2π 5 2  2  2π
ay 1
H = H1 + H 2 = + (-a x − a y ) = −0.1592a x + 0.1592a y
π 2π

Prob. 7.4
I
H= aφ , ρ = 5, I = 12
2πρ
 3a + 4a y  4 3
aφ = a × a ρ = −a z ×  x  = ax − a y
 5  5 5
12  4 3 
H=  a x − a y  = 0.3056a x − 0.2292a y
2π (5)  5 5 

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Prob. 7.5

I
α2
a

α1
y

x y

I
H= (cos α 2 − cos α1 )aφ
4πρ

a b
ρ = x 2 + y 2 , cos α1 = , cos α 2 =
a2 + ρ 2 b2 + ρ 2

aφ = al × aρ = a z × a ρ = aφ . Hence,

I  b a 
H=  − aφ
4π x 2 + y 2  x 2 + y 2 + b 2 x2 + y 2 + a2 

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Prob. 7.6
y
1 A
α2 6A
P

ρ
B x
O α1 1

I
H =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
1 2
α 1 = 135o , α 2 = 45o , ρ = 2 =
2 2
 −a x + a y   −a x − a y  1 -1 1 0
aφ = al × a ρ =   ×   = = az
 2 2 2 -1 -1 0
6 3
H =
2
( cos 45 o
)
− cos135o a z =
π
az
4π
2
H ( 0, 0, 0) = 0.954a z A/m

Prob. 7.7
10
(a) At (5,0,0), ρ = 5, aφ = a y , cos α 1 = 0, cos α 2 =
125
2 10
H= ( )a y = 28.471a y mA/m
4π (5) 125
10
(b) At (5,5,0), ρ = 5 2, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
150
−a x + a y
aφ =
2
2 10  −a x + a y 
H= ( )  = 13(−a x + a y ) mA/m
4π (5 2) 150  2 

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10
(c) At (5,15,0), ρ = 250 = 5 10, cos α1 = 0, cos α 2 =
350
5a y - 15a x
aφ =
5 10
2 10  −15a x + 5a y 
H= ( )  = −5.1a x + 1.7a y mA/m
4π (5 10) 350  5 10 
d) At (5,-15,0), by symmetry,

H = 5.1a x + 1.7a y mA/m

Prob. 7.8
z C (0, 0, 5)

y
α1
α2
x A (2, 0, 0) B (1, 1, 0)

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(a) Consider the figure above.

AB = (1, 1, 0) − ( 2, 0, 0) = ( −1, 1, 0)
AC = ( 0, 0, 5) − ( 2, 0, 0 ) = ( −2, 0, 5)
AB ⋅ AC = 2, i.e AB and AC are not perpendicular.
AB ⋅ AC 2 2
(
cos 180o − α 1 ) =
AB AC
=
2 29
→ cos α 1 = −
29
BC = ( 0, 0, 5) − (1, 1, 0) = ( −1, − 1, 5)
BA = (1, − 1, 0)
BC ⋅ BA −1 + 1
cos α 2 = = = 0
BC BA BC BA
i.e. BC = ρ = ( −1, − 1, 5) , ρ = 27

aφ = al × a ρ =
( −1, 1, 0) ×
( −1, − 1, 5)
=
( 5, 5, 2)
2 27 54

H2 =
10 
0+
2 ( 5, 5, 2) =
5
⋅
( 5, 5, 2) A/m

4π 27  29  2 27 2π 29 27
= 27.37 a x + 27.37a y + 10.95 a z mA/m

(b) H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 = ( 0, − 59.1, 0) + ( 27.37, 27.37, 10.95)

+ ( −30.63, 30.63, 0)
= − 3.26 a x − 1.1 a y + 10.95a z mA/m

Prob. 7.9
y

(a) Let H = H x + H y = 2H x
I
Hx = ( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
4πρ 5A α1
α2
x
O

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where aφ = − ax × a y = − a z , α1 = 180o , α 2 = 45o

5
Hx =
4π ( 2 )
( cos 45 o
− cos 180o ) ( −a )
z

= −0.6792 a z A/m
(b) H = Hx + H y
5
where H x = (1 − 0) aφ , aφ = − a x × −a y = a z
4π ( 2 )
= 198.9a z mA/m
H y = 0 since α 1 = α 2 = 0
H = 0.1989 a z A/m
(c ) H = Hx + H y
5
where H x = (1 − 0) ( −ax × az ) = 198.9 a y mA/m
4π ( 2 )
5
Hy =
4π ( 2 )
(1 − 0) (a y × az ) = 198.9 a x mA/m

H = 0.1989 a x + 0.1989 a y A/m.

Prob. 7.10
3
Let H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 + H 4
4 2
where H n is the contribution by side n.
(a) H = 2H1 + H 2 + H 4 since H1 = H 3
1
I 10  6 1 
H1 =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ = 
4π ( 2)  40
+  az
2
10  2  10  1 
H2 = 
4π ( 6 ) 
2×  az , H 4 = 
4π ( 2 ) 
2⋅  az
40  2
 5  3 1  5 5 
H =   +  + +  a z = 1.964a z A/m
 2π  10 2 6π 10 2π 2 
(b) At ( 4, 2, 0) , H = 2 ( H1 + H 4 )
10 8 10 4
H1 = az , H 4 = az
4π ( 2) 20 4π ( 4 ) 20
2 5  1
H = 1 +  a = 1.78a z A/m
π  4 z

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(c ) At ( 4, 8, 0) , H = H1 + 2H 2 + H 3
10  4  10  8 1 
H1 = 2⋅ az , H 2 = −  az
4π ( 8)  4 5 
 
4π ( 4 )  4 5 2
10  2 
H3 =
4π ( 4)  2 
( −a z )
5  1 4 4 
H =
8π
( az )  + −  = −0.1178a z A/m
5 5 2

(d ) At ( 0, 0, 2) ,
10  8  10
H1 = 
4π ( 2)  68
− 0

( ax × az ) = − ay
π 68
10  4   2a − 8a x  5 ( a x + 4a z )
H2 =  − 0 a y ×  z  =
4π 68 84   68  17π 84

10  8   2a x − 4a y  a y + 2a z
H3 = − − 0  ax ×   =
4π 20  84   20  π 21
10  4  −5a x
H4 = 0 +  ( −a y × a z ) =
4π 2  20  π 20
 5 5   1 10   20 2 
H =  −  ax +  −  ay +  +  az
 34π 21 π 20   π 21 π 68   34π 21 π 21 
= −0.3457 ax − 0.3165 a y + 0.1798 az A/m

Prob. 7.11
For the side of the loop along y-axis,
I
H1 =
4πρ
( cos α 2 − cos α1 ) aφ
2
where aφ = − a x , ρ = 2 tan 30o = , α 2 = 30o , α 1 = 150o
3
5 3 15
H1 =
4π 2
(
cos 30o − cos 150o ) ( −a )
x = −
8π
ax

H = 3H1 = − 1.79a x A/m

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Prob. 7.12

I
H = 4 H1 = 4 (cos α 2 − cos α1 )aφ
4πρ
ρ = a = 2cm, I = mA, α 2 = 45o , α1 = 90o + 45o = 135o
aφ = a × a ρ = a y × (−a x ) = a z
I 1 1 2I 2 × 5 ×10−3
H= ( −− )a z = az = a = 0.1125a z
πa 2 2 πa π × 2 ×10−2 z

Prob. 7.13

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(a) Consider one side of the polygon as shown. The angle subtended by the Side At the
center of the circle

360° 2π
=
n n
The filed due to this side is
I
H1 = (cos α 2 − cos α1 )
4π ρ
π π
where ρ = r , cos α 2 = cos(90 − ) = sin
n n
π
cos α1 = − sin
n
I π
H1 = 2 sin
4π r n
nI π
H = nH 1 = sin
2π r n
3I π
(b) For n = 3, H = sin
2π r 3
2
r cot 30o = 2 → r =
3
3× 5 3 45
H = ⋅ = = 1.79 A/m.
2π 2 2 8π
3

4I π 4×5 1
For n = 4, H = sin = ⋅
2π r 4 2π ( 2 ) 2
= 1.128 A/m.
(c) As n → ∞,
nI π nI π I
H = lim sin = ⋅ =
n →∞ 2π r n 2π r n 2r
From Example 7.3, when h = 0,
I
H =
2r
which agrees.

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Prob. 7.14
4

β 3
1
α2

2
Let H = H1 + H 2 + H 3 + H 4
I 10
H1 = az = a z = 62.5 a z
4a 4 × 4 × 10−2
I 4
−2 (
H2 = H4 = cos α 2 − cos 90o ) a z , α 2 = tan −1 = 2.29o
4π × 4 × 10 100
= 19.88 a z
I 100
H3 = 2 cos β a z , β = tan −1 = 87.7o
4π (1) 4
10
= 2 cos 87.7 oa z = 0.06361 a z
4π
H = ( 62.5 + 2 × 19.88 + 0.06361) a z
= 102.32 a z A/m.

Prob. 7.15

From Example 7.3, H due to circular loop is

Iρ 2
H1 = az
(
2 ρ2 + z2 )
5 × 22 5 × 22
(a) H ( 0, 0, 0) = az + az
( ) ( )
3 3
2 22 + 02 2
2 22 + 42 2

= 1.36 a z A/m

5 × 22
(b) H ( 0, 0, 2) = 2 az
( )
3
2 22 + 22 2

= 0.884 a z A/m

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Prob. 7.16

α2
θ2

nI
H =
2
( cos θ 2 − cos θ1 )

cos θ 2 = -cos θ1 = 2

( 4)
1
2 2
a + 
2

nI  0.5 × 150 × 2 × 10−2

H = = = 69.63 A/m
( )
1
2 a + 
2 2 2 2 × 10−3 × 42 + 102
4

(b)
α1 α2

a 4
α 1 = 90o , tan θ 2 = = = 0.2 → θ 2 = 11.31o
b 20
nI 150 × 0.5
H = cos θ 2 = cos 11.31o = 36.77 A/m
2 2

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Prob. 7.17

y
• P (4, 3, 2)

Let H = Hl + H p
1
Hl = aφ
2πρ
ρ = ( 4, 3, 2) − (1, -2, 2) = (3, 5, 0), ρ = ρ = 34
3a x + 5a y
aρ = , al = az
34
 3a x + 5a y  3a y − 5a x
aφ = a l × a ρ = a z ×  =
 34  34
20π  −5a x + 3a y 
Hl =   x10-3 = ( − 1.47a y + 0.88a y ) mA/m
2π  34 
1 1
Hp =
2
K × an =
2
( )
100 × 10 −3 a z × ( -a x ) = − 0.05a y A/m

H = H l + H p = −1.47a x − 49.12 a y mA/m

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Prob. 7.18

(a) See text

(b)

I
a

For ρ < a,  H ⋅ dl = Ienc = 0 → H = 0

Iπ ( ρ 2 − a2 )
For a < ρ < b, Hφ ⋅ 2πρ =
π ( b2 − a 2 )
I  ρ 2 − a2 
Hφ =  
2πρ  b2 − a2 
I
For ρ > b, Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = I → Hφ =
2πρ
Thus,

 0, ρ <a

 I  ρ 2 − a2 
Hφ =   2 2 , a < ρ <b
 2πρ  b −a 
 I
 , ρ >b
 2πρ

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Prob. 7.19
x

-1 1

1
H =  K × an
2
1 1
= (20a x ) × (−a y ) + (−20a x ) × a y
2 2
= 10(−a z ) − 10(a z )
= −20a z A/m

Prob. 7.20
1 1
HP = k × an = 10a x × a z = −5a y
2 2

I I I
HL = aφ = (a x × −a z ) = ay
2πρ 2π (3) 6π

I
H P + H L = −5a y + ay = 0 → I = 30π = 94.25 A
⎯⎯
6π

Prob. 7.21
(a) Applying Ampere's law,
πρ 2 ρ2
Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = I ⋅ → Hφ = I ⋅
π a2 2π a 2
Iρ
i.e H = aφ
2π a 2

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(b) From Eq. (7.29),

 Iρ
 2π a 2 , ρ < a
Hφ = 
 I , ρ >a
 2πρ
At ( 0, 1 cm, 0 ) ,
3 × 1× 10−2 300
Hφ = =
2π × 4 × 10−4 8π
H = 11.94 aφ A/m

At ( 0, 4 cm, 0 ) ,
3 300
Hφ = =
2π × 4 × 10−2 8π
H = 11.94 aφ A/m

Prob. 7.22

For 0 < ρ < a

 L
H dl = I enc =  J dS
ρ
2π Jo
H φ 2πρ =   ρ dφ d ρ
φ =0
ρ=0
ρ
= J o 2πρ
Hφ = J o

For ρ > a
2π a
Jo
 Hdl =  J dS = φ ρ =0 =0
ρ
ρ dφ d ρ

H ρ 2πρ = J o 2π a
Joa
Hφ =
ρ
 J o , 0<ρ <a

Hence H φ =  J o a
 ρ , ρ >a


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Prob. 7.23

1 d 1 d ρ2 2k
(a) J = ∇ × H = ( ρ H φ )a z = ( ko )a z = o a z
ρ dρ ρ dρ a a
(b) For ρ>a,
2π
a
2 ko 2ko ρ2 a
 H ⋅ dl = I enc =  J ⋅ dS =  
ρ =0 φ =0 a
ρ d ρ dφ =
a
(2π )
2 0
ko a
H φ 2πρ = 2π ko a → Hφ =
⎯⎯
ρ
a
H = ko   aφ , ρ >a
ρ

Prob. 7.24

∂ ∂ ∂
J = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (2 x − 2 y )a z
y2 x2 0
At (1,-4,7), x =1, y = -4, z=7,
J = [ 2(1) − 2(−4) ] a z = 10a z A/m 2

Prob. 7.25

(a)
1 ∂ 1 ∂
J = ∇× H = ( ρ Hφ )a z = (103 ρ 3 )a z
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂ρ
2
= 3ρ ×103 a z A/m
(b)
Method 1:
2 2π
I =  J dS =  3ρ ρ dφ d ρ103 = 3 × 103  ρ 2 d ρ  dφ
S 0 0

ρ 2 3
= 3 × 103 (2π ) = 16π × 103 A = 50.265 kA
3 2
Method 2:
2π
I =  H dl =103  ρ 2 ρ dφ = 103 (8)(2π ) = 50.265 kA
L 0

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Prob. 7.26

Let H = H1 + H 2
where H1 and H 2 are due to the wires centered at x = 0 and x = 10cm respectively.
(a) For H1 , ρ = 50 cm, aφ = al × a ρ = a z × a x = a y
5 50
H1 = ay = a
2π ( 5 × 10 )
−2
π y
For H 2 , ρ = 5 cm, aφ = − a z × −a x = a y , H 2 = H1
100
H = 2H1 = ay
π
= 31.83 a y A/m

 2a + a y  2a y − a x
(b) For H1 , aφ = a z ×  x  =
 5  5
5  −a x + 2a y 
H1 = −2   = − 3.183a x + 6.366a y
2π 5 5 ×10  5 
For H 2 , a ρ = − a z × a y = a x
5
H2 = a x = 15.915a x
2π ( 5 )
H = H1 + H 2
= 12.3 a x + 6.366a y A/m
Prob. 7.27

μo I
(a) B = aφ
2πρ
At (-3,4,5), ρ=5.
4π × 10−7 × 2
B= aφ = 80aφ nW/m 2
2π (5)
μI d ρ dz 4π ×10−7 × 2 6 4
Ψ =  B • dS = o  = ln ρ z
(b) 2π ρ 2π 2 0
= 16 ×10−7 ln 3 = 1.756 μ Wb

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Prob. 7.28

(a) I =  J dS

2π a 2π a
ρ2 ρ3
=  
φ =0 ρ =0
J o (1 −
a2
) ρ d ρ dφ = J o  dφ  ( ρ −
0 0
a2
)d ρ

 ρ2 ρ4  2π  2 a 2 
= 2π J o  − 2 a
0 = Jo  a − 
 2 4a  2  2 
1
= π a2 Jo
2

(b)  H dl = I enc =  J dS

For ρ < a,
H φ 2πρ =  J dS
 ρ2 ρ4 
= 2π J o  − 2
 2 4a 
ρ2  ρ2 
H ρ 2πρ = 2π J o  2 − 
4  a2 
Jo ρ  ρ2 
Hρ =  2 − 
4  a2 

For ρ > a,

 Hdl =  J o dS = I

1
H φ 2πρ = π a 2 J o
2
2
a Jo
Hφ =
4ρ
 Jo ρ  ρ2 
  2 − , ρ < a
 4  a2 
Hence Hφ = 
 aJ o
, ρ >a
 4ρ

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Prob. 7.29
μ0 I
B = aφ
2πρ
d+a b μ0 I
ψ =  B ⋅ dS = ρ  =d z = 0 2πρ
dρ dz

μ0 Ib d + a
= In
2π d

Prob. 7.30
For a whole circular loop of radius a, Example 7.3 gives
Ia 2 a z
H= 3/2
2  a 2 + h 2 
Let h ⎯⎯
→0
I
H= az
2a
For a semicircular loop, H is halfed
I
H= az
4a
μI
B = μo H = o a z
4a

Prob. 7.31
∂Bx ∂By ∂Bz
(a) ∇ • B = + + =0
∂x ∂y ∂z
showing that B satisfies Maxwell’s equation.

(b) dS = dydza x
y3 1 4
4 1

Ψ =  B • dS =   y 2 dydz = ( z ) = 1 Wb
z =1 y = 0
3 0 1

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B
(c) ∇ × H = J ⎯⎯
→ J = ∇×
μo
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × B = ∂x ∂y ∂z = −2 za x − 2 xa y − 2 ya z
y 2 z 2 x2
2
J = − ( za x + xa y + ya z ) A/m 2
μo

Prob. 7.32
h
On the slant side of the ring, z = ( ρ − a)
6
where H1 and H 2 are due to the wires centered at x = 0 and x = 10cm respectively.
μo I
ψ =  B.dS =  2πρ dρ dz
h
μo I a+b ( ρ −a) dz dρ μo Ih a+b  a
=
2π ρ 
=a
b
z=0 ρ
=
2π b ρ =a 
1−
 ρ 
dρ

μo Ih  a + b
=  b − a ln  as required.
2π b a 
If a = 30 cm, b = 10 cm, h = 5 cm, I = 10 A,
4π × 10 −7 × 10 × 0.05  4
ψ =  0.1 − 0.3 ln 
(
2π 10 × 10 −2
) 3
= 1.37 × 10 −8 Wb

Prob. 7.33
0.2 50o 106
ψ =  BdS = μo  
z=0 φ =0 ρ
sin 2φ ρ dφ dz

50o
 cos 2φ 
ψ = 4π × 10 × 10 ( 0.2)  −
−7 6

 2  0

= (
0.04π 1 − cos 100 o
)
= 0.1475 Wb

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Prob. 7.34

π /4 2 2 π /4
20
ψ =  B  dS =   sin φ ρ d ρ dφ = 20 d ρ
2
 sin
2
φ dφ
S φ = 0 =1
ρ ρ 1 0
π /4
1 1 π /4
= 20(1) 
0
2
(1 − cos 2φ )dφ = 10(φ − sin 2φ )
2 0
π
1
= 10( − ) = 2.854 Wb
4 2

Prob. 7.35

ψ =  B dS , dS = r 2sinθ dθ dφ ar
S
2π π /3
2
ψ =  cos θ r 2sinθ dθ dφ = 2  dφ  cos θ sin θ dθ
r3 r =1 0 0

sin 2 θ π / 3
π /3
= 2(2π )  sin θ d (sin θ ) = 4π = 2π sin 2 (π / 3)
0
2 0
= 4.7123 Wb

Prob. 7.36

μo J × R
4π v R 3
B = μo H = dv

Since current is the flow of charge, we can express this in terms of a charge moving with
velocity u. Jdv = dqu.

μo  qu × R 
B=  R 3 
4π
In our case, u and R are perpendicular. Hence,
μo qu 4π ×10−7 1.6 ×10−19 × 2.2 ×106 1.6 ×10−20
B= = × =
4π R 2 4π (5.3 ×10−11 ) 2 (5.3) 2 ×10 −22
= 12.53 Wb/m 2

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Prob. 7.37
(a ) ∇A = − ya sin ax ≠ 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∇×A = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y cos ax 0 y + e-x
= a x + e − x a y − cos axa z ≠ 0
A is neither electrostatic nor magnetostatic field

1 ∂ 1 ∂
(b) ∇⋅ B =
ρ ∂ρ
(
ρ Bρ = )
ρ ∂ρ
( 20) = 0
∇× B = 0
B can be E-field in a charge-free region.
1 ∂ 2
(c ) ∇⋅ C = (r sinθ ) = 0
r sin θ ∂φ
1 ∂ 1∂ 3
∇×C =
r sin θ ∂θ
(
r 2 sin 2 θ ar -
r ∂r
)
(r sinθ )aθ ≠ 0

C is possibly H field.

Prob. 7.38
(a) ∇⋅ D = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× D = ∂x ∂y ∂z
y2 z 2(x + 1)yz -(x + 1)z 2
= 2(x + 1)ya x + . . . ≠ 0
D is possibly a magnetostatic field.

1 ∂ ∂  sin φ 
(b) ∇⋅ E = ( ( z + 1) cos φ ) +  =0
ρ ∂ρ ∂z  ρ 
1
∇× E = cos θ a ρ + . . . ≠ 0
ρ2
E could be a magnetostatic field.
1 ∂ 1 ∂  sinθ 
(c ) ∇⋅ F = ( 2cosθ ) +   ≠ 0
2
r ∂r rsinθ ∂θ  r 2 
1  ∂ 2 sin θ 
∇×F =
r  ∂r
r −1
(sin θ + )
r 2 
aθ ≠ 0

F can be neither electrostatic nor magnetostatic field.

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Prob. 7.39
μo Idl μo ILaz
A= =
4π r 4π r
This requires no integration since L << r.
1 ∂Az ∂A
B = ∇× A = a ρ − z aφ
ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
But r = ρ 2 + z 2

μo ILa z
A=
4π ( ρ 2 + z 2 )1/ 2
∂Az μo IL ∂ μ IL 1
= ( ρ 2 + z 2 )1/ 2 = o (− )( ρ 2 + z 2 ) −3/ 2 (2 ρ )
∂ρ 4π ∂ρ 4π 2
μo IL ρ aφ μo IL ρ aφ
B= =
4π ( ρ 2 + z 2 )3/ 2 4π r 3

Prob. 7.40
y

2 a

1
I
P
0 a 2a x
3 R
dl

Divide the loop into four segments as shown above. Due to segment 1,

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μo Idl
A1 =  , dl = dya y , R = y2 + a2
4π R

( a
)
a
μo I dy μI
A1 = ay  = o a y ln( y + y 2 + a 2
4π y =− a y 2 + a 2 4π −a

μo I  2 + 1  μo I
= a y ln   = ln( 2 + 1) a y
4π  2 − 1  2π
By symmetry, the contributions due to sides 2 and 4 cancel. For side 3,
μ Idl
A3 =  o , dl = dy (−a y ), R = y 2 + (−3a) 2
4π R

A3 =
μo I
4π
(
(-a y ) ln( y + y 2 + 9a 2
a μo I
=
−a 4π
)  10 + 1 
(-a y ) ln  
 10 − 1 
μo I  10 + 1 
= ln   (-a y )
2π  3 
μo I μo I  10 + 1 
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = ln( 2 + 1) a y − ln   ay
2π 2π  3 
μo I  3( 2 + 1) 
= ln   ay
2π  10 + 1 

Prob. 7.41

∂ ∂ ∂
∂A ∂A
B = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = z ax − z a y
∂y ∂x
0 0 Az ( x, y )
π πx πy π πx πy
=− sin sin ax − cos cos ay
2 2 2 2 2 2

Prob. 7.42

∂ ∂ ∂
∂A ∂A
B = μ o H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = z a x − z a z = −2 μo kya x + 2 μo kxa y
∂y ∂x
0 0 Az ( x, y )
H = −2kya x + 2kxa y

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 y
(c ) ∇⋅ A = x
+ + z
= 4xy + 2xy − 6 xy = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Sadiku & Kulkarni ∇ ⋅ B = − 6 z + 8 xy + 3 z 3 + 6 z − 8 xy + 1 − 3z 3 − 1 = 0 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

As a matter of mathematical necessity, 215

∇ • B = ∇ • (∇ × A) = 0

Prob. 7.43
∂ ∂ ∂
B1 = ∇ × A1 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
0 (sin x + x sin y ) 0
∂ ∂ ∂
B2 = ∇ × A2 = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (cos x + sin y )a z
cos y sin x 0
B1 = B2 = B
Hence, A 2 and A 2 give the same B.
∇ B = 0
showing that B is solenoidal. 212

Prob. 7.44
1 ∂Az ∂A
B = ∇× A = a ρ − z aφ
ρ ∂φ ∂ρ
15
= e − ρ cos φ a ρ + 15 e − ρ sin φ aφ
ρ
 π 1 1
B  3, , -10  = 5 e −3 a ρ + 15 e −3 aφ
 4  2 2
B 107 15 −3  1 
H = = e  a ρ + aφ 
μo 4π 2 3 
H = (14 a ρ + 42 aφ ) ⋅10 4 A/m
15
ψ =  B ⋅ dS =  ρ e − ρ cos φ ρ dφ dz
π
( sin φ ) 0 2
10
= 15 z 0
e −5 = 150 e −5  ψ = 1.011 Wb

Prob. 7.45

 ∂
1 ∂Aθ  1  1 ∂Ar ∂ 
B = ∇× A =  ∂θ ( Aφ sin θ ) − ∂φ  ar + r  sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rAφ )  aθ
r sin θ
   
1 ∂ ∂A 
+  (rAθ ) − r  aφ
r  ∂r ∂θ 
1 10 1 ∂
= 2sin θ cos θ ar − (10) sin θ aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ r r ∂r
20
B = 2 cos θ ar
r
At (4, 60o , 30o ), r = 4, θ =60o
B 1  20 
H= = −7  2
cos 60o ar  = 4.974 × 105 ar A/m
μo 4π × 10  4 
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POESM_Ch07.indd 215 10/14/2015 11:46:11 AM

 o

H = (14 a ρ + 42 aφ ) ⋅10 4 A/m

Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
15
ψ =  B ⋅ dS =  ρ e − ρ cos φ ρ dφ dz
π 216
( sin φ ) 0 2
10
= 15 z 0
e −5 = 150 e −5  ψ = 1.011 Wb

Prob. 7.45

1  ∂ ∂Aθ  1  1 ∂Ar ∂ 
B = ∇× A =  ∂θ ( Aφ sin θ ) − ∂φ  ar + r  sin θ ∂φ − ∂r (rAφ )  aθ
r sin θ
   
1 ∂ ∂A 
+  (rAθ ) − r  aφ
r  ∂r ∂θ 
1 10 1 ∂
= 2sin θ cos θ ar − (10) sin θ aθ + 0aφ
r sin θ r r ∂r
20
B = 2 cos θ ar
r
At (4, 60o , 30o ), r = 4, θ =60o
B 1  20 o 
 42 cos 60 ar  = 4.974 × 10 ar A/m
5
H= =
μo 4π × 10−7
213

Prob. 7.46

Applying Ampere's law gives

H φ ⋅ 2πρ = J o ⋅ πρ 2
Jo
Hφ = ρ ρ
2 a
Jo ρ
Bφ = μo H φ = μo
2
∂AZ
But B = ∇× A = − aϕ + . . .
∂ρ
∂AZ 1 Jo ρ 2
− = μ Jo ρ ⎯⎯
→ AZ = − μo
∂ρ 2 4
1
or A = - μo J o ρ 2 a z
4

Prob. 7.47

∂ ∂ ∂
B = μo H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = π sin π xa y − 10π cos π ya z
10sin π y 0 4 + cos π x
π  
H=  sin π xa y − 10 cos π ya z 
μo  
∂ ∂ ∂
π π  
J = ∇× H = ∂x ∂y ∂z =  10π sin π ya x + π cos π xa z 
μo μo  
0 sin π x −10 cos π y
π2
J= (10sin π ya x + cos π xa z )
μo Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

POESM_Ch07.indd 216 10/14/2015 11:46:11 AM

 But B = ∇× A = − aϕ + . . .
∂ρ
Sadiku & Kulkarni ∂A 1 Jo ρ 2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
− Z = μ Jo ρ ⎯⎯
→ AZ = − μo
∂ρ 2 4
1
or A = - μo J o217
ρ 2 az
4

Prob. 7.47

∂ ∂ ∂
B = μo H = ∇ × A = ∂x ∂y ∂z = π sin π xa y − 10π cos π ya z
10sin π y 0 4 + cos π x
π  
H=  sin π xa y − 10 cos π ya z 
μo  
∂ ∂ ∂
π π  
J = ∇× H = ∂x ∂y ∂z =  10π sin π ya x + π cos π xa z 
μo μo  
0 sin π x −10 cos π y
π2
J= (10sin π ya x + cos π xa z )
μo
214

Prob. 7.48

1 ∂ 1 ∂
B = ∇× A = ( Aφ sin θ )ar − (rAφ )aθ
r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r
1 Ao A
= (2sin θ cos θ )ar − o sin θ ( −r −2 )aθ
r sin θ r 2
r
A
= 3o (2 cos θ ar + sin θ aθ )
r

Prob. 7.49

∂ ∂ ∂
(a) J = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (−2 yz − x 2 )a x + (2 xz − 2 xy )a z
xy 2 x 2 z − y 2 z
At (2,-1,3), x=2, y=-1, z=3.
J = 2a x + 16a z A/m 2
∂ρ v
(b) − = ∇ • J = 0 − 2x + 2x = 0
∂t

At (2,-1,3),
∂ρv
= 0 C/m3s
∂t

Prob. 7.50

(a) B = ∇ × A
 1 ∂Az ∂Aφ   ∂Aρ ∂Az  1 ∂ ∂Aρ 
= − a + − a + ( ρ A ) − az
∂z   ∂z ∂ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
ρ φ φ
 ρ ∂φ 
∂A
= − z aφ = 20 ρ aCopyright
φ μ Wb/m
2
© 2015 by Oxford University Press
∂ρ
POESM_Ch07.indd 217 B −20 ρ 10/14/2015 11:46:12 AM
 ∂ρ v
(b) − = ∇ • J = 0 − 2x + 2x = 0
Sadiku & Kulkarni
∂t Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

At (2,-1,3),
∂ρv 218
= 0 C/m3s
∂t

Prob. 7.50

(a) B = ∇ × A
 1 ∂Az ∂Aφ   ∂A ∂A  1 ∂ ∂A 
= −  a ρ +  ρ − z  aφ +  ( ρ Aφ ) − ρ  a z
 ρ ∂φ ∂z   ∂z ∂ρ  ρ  ∂ρ ∂φ 
∂A
= − z aφ = 20 ρ aφ μ Wb/m 2
∂ρ
B −20 ρ
H= = aφ μ A/m
μo μo

1 ∂
J = ∇× H = ( ρ Aφ )a z
ρ ∂ρ
1 −40
= (−40 ρ )a z = a z μ A/m 2
μo ρ μo 215

2 2π
−40
(b) I =  J dS =   ρ dφ d ρ , dS = ρ dφ d ρ a z
μo ρ =0 φ =0
2 2π
−40 −40 ρ 2
μo 0
= ρ d ρ  dφ = 2
0 (2π )
0
μo 2
−80π × 2 × 10−6
= = −400 A
4π × 10−7

Prob. 7.51 H = − ∇Vm → Vm = −  H ⋅ dl = −mmf

Ia 2
From Example 7.3, H = az
2 (z + a )
3
2 2 2

Ia 2 − Iz
 (z + a2 )
2 −3
Vm = − 2
dz = + c
2 (z + a )
1
2 2 2 2

As z → ∞, Vm = 0 , i.e.
I I
0 = − + c → c =
2 2
Hence,
I  z
Vm = 1 − 
2  2
z +a  2

P.E. 7.9
I
H = aφ
2πρ
But H = − ∇Vm ( J = 0)
I 1 ∂Vm I
aφ = − aϕ → Vm = − φ + C
2πρ ρ ∂φ© 2015 by Oxford University Press
Copyright 2π
π I π
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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

219
216

Prob. 7.52

1  ∂ ∂ ∂   1
2 − 2
( ) ( ) ( )

2 2
∇' =  a + a + a z  x − x' + y − y' + z − z'
∂z '  
x y
R  ∂x ' ∂y '
 1 3
2 − 2
 −  ( −2 ) ( x − x' ) a x ( x − x' ) + ( y − y' ) + ( z − z')  + a y and a z terms
2 2
=
 2
R
=
R3
1

(
= ( x − x') + ( y − y ') + z − z '  )
2 2 2 2
R = r − r'
 
1  ∂ ∂ ∂   1
2 − 2
∇ = a
 ∂x x + a + a ( x − x' ) 2
+ ( y − y' ) 2
+ ( z − z' ) 
∂z   
y z
R ∂y
1 3
2 − 2
2 ( x − x') a x ( x − x') + ( y − y') + ( z − z')  + a y and az terms
2 2
= −
2  
− ( x − x') a z + ( y − y ') a y + ( z − z') a z  R
= 3 = − 3
R R

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

217220

CHAPTER 8

P.E. 8.1
∂u
(a) F = m = QE = 6a z N
∂t
∂u ∂
(b) = 6a z = (u x , u y , u z ) 
∂t ∂t
∂u x
= 0 → ux = A
∂t
∂u y
= 0 → uy = B
∂t
∂u z
= 6 → u z = 6t + C
∂t
Since u ( t = 0 ) = 0 , A=B=C=0
ux = 0 = uy, uz = 6t
∂x
ux = =0→ x= A
∂t
∂y
uy = =0→ y= B
∂t
∂z
uz = = 6t → z = 3t 2 + C1
∂t
At t = 0, (x,y,z) = (0,0,0) → A1 = 0 = B1 = C1

Hence , (x,y,z) = (0,0,3t2),

u = 6ta z at any time. At P(0,0,12), z = 12 =3t2 → t =2s

t =2s

(c) u = 6ta z = 12a z m/s .

∂u
a= = 6a z m 2
∂t s

1 1
m u = (1)(144 ) = 72 J
2
(d) K .E =
2 2

P.E. 8.2
(a) ma = eu × B = (eBouy, -eBoux, 0)

d 2 x eBo dy dy
2
= =ω (1)
dt m dt dt

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

221
218

d2y eBo dx dx
2
=− = −ω (2)
dt m dt dt
d 2z dz
2
= 0;  = C1 (3)
dt dt

From (1) and (2),

d 3x d2y dx
3
= ω 2 = −ω 2
dt dt dt

(D2 + w2 D)x = 0 → Dx = (0, ±jω)x

x = c2 + c3cosωt +c4sinωt

dy 1 d 2 x
= = −c3ω cos ωt − c4ω sin ωt
dt ω dt 2

At t = 0, u = (α , 0, β ) . Hence,
α
c1 = β , c3 = 0, c4 =
ω
dx dy dz
= α cos ωt , = −α sin ωt , = β
dt dt dt

(b) Solving these yields

a α
x = sin ωt , y = cos ωt , z = β t
ω ω
α
The starting point of the particle is (0, ,0)
ω

α2
(c) x2 + y2 = , z=βt
ω2
showing that the particles move along a helix of radius α
ω placed along the z-axis.

P.E. 8.3

(a) From Example 8.3, QuB = QE regardless of the sign of the charge.

E = uB = 8 x 106 x 0.5 x 10-3 = 4 kV/m

(b) Yes, since QuB = QE holds for any Q and m.

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

222
219

P.E. 8.4

By Newton’s 3rd law, F12 = F21 , the force on the infinitely long wire is:
μIIb 1 1
Fl = − F = o 1 2 ( − )a
2π ρo ρo + a ρ
4π × 10−7 × 50 × 3  1 1 
=  −  a ρ = 5a ρ μ N
2π  2 3

P.E. 8.5
(2, 6, −3)
m = ISan = 10 × 10−4 × 50
7

= 7.143 x 10-3 (2, 6, -3)

= (1.429a x + 4.286a y − 2.143a z ) × 10−2 A-m 2

P.E. 8.6
10 × 10−4 × 50 2 6 −3
T = m×B =
(a) 7 × 10 6 4 5
= 0.03a x − 0.02a y − 0.02a z N-m

(b) T = ISB sin θ → T max

= ISB

50 × 10 -3
| T |max = | 6a x + 4a y + 5a z |= 0.04387 Nm
10

P.E. 8.7
μ
(a) μr = = 4.6, χ m = μ r − 1 = 3.6
μo
B 10 × 10−3 e − y
(b) H= = a z A / m = 1730e − y a z A/m
μ 4π ×10 × 4.6
−7

(c) M = χ m H = 6228e − y a z A/m

P.E. 8.8
3a x + 4a y 6a x + 8a y
an = =
5 10
(6 + 32)(6a x + 8a y )
B1n = ( B1 • an )an =
1000

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

223
220

= 0.228a x + 0.304a y = B 2 n
B1t = B1 − B1n = −0.128a x + 0.096a y + 0.2a z
μ2
B2t = B = 10 B1t = −1.28a x + 0.96a y + 2a z
μ1 1t
B2 = B2 n + B2t = −1.052a x + 1.264a y + 2a z Wb/m2

P.E. 8.9
(a) B1n = B2 n → μ1 H1n = z μ2 H 2 n

or μ1 H1 • an 21 = μ2 H 2 • an 21
(60 + 2 − 36) (6 H 2 x − 10 − 12)
μo = 2μo
7 7
35 = 6 H 2 x
H 2 x = 5.833 A/m

(b) K = ( H1 − H 2 ) × an12 = an 21 × ( H1 − H 2 )

= an 21 ×  (10,1,12) − (35 , −5, 4) 

 6 
1 6 2 −3
= 25
7 6 6 8
K = 4.86a x − 8.64a y + 3.95a z A/m

(c) Since B = μ H , B1 and H1 are parallel, i.e. they make the same angle with the
normal to the interface.
H •a 26
cos θ1 = 1 n 21 = = 0.2373
H1 7 100 + 1 + 144
θ1 = 76.27 o
H 2 • an 21 13
cos θ 2 = = = 0.2144
H2 7 (5.833) 2 + 25 + 16
θ 2 = 77.62o

P.E. 8.10
(a) L ' = μo μr n 2 S = 4π × 10−7 × 1000 × 16 × 106 × 4 × 10−4

= 8.042 H/m

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

224
221

(b) Wm ' = 1 L' I 2 = 1 (8.042)(0.5 2 ) = 1.005 J/m

2 2

P.E. 8.11 From Example 8.11,

μo l
Lin =
8π

2 wm 1 μI 2
Lext =
I2
= 2
I  4π 2 ρ 2 ρ d ρ dφ dz
l 2π b
1 2 μo
=
4π 2  dz  dφ  (1 + ρ ) ρ dρ
0 0 a
b
2μo 1 1 
= • 2π l   − dρ
4π 2
a 
ρ (1 + ρ ) 
μ ol  b 1+ b 
=  ln − ln
π  a 1 + a 
μ l μ l b 1+ b
L = Lin + Lext = o + o ln − ln
8π π  a 1 + a 

P.E. 8.12
μo 4π × 10−7
(a) L’in = = = 0.05 μH/m
8π 8π

L’ext = L’ – L’in = 1.2 – 0.05 = 1.15 μH/m

μo 1 d − a
(b) L’ =  4 + ln a 
2π  
d − a 2π L ' 2π ×1.2 ×10−6
ln = − 0.25 = − 0.25
a μo 4π x10−7
= 6 − 0.25 = 5.75

d −a
= e 5.75 = 314.19
a
2.588 × 10 −3
d − a = 314.19a = 314.19 × = 406.6mm
2
d = 407.9mm = 40.79cm

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

225
222

P.E. 8.13
This is similar to Example 8.13. In this case, however, h=0 so that
μ I a 2b
A1 = o 1 3 aφ
4b
μ I a2 μ πI a 2
φ12 = o 12 • 2πb = o 1
4b 2b
φ12 μoπ a 2
4π ×10−7 × π × 4
m12 = = =
I1 2b 2×3
= 2.632 μH

P.E. 8.14
μo μ 2πρo 4π × 10−7 × 10 × 10−2
Lin = l= o =
8π 8π 4

= 31.42 nH

P.E. 8.15
(a) From Example 7.6,

μo NI μo NI
Bave = =
l 2πρ o
μo NI
φ = Bave • S = • πa 2
2πρ o
2 ρ oφ 2 × 10 × 10−2 × 0.5 × 10−3
or I = =
μa 2 N 4π × 10− 7 × 10− 4 × 103

= 795.77A

Alternatively, using circuit approach

l 2πρo 2πρo
R= = =
μ S μo S μoπ a 2
φℜ 2 ρ oφ
ℑ = NI = = , as obtained before.
N μa 2 N
2 ρo 2 × 10 × 10−2
ℜ= = = 1.591× 109
μa 2 4π × 10− 7 × 10− 4

ℑ = ϕℜ = 0.5x10-3x1.591x109=7.9577x105
ℑ
I = = 795.77 A as obtained before.
N

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 c

ψ
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

F 226
223 Ra

(b) If μ=500μo,
795.77
I= = 1.592 A
F = NI500
= 500 x 0.2 = 100 A.t

P.E. 8.16 l 42 × 10−2 42 × 106

Rc = 2c = =
3 −4
B S (1.5) 2 ×−710 × 10 22500
ℑ = μ Sa =4π × 10 × 10 −7× 4 ×=10 = π895.25N
−4
16
2 μo 2 × 4π × 10 8π241
la 10−3 108
Ra = = =
P.E. 8.17 μo S 4π ×10 × 4 × 10 16π
−7 −4

μ NI
We may approximate the longer solenoid as infinite so that B1 = o 1 1 . The flux linking
1.42 × 10 8
l1
Ra + Rc =
the second
Prob. 8.1 solenoid 16 is:π
μ NI
ψ 2 =2 N 2 B1S1 = o−31 1 1 • π r1216 N22
F =ψ mω= r =F9.11× 16πl ×100 16)π (0.4 ×10 −10 ) = 14.576 nN
=10 1 × (2 8×10 = μ Wb
R
ψa2 + Rμc o N11.42N 2 × 102 1.42
M = = • πr1
Prob. 8.2 I1 l1
(a) we assume
Here ψ air-core16π × 10 −6
solenoids.
Ba = = = 88.5 mWb/m 2
10 − 2 −4 6
F = Q(u × B )S= 101.42 −3 × 4 ×10 = 10−3 (−50a x − 250a y )
0 0 25
Prob. 8.45
P.E. 8.18
= −0.05a x −I 0.25a y N
H = R =a ρ 
2πρ μ S
(b) Constant 1velocity2implies 1 that2
1I acceleration a = 0.−2
w = μ= | H
2
F = ma = 0 =2Q( E + uo× Bπρ | = = 2μπ × (5 + 6)10 −2
= 11π ×10
2 ) 4π2 ρ
m 2 2

E = -u × B = S = 501.5a x ×+10
250 a y −IV/m
1−2 (6 2
5)10−2 = 1.5 × 10−4 1
W =  wm dv =  μ 2 2 ρ dφ d ρ dz = μ I 2 L ln(b / a)
2 4π ρ 4π ψ 
Prob. 8.3 1 F = NI = ψ−7R = ψ μ S −6 ⎯⎯ → μ=
NIS
At P, x==4π 2, ×y4=×5,4πz ×=10 -3−3 (625 × 10 −2 )3ln(18 /12) = 304.1 pJ
12 × 10 (11π × 10 2 )
E = 2(2)(5)(−3) μa=x + (2) 2 (−3)a y + (2) = 27.65 × 10−3 H/m
−4 (5)a z = −60a x − 12a y + 20a z
Alternatively, 500(2)1.5 × 10
B =ψ(5) 2 a12 −3)−32 a y + 22 a z = 25a x + 9a y + 4a z
x +×(10
B= = = 80 Wb
F =QS ( E1.5
+ u××10B−)4 1 2 1 μ L b 2 μ I 2 L b
W = LI = ln × I = ln
1.4 3.2 −21 2 2π a 4π a
u× B = = 21.8a x − 30.6a y − 67.4a z
25 9 4
E + u × B = (−60, −12, 20) + (21.8, −30.6, −67.4) = ( −38.2, −42.6, −47.4)
F = Q( E + u × B ) = 4( E + u × B ) mN
= −152.8a x − 170.4a y − 189.6a z mN

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 B 2 a S (1.5) 2 × 10 × 10−4 22500
ℑ= = = = 895.25N
2 μo 2 × 4π × 10−7 8π
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

227

Prob. 8.1

F = mω 2 r = 9.11×10−31 × (2 ×1016 ) 2 (0.4 ×10 −10 ) = 14.576 nN

Prob. 8.2
(a)
10 −2 6
F = Q(u × B ) = 10−3 = 10−3 (−50a x − 250a y )
0 0 25
= −0.05a x − 0.25a y N

(b) Constant velocity implies that acceleration a = 0.

F = ma = 0 = Q( E + u × B )
E = -u × B = 50a x + 250 a y V/m

Prob. 8.3
At P, x = 2, y = 5, z = -3
E = 2(2)(5)(−3)a x + (2) 2 (−3)a y + (2) 2 (5)a z = −60a x − 12a y + 20a z
B = (5) 2 a x + (−3) 2 a y + 22 a z = 25a x + 9a y + 4a z
F = Q( E + u × B)
1.4 3.2 −1
u× B = = 21.8a x − 30.6a y − 67.4a z
25 9 4
E + u × B = (−60, −12, 20) + (21.8, −30.6, −67.4) = ( −38.2, −42.6, −47.4)
F = Q( E + u × B ) = 4( E + u × B ) mN
= −152.8a x − 170.4a y − 189.6a z mN

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

228
224

Prob. 8.4
du
F = qE = ma = m
dt
du qE 10 ×10−3
= = (30, 0, 0) ×103
dt m 2
d
(u x , u y , u z ) = (150, 0, 0)
dt
Equating components gives
du x
= 150 ⎯⎯ → u x = 150t + c1
dt
du y
=0 ⎯⎯ → u y = c2
dt
du z
=0 ⎯⎯ → u z = c3
dt
At t = 0, u =(2,5,0) × 103 .
2000 = 0 + c1 → c1 = 2000
⎯⎯
5000 = c2
0 = c3
Hence, u= (150t+2000,5000,0)
At t = 4s,
u = (2600,5000, 0) m/s
dx
ux = = 150t + 2000 → x = 75t 2 + 2000t + c4
⎯⎯
dt
dy
uy = = 5000 ⎯⎯ → y = 5000t + c5
dt
dz
uz = =0 ⎯⎯ → z = +c6
dt
At t=0, (x,y,z)=(0,0,0) ⎯⎯ → c4 = 0 = c5 = c6
Hence,
( x, y, z ) = (75t 2 + 2000t ,5000t , 0)
At t = 4s, x=9,200, y=20,000, z=0.
i.e. ( x, y, z ) = (9200, 20000, 0)

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Prob. 8.5
ma = Qu × B
ux uy uz
10−3 a = −2 × 10−3
0 6 0
d
(u x , u y , u z ) = (12u z ,0,−12u x )
dt
du x
i.e. = 12u z (1)
dt
du y
= 0 → u y = A1 (2)
dt
du z
= −12u x (3)
dt
From (1) and (3),

ux = 12u z = −144u x

or

ux + 144u x = 0 → u x = c1 cos12t + c 2 sin 12t

From (1), uz= - c1sin12t + c2cos12t

At t=0,
ux=5, uy=0, uz=0 → A1=0=c2, c1=5

Hence,
u = (5cos12t , 0, −5sin12t )

u(t = 10s ) = (5cos120, 0, −5sin120) = 4.071a x − 2.903a z m/s

dx
ux = = 5 cos12t → x = 5 sin 12t + B1
dt 12
dy
uy = = 0 → y = B2
dt
dz
uz = = −5 sin 12t → z = 5 cos12t + B3
dt 12
19
At t=0, (x, y, z) = (0, 1, 2) → B1=0, B2=1, B3=
12

 5 5 19 
( x , y , z) =  sin 12t ,1, cos 12t +  (4)
 12 12 12 

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At t=10s,
 5 5 19 
( x , y , z) =  sin 120 ,1, cos 120 +  = (0.2419, 1, 1.923)
 12 12 12 

By eliminating t from (4),

x 2 + ( z − 19 ) 2 = ( 5 ) 2 , y = 1 which is a circle in the y=1 plane with center at
12 12
(0,1,19/12). The particle gyrates.

Prob. 8.6
(a) ma = −e(u × B )
m d u uy uz  
− (u x , u y , u z ) = x = u y Bo ax − Bo u x a y
e dt 0 0 Bo
du z
= 0 → uz = c = 0
dt
du x Be Be
= −u y o = −u y w , where w = o
dt m m
du y
= ux w
dt

Hence,

ux = − wu y = − w2u x

or ux + w2u x = 0 → u x = A cos wt + B sin wt

u x
uy = − = A sin wt − B cos wt
w

At t=0, ux = uo, uy = 0 → A = uo, B=0

Hence,
dx u
u x = uo cos wt = → x = o sin wt + c1
dt w
dy u
u y = uo sin wt = → y = − o cos wt + c2
dt w
u
At t=0, x = 0 = y → c1=0, c2= o . Hence,
w
uo uo
x = sin wt , y = (1 − cos wt )
w w
2
u 2o u  u
2
(cos 2 wt + sin 2 wt ) =  o  = x 2 + ( y − o ) 2
w w w

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uo
showing that the electron would move in a circle centered at (0, ). But since the field
w
does not exist throughout the circular region, the electron passes through a semi-circle

and leaves the field horizontally.

(b) d = twice the radius of the semi-circle

2u o 2u o m
= =
w Bo e

Prob. 8.7
0.2
F =  Idl × B =  2dy(−a y ) × (4a x − 8a z )
0

ax ay az
(−a y ) × (4a x − 8a z ) = 0 −1 0 = 8a x + 4a z
4 0 −8
F = 2(8a x + 4a z )(0.2) = 3.2a x + 1.6a z N

Prob. 8.8

qE

o
mg

mg 0.4 × 10−3 × 9.81

mg = qE → q=
⎯⎯ = = 26.67 nC
E 1.5 ×105

Prob. 8.9
F μ I I a ×a
ℑ = IL × B → ℑ = = I1al × B2 = o 1 2 l φ
L 2πρ
a × (−a y )4π ×10 (−100)(200)
−7

(a) F21 = z = 4a x mN/m (repulsive)

2π

(b) F12 = − F21 = −4a x mN/m (repulsive)

4 3 3 4
(c) al × aφ = a z × (− a x + a y ) = − a x − a y , ρ = 5
5 5 5 5

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4π ×10−7 (−3 ×104 )  3 4 

F31 =  − ax − a y 
2π (5)  5 5 
= 0.72a x + 0.96a y mN/m (attractive)
(d) F3 = F31 + F32
4π ×10−7 × 6 × 104 )
F32 =
2π (3)
( az × a y ) = −4ax mN/m(attractive)
F3 = −3.28a x + 0.96a y mN/m
(attractive due to L2 and repulsive due to L1)

Prob. 8.10

μo I1 I 2 4π ×10−7 (10)10
F= = = 100 μ N
2πρ 2π (20 ×10−2 )

Prob. 8.11
W = −  F • dl , F =  Ldl × B = 3(2a z ) × cos φ aφ
3

F = 6 cos φ aφ N
3
2π
W = −  6 cos φ ρo dφ = −6 ρo × 3sin φ 3 2π
J
3 0
0

2π
= -1.8sin = -1.559 J
3

Prob. 8.12
6
μo I1 I 2 4π × 10−7
F1 =  d ρ a ρ × aφ = (2)(5) ln 6 a z
(a) 2πρ 2π 2
ρ =2

= 2 ln 3a z μ N = 2.197a z μ N

(b) F2 =  I 2 dl2 × B1
μo I1 I 2 1
=
2π  ρ  d ρ aρ + dza  × aφ
z

μII 1
= o 1 2
2π  ρ d ρ a z − dzaρ 

But ρ = z+2, dz=dρ

2
4π ×10−7 1
F2 = (5)(2)   d ρ a z − dza ρ 
2π ρ =4 ρ

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2 ln 2 (a z − a ρ ) μ N = 1.386aρ − 1.386a z a z μ N
4
μo I1 I 2 1
2π  ρ 
F3 =  d ρ a z − dza ρ 

But z = -ρ + 6, dz = -dρ
4
4π × 10−7 1
F3 = (5)(2)   d ρ a z − dza ρ 
2π ρ =6 ρ

2 ln 4 (a z + a ρ ) μ N = −0.8109a ρ − 0.8109a z μ N
6
F = F1 + F2 + F3
= aρ (ln 4 + ln 4 − ln 9) + a z (ln 9 − ln 4 + ln 4 − ln 9)
= 0.575a ρ μ N

Prob. 8.13 A

From Prob. 8.7, fBC

o
C 30
μo I1 I 2 fAC
f = aρ 60o
2πρ
B
f = f AC + f BC
4π ×10−7 × 75 ×150
| f AC |=| f BC |= = 1.125 × 10−3
2π × 2
o
f = 2 × 1.125cos 30 a x mN/m

= 1.949a x mN/m

Prob. 8.14

The field due to the current sheet is

μ μo
B= K × an = 10a x × (−a z ) = 5μ o a y
2 2
L
F = I 2  dl2 × B = 2.5 dxa x × (5μo a y ) = 2.5L × 5μo (a z )
0

F
= 12.5 × 4π × 10−7 (a z ) = 15.71a z μ N/m
L

Prob. 8.15

F =  Idl × B = IL × B = 5(2a z ) × 40a x 10−3 = 0.4a y N

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Prob. 8.16

T = m × B = [ 0.4(0.6)(3)a x ] × (0.5a x + 0.8a y ) = 0.72(0.8)a z

= 0.576a z Nm

Prob. 8.17
F =  Idl × B → F = IB = 520 × 0.4 × 10 −3 × 30 × 10 −3
⎯⎯

F = 6.24 mN

Prob. 8.18
m m
m = IS → I=
⎯⎯ = 2
S πr
8 × 1022
I= = 6.275 × 108 = 627.5 MA
π (6370 ×10 )3 2

Prob. 8.19

Let F = F1 + F2 + F3
0
F1 =  Idl × B =  2dxa x × 30a z mN
5

0
=-60a y x = 300a y mN
5
5
F2 =  2dya y × 30a z mN
0

5
=60a x y = 300a x mN
0
5
F3 =  2(dxa x + dza z ) × 30a z mN
0

5
=60(-a y ) x
= −300a y mN
0
F = F1 + F2 + F3 = 300a y +300a x -300a y mN=300a x mN
1
T = m × B = ISan × B = 2( )(5)(5)a y × 30a z 10−3 = 0.75a x N.m
2

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Prob. 8.20
For each turn, T = m × B, m = ISan
For N turns,
T = NISB = 50 × 4 × 12 × 10 −4 × 100 × 10 −3 = 24 mNm

Prob. 8.21
f ( x, y, z ) = x + 2 y − 5 z − 12 = 0 ⎯⎯
→ ∇f = a x + 2a y − 5a z

∇f a x + 2a y − 5a z
an = =
| ∇f | 30

(a x + 2a y − 5a z )
m = NISan = 2 × 60 × 8 ×10−4 = 17.53a x + 35.05a y − 87.64a z mAm
30

Prob. 8.22
B χm B
M = χmH = χm =
μo μr μo (1 + χ m )

Prob. 8.23
B
(a) M = χm H = χm
μo μ
4999 1.5
M = × = 1.193 × 106 A/m
5000 4π × 10 −7
N

m k
(b) M = k =1

Δv
If we assume that all mk align with the applied B field,
Nmk Nmk 1.193 × 106
M = → mk = =
Δv N 8.5 × 1028
Δv
m k = 1.404 × 10 −23 A ⋅ m 2

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Prob. 8.24

μr = χ m + 1 = 6.5 + 1 = 7.5
M 24 y 2
M = χm H → H=
⎯⎯ = az
χm 6.5
At y = 2cm,
24 × 4 × 10−4
H= a z = 1.477a z mA/m
6.5
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 48 y
J = ∇× H = = ax
24 y 2
6.5
0 0
6.5
At y=2cm,
48 × 2 ×10−2
J= a x = 0.1477a x A/m 2
6.5

Prob. 8.25

(a) χ m = μr − 1 = 3.5
B 4y a z × 10 −3
(b) H = = = 707.3y a z A/m
μ 4π × 10 −7 × 4.5
(c) M = χ m H = 2.476y a z kA/m
∂ ∂ ∂
dM z
(d) Jb = ∇ × M = ∂x ∂y ∂z = ax
dy
0 0 M z (y)
= 2.476ax kA/m 2

Prob. 8.26

When H = 250,
2H 2(250)
B= = = 1.4286 mWb/m 2
100 + H 100 + 250
But B=μo μr H
B 1.4286 × 10−3
μr = = = 4.54
μo H 4π ×10−7 × 250

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Prob. 8.27

 H ⋅ dl = Ienc
πρ 2 Iρ
Hφ ⋅ 2πρ = ⋅I → Hφ =
π a2 2π a 2
Iρ
M = χm H = ( μr − 1) 2π a 2
aφ

1 ∂ I
Jb = ∇ × M =
ρ ∂ρ
( ρM ) aφ z = ( μr − 1) a
π a2 z

Prob. 8.28
(a) From H1t – H2t = K and M = χmH, we obtain:

M 1t M 2t
− =K
χ m1 χm2

Also from B1n – B2n = 0 and B = μH = (μ/χm)M, we get:

μ1 M 1n μ 2 M 2 n
=
χ m1 χ m2

(b) From B1cosθ1 = B1n = B2n = B2cosθ2 (1)

B sin θ1 B sin θ 2
and 1 = H1t = K + H 2t = K + 2 (2)
μ1 μ2
Dividing (2) by (1) gives
tan θ1 k tan θ 2 tan θ 2  kμ 2 
= + = 1 + 
μ1 B2 cosθ 2 μ2 μ 2  B2 sin θ 2 
tan θ 1 μ1  kμ 2 
i.e. = 1 + 
tan θ 2 μ 2  B2 sin θ 2 

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Prob. 8.29
B2 n = B1n = 1.8a z
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 4 μo
B2t = B1t = (6a x − 4.2a y ) = 9.6a x − 6.72a y
μ1 2.5μo
B2 = B2 n + B2t = 9.6a x − 6.72a y + 1.8a z mWb/m 2
B2 10−3 (9.6, −6.72,1.8)
H2 = =
μ2 4 × 4π ×10−7
= 1,909.86 a x − 1,336.9a y + 358.1a z A/m

B2n

θ2
B2t

B2 n 1.8
tan θ 2 = = = 0.1536
B2t 9.62 + 6.722
θ 2 = 8.73o

Prob. 8.30
(a) B1n = B 2n = 15aφ
B1t B2t
H1t = H 2t → =
μ1 μ2
μ1 2
B1t =
μ2
B2t =
5
(
10a ρ − 20a z ) = 4a ρ − 8 a z

Hence,
B1 = 4aρ + 15aφ − 8a z mWb/m 2

(b) w m1 =
1
B1 ⋅ H1 =
B12
=
(4 2
)
+ 152 + 82 × 10 −6
2 2 μ1 2 × 2 × 4π × 10 −7
w m1 = 60.68 J / m3

w m2 =
B22
=
(10 2
)
+ 152 + 202 × 10 −6
= 57.7 J / m3
2 μ2 2 × 5 × 4π × 10 −7

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Prob. 8.31
B2 n = B1n = 40a x
40a x 40a x
B2 n = μ2 H 2 n → H 2n =
⎯⎯ =
μ2 50 μo
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2
B2t = B
μ1 1t
B2t B1t (−30a x + 10a y )
H 2t = = =
μ2 μ1 μo
1 40 10−3
H 2 = H 2 n + H 2t = ( , −30,10) ⋅10−3 = (0.8, −30,10)
μo 50 4π ×10−7
H 2 = 0.6366a x − 23.87a y + 7.957a z kA/m

Prob. 8.32
H 2t = H1t = α a x + δ a z
B2 n = B1n → μ2 H 2 n = μ1 H1n
⎯⎯
μ1 μ
H 2n = H1n = r1 β a y
μ2 μr 2
μ
H = α a x + r1 β a y + δ a z
μr 2

Prob. 8.33

B2 n = B1n = 0.6a y
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ1 μ
B1t = B2t = o (1.4a x − 2a z ) = 0.1167a x − 0.1667a z
μ2 12μo
B1 = B1n + B1t = 0.1167a x + 0.6a y − 0.1667a z Wb/m 2

B1 10−3 (0.1167, 0.6, −0.1667)

H1 = =
μ1 4π ×10−7
= (0.0929 a x + 0.4775a y − 0.1327a z ) ⋅106 A/m

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Prob. 8.34
f ( x, y , z ) = x − y + 2 z
∇f = a x − a y + 2a z
∇f 1
an = = (a x − a y + 2a z )
| ∇f | 6
(a)
(a x − a y + 2a z )
H1n = ( H1 an )an = (40 − 20 − 60)
6
= −6.667a x + 6.667a y − 13.333a z A/m
(b)
H 2 = H 2 n + H 2t
But B 2 n = B1n ⎯⎯ → μ2 H 2 n = μ1 H1n
B2 = μ2 H 2 = μ2 H 2 n + μ 2 H 2t = μ1 H1n + μ 2 H 2t = μo (2 H1n + 5 H 2t )
= 4π × 10−7 [ (−13.333,13.333, −26.667) + (233.333, 66.666, −83.333]
= 4π × 10−7 (220,80, −110)
= 276.5a x + 100.5a y − 138.2a z μ Wb/m 2

Prob. 8.35
an = a ρ
B2 n = B1n = 22 μo a ρ
B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 μo
B2t = B1t = (45μo aφ ) = 0.05625μo aφ
μ1 800 μo

B2 = μo (22a ρ + 0.05625aφ ) Wb/m 2

Prob. 8.36

r = a is the interface between the two media.

B2 n = B1n ⎯⎯ → Bo1 (1 + 1.6) cos θ ar = Bo 2 cos θ ar
2.6 Bo1 = Bo 2 (1)

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B2t B1t
H 2t = H1t ⎯⎯
→ =
μ2 μ1
μ2 B1t = μ1 B2t
μ2 Bo1 (−0.2) sin θ aθ = μo Bo 2 (− sin θ )aθ
μB
μ2 = o o 2 (2)
0.2 Bo1
Substituting (1) into (2) gives
μo
μ2 = (2.6) = 13μo
0.2

Prob. 8.37
(a) H = 1 K × an = 1 (30 − 40)a x × (−a z ) = −5a y A/m
2 2

B = μo H = 4π × 10−7 (−5a y ) = −6.28a y μ Wb/m2

(b) H = 1 (−30 − 40)a y = −35a y A/m

2

B = μo μr H = 4π ×10−7 (2.5)( −35a y ) = −110a y μ Wb/m 2

(c) H = 1 (−30 + 40)a y = 5a y

2

B = μo H = 6.283a y μ Wb/m2

Prob. 8.38

H1n = −3a z , H1t = 10a x + 15a y

H 2t = H1t = 10a x + 15a y
μ1 1
H 2n = H1n = (−3a z ) = −0.015a z
μ2 200
H 2 = 10a x + 15a y − 0.015a z
B2 = μ2 H 2 = 200 × 4π × 10−7 (10,15, −0.015)

B2 = 2.51a x + 3.77a y − 0.0037a z mWb/m2

B2 n
tan α =
B2t
0.0037
or α = tan −1 = 0.047o
2 2
2.51 + 3.77

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Prob. 8.39
(a) The square cross-section of the toroid is shown below. Let (u,v) be the local
coordinates and ρ o =mean radius. Using Ampere’s law around a circle passing
through P, we get

(0, ρ o ) u

NI
H (2π )( ρ o + v) = NI ⎯⎯
→ H=
2π ( ρo + v)
The flux per turn is
a/2 a/2
μo NIa  ρo + a / 2 
Ψ=  
u =− a / 2 v =− a / 2
Bdudv =
2π
ln  
 ρo − a / 2 

N Ψ μo N 2 a  2 ρo + a 
L= = ln  
I 2π  2 ρo − a 
(b) The circular cross-section of the toroid is shown below. Let (r,θ) be the local
coordinates. Consider a point P( r cos θ , ρ o + r sin θ ) and apply Ampere’s law
around a circle that passes through P.

NI NI  r sin θ 
H (2π )( ρ o + r sin θ ) = NI ⎯⎯
→ H= ≈ 1 − 
2π ( ρ o + r sin θ ) 2πρo  ρo 

r
θ

(0, ρ o )

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a 2π
μ NI  r sin θ  μ NI a 2
Flux per turn Ψ = 
r =0 θ
1 −
2πρ o  ρo 
rdrdθ =
2πρ o 2
(2π )

N Ψ μ N 2a2
L= =
I 2 ρo

Or from Example 8.10,

μo N 2lS μo N 2πa 2 μo N 2a 2
L = L' l = = =
l2 2πρ o 2 ρo

Prob. 8.40

1
ρo = (3 + 5) = 4cm
2
a = 2 cm
μo N 2 a  2 ρ o + a 
L= ln  
2π  2 ρo − a 
2π L 2π (45 × 10−6 )
N2 = = = 22, 023.17
 2 ρo + a  8+ 2
 4π ×10 (2 ×10 ) ln  8 − 2 
−7 −2
μo a ln 
2
 o ρ − a 
N = 148.4 or 148

Prob. 8.41

μ L 4π × 10−7
L= o ⎯⎯
→ = = 50 nH/m
8π  8π

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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240

Prob. 8.42

μo  μo 
Lin = , Lext = ln(b / a )
8π 2π
μo  μo 
If Lin = 2L ext ⎯⎯→ = ln(b / a)
8π π
1 b
ln(b / a ) = = e1/ 8 = 1.1331
8 a
b = 1.1331a = 7.365 mm

Prob. 8.43

μ 1 b  4π ×10−7
L' =  4 + ln = [0.25 + ln(6 / 2.5)] = 225 nH
2π a  2π

Prob. 8.44
ρo + a b
μo I μ Ib a + ρo
ψ 12 =  B1 • dS =   dzd ρ = o ln
ρ ρ
= oz =0
2πρ 2π ρo
Nψ 12 N μo b a + ρ o
M 12 = = ln
I 2π ρo

For N = 1,
ψ 12 μo b a + ρ o
M 12 = = ln
I1 2π ρo
4π × 10−7
= (1) ln 2 = 0.1386 μ H
2π

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 μo N1 I1 2
ψ 2 = N 2 B1S1 = • π r1  N 2
l1
Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
ψ2 μo N1N 2 2
M = = •π r1
I1 l1
Here we assume air-core solenoids. 245

Prob. 8.45
I
H= aρ
2πρ
1 1 I2
wm = μ | H |2 = μ 2 2
2 2 4π ρ
1 I2 1
W =  wm dv =  μ 2 2 ρ dφ d ρ dz = μ I 2 L ln(b / a)
2 4π ρ 4π
1
= × 4 × 4π × 10−7 (625 × 10−6 )3ln(18 /12) = 304.1 pJ
4π

Alternatively,

1 2 1 μ L b 2 242 μI 2L b
W = LI = ln × I = ln
2 2 2π a 4π a
Prob. 8.46
μr = χ m + 1 = 20
1 1
wm = B1 ⋅ H1 = μH ⋅ H
2 2
1
=
2
(
μ 25x 4 y 2 z 2 + 100x 2 y 4 z 2 + 225x 2 y 2z 4 )
Wm =  w dv
m

1  1 2 2 1 2 2
= μ  25 x 4 dx  y 2 dy  z 2 dz + 100 x 2 dx y 4 dy  z 2 dz
2  0 0 −1 0 0 −1

+ 225 x 2 dx  y 2 dy  zdz 
1 2 2

0 0 −1 
25μ  x 5
1 2 2 1 2 2
y3 z3 x3 y5 z 3
=  + 4
2  5 0 3 0 3 −1 3 0 5 0 3 −1

y3 z 5 
1 2 2
x3
+ 9 
3 0 3 0 5 −1 


25μ  1 8 9 4 32 9 9 8 33 
=  ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ 
2 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

25 3600
= × 4π × 10 −7 × 20 ×
2 45

Wm = 25.13 mJ

Prob. 8.47

1 1
 μ H 2 dv =  4.5
Copyright © 2015
× 4π × 10−7by Oxford
2 University
W= [200 + 5002 ]10Press
−6
dxdydz
2v 2
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 25 3600
Sadiku & Kulkarni
= × 4π × 10 −7 × 20 × Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
2 45

Wm = 25.13 mJ 246

Prob. 8.47

1 1
W=
2v μ H 2 dv =  4.5 × 4π × 10−7 [2002 + 5002 ]10−6 dxdydz
2
= 2π (4.5)10 −7 (29 × 10 4 )10 −6 (2)(2)(2)10 −243
6
= 6.56 pJ

Prob. 8.48
Bl
NI = Hl =
μ l

ρo
Bl 1.5 × 0.6π
N= = N
μo μr I 4π ×10−7 × 600 ×12
= 313 turns

Prob. 8.49
F = NI = 400 x 0.5 = 200 A.t

100 6 1.8
Ra = MAt/Wb, R 1 = R2 = MAt/Wb, R3 = MAt/Wb
4π 4π 4π

Ra F
Fa = = 190.8 A.t
Ra + R3 + R1 // R2

Fa 190.8
Ha = = = 19080 A/m
l a 1 × 10 − 2

Prob. 8.50

Total F = NI = 2000 x 10 = 20,000 A.t

lc (24 + 20 − 0.6) × 10 −2
Rc = = = 0.115 x 107 A.t/m
μ o μ r S 4π × 10 −7 × 1500 × 2 × 10 − 4
la 0.6 × 10−2
Ra = = −7 −4
= 2.387 x 107 A.t/m
μo μ r S 4π × 10 (1) × 2 × 10
R = Ra + Rc = 2.502 x 107 A.t/m
ℑ 20,000
ψ= =ψa =ψc = = 8 x 10-4 Wb/m2
R 2.502 × 107
Ra 2.387 × 20,000
ℑa = ℑ= = 19,081 A.t
R a + Rc 2.502
Rc 0.115 × 20,000
ℑc = ℑ= = 919 A.t
R a + Rc 2.502

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244

Prob. 8.51
Rc

F Ra

F = NI = 500 x 0.2 = 100 A.t

lc 42 × 10−2 42 × 106
Rc = = =
μ S 4π × 10−7 × 103 × 4 ×10−4 16π

la 10−3 108
Ra = = =
μo S 4π ×10−7 × 4 ×10−4 16π

1.42 × 108
Ra + Rc =
16π

F 16π ×100 16π

ψ= = = μ Wb
Ra + Rc 1.42 × 108 1.42

ψ 16π × 10−6
Ba = = = 88.5 mWb/m 2
S 1.42 × 4 ×10−4

P.E. 8.18

R=
μS
1
 = 2πρo = 2π × (5 + 6)10−2 = 11π ×10−2
2
S = 1.5 ×10 (6 − 5)10−2 = 1.5 × 10−4
−2

 ψ
F = NI = ψ R = ψ ⎯⎯ → μ=
μS NIS
12 × 10−3 (11π × 10−2 )
μ= −4
= 27.65 × 10−3 H/m
500(2)1.5 ×10
ψ 12 ×10−3
B= = = 80 Wb
S 1.5 × 10−4

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245

Prob. 8.52
B2S ψ2 4 × 10−6
F= = = = 53.05 kN
2 μo 2μo S 2 × 4π × 10−7 × 0.3 ×10−4

Prob. 8.53
(a) F = NI = 200 x 10-3 x 750 = 150 A.t. ψ
l 10−3
Ra = a = = 3.183 × 107
μo S 25 × 10− 6 μo Rt
lt 2π × 0.1
Rt = = = 6.7 x 107 ℑ
Ra
μo μ r S μo × 300 × 25 × 10− 6
ℑ 150
ψ= = 7 = 15.23 × 10 −7
Ra + Rt 10 (3.183 + 20 / 3)

B2S ψ2 2.32 × 10−12

F= = =
2 μo 2μo S 2 × 4π ×10−7 × 25 × 10−6

= 37 mN
ℑ 150
(b) If μt → ∞, Rt = 0, ψ = =
Ra 3.183 × 107

ψ1 2 × 10−3 × 5 × 10−3 × 150

F2 = I 2 dl2 • B1 = I 2 dl2 =
S 3.183 × 107 × 25 × 10− 6

F2 = 1.885 μN

Prob. 8.54
ψ2 ψ2 ψ1
ψ1
ℑ ℑ
Ra Ra
Ra  Ra
Ra/2

ℑ 2ℑ ℑ
ψ 1 = 2ψ 2 ,ψ 1 = = →ψ2 =
3 R 3Ra 3Ra
2 a
 ψ 2  ψ 3ψ 1
2
ℑ2
ℑ = 2 2  + 1 = =
 2μo S  2 μo S 4 μo S 3Ra μo S
2

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249
246

μo S ℑ2 4π × 10−7 × 200 ×10−4 × 9 × 106

= 2
=
3la 3 ×10−6
24π × 10 3
= 24π × 10 3 = mg → m = = 7694 kg
9.8

Prob. 8.55

ℑ ℑ = NI
Rs
Ra Rs  Ra
Rs/2

Since μ → ∞ for the core (see Figure) , Rc = 0.

a
 Rs  ψ ( 2 + x)
ℑ = NI = ψ  Ra +  =
 2  μo S
ψ (2 x + a)
=
2μo S
B2S 1 1 N 2 I 2 4μo2 S 2
ℑ= =ψ 2 = •
2 μo 2 μo S 2 μo S (a + 2 x) 2
2 N 2 I 2 μo S
=
(a + 2 x)2
F = − Fa x since the force is attractive, i.e.
−2 N 2 I 2 μo Sa x
F=
(a + 2 x) 2

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 Sadiku & Kulkarni Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

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247

CHAPTER 9

P.E. 9.1
(a) Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl = uBl = 8 ( 0.5 )( 0.1) = 0.4 V
Vemf 0.4
(b) I = = = 20 mA
R 20

(c) Fm = Il × B = 0.02 ( −0.1a y × 0.5a z ) = −a x mN

(d) P = FU = I 2 R = 8 mW

or P=
Vemf
=
(0.4)2 = 8 mW
R 20

P.E. 9.2
(a) Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl
where B = Bo a y = Bo ( sin φ a ρ + cos φ aφ ) , Bo = 0.05 Wb/m2

( u × B ) ⋅ dl = − ρω Bo sin φ dz = −0.2π sin (ωt + π 2 ) dz

0.03
Vemf =  ( u × B ) ⋅ dl = −6π cos (100π t ) mV
0

At t = 1ms,
Vemf = −6π cos 0.1π = − 17.93 mV
Vemf
i= = −60π cos(100π .t ) mA
R
At t = 3ms, i = −60π cos 0.3π = −110.8 mA

(b) Method 1:
ρ o zo
Ψ =  B ⋅ dS =  Bot ( cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ) ⋅ d ρ dzaφ = −   Bot sin φ d ρ dz = − Bo ρo zot sin φ
0 0

where Bo = 0.02 , ρ o = 0.04 , zo = 0.03

φ = ωt + π 2
Ψ = − Bo ρo zot cos ωt

∂Ψ
Vemf = − = Bo ρ o zo cos ωt − Bo ρo zotω sin ωt
∂t

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248

= ( 0.02 )( 0.04 )( 0.03) [ cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ]

= 24 [ cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ] μV

Method 2:
∂B
Vemf = −  • dS +  (u × B ).dl
∂t
B = Bo ta x = Bot (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ ), φ = ωt + π
2

∂B
= Bo (cos φ aρ − sin φ aφ )
∂t

Note that only explicit dependence of B on time is accounted for, i.e. we make φ

= constant because it is transformer (stationary) emf. Thus,

ρo zo 0
Vemf = − Bo   (cos φ a ρ − sin φ aφ )d ρ dzaφ +  − ρoω Bot cos φ dz
0 0 zo

= Bo ρo zo (sin φ − ωt cos φ ), φ = ωt + π
2

= Bo ρo zo (cos ωt − ωt sin ωt ) as obtained earlier.

At t = 1ms,

Vemf = 24[cos18o − 100π × 10−3 sin 18o ]μV

= 20.5μV

At t = 3ms,
i = 240[cos54o − .03π sin 54o ]mA
= -41.93 mA

P.E. 9.3
dψ dψ
V1 = − N 1, V2 = − N 2
dt dt
V2 N 2 N 300 × 120
= → V2 = 2 V1 = = 72V
V1 N 1 N1 500

P.E. 9.4
∂D
(a) Jd = = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y A / m 2
∂t

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249

∂H z
(b) ∇ × H = Jd → − a y = −20ωε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a y
∂x
20ωε o
or H = cos(ωt − 50 x)a z
50

= 0.4ωε o cos(ωt − 50 x)a z A/m

∂H ∂E y
(c) ∇ × E = − μo → a z = 0.4 μoω 2ε o sin(ωt − 50 x)a z
∂t ∂x
ω2
1000 = 0.4μoε oω = 0.4 2

c2
10
or ω = 1.5 x 10 rad/s

P.E. 9.5
2 2
 2∠45o 
(a) 3  1+ j 
j 
2− j
 = − j  o
 5∠ − 26.56 
= − j 2 ∠143.13o
5 ( )
= 0.24 + j0.32
o
(b) 6∠30o + j 5 − 3 + e j 45 = 5.196 + j 3 + j 5 − 3 + 0.7071(1 + j )

= 2.903 + j8.707

P.E. 9.6

4 4 2 (
P = 2sin(10t + x − π )a y = 2 cos 10t + x − π − π a y , w = 10 )
= Re 2e ( j ( x − 3π )
4
)
a y e jwt = Re ( Ps e jwt )

j ( x −3π )
i.e. Ps = 2e 4
ay

Q = Re ( Qs e jwt ) = Re ( e j ( x + wt ) (a x − a z ) ) sin π y

= sin π y cos( wt + x)(a x − a z )

P.E. 9.7
∂H 1 ∂ 1 ∂
−μ = ∇× E = ( Eφ sin θ )ar − (rEφ )aθ
∂t r sin θ ∂θ r ∂r

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 ψ = B  S = (0.2)2 π 40 × 10−3 sin104 t
Sadiku & Kulkarni ∂ψ Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V =− = −16π cos104 t
∂t
V 16π
i= = cos104 t 253
250
R 4
= −12.57 cos104 t A
2 cos θ β
= 2
cos(ωt − β r )ar − sin θ sin(ωt − β r )aθ
r r
Prob. 9.3 2 cos θ β
H =− sin(ωt − β r )ar − sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aθ
∂ψ μω ∂r 2
∂B μω r
Vemf = − = −  B • dS = −  dxdya z
∂t ∂t ω 6 ×107 ∂t
0.1 0.8 β= = 8
= 0.2 rad/m
=   30π × 40sin(30 c 3 ×π10 t − 3 y )dxdy mV
1 1
y = 0H
x = 0= − cos θ sin(6 × 107 − 0.2r )ar − sin θ cos(6 ×107 − 0.2r )aθ
0.8 12π 120π r
2
0.1r
= 1200π  dx  sin(30π t − 3 y )dy
0 0
P.E. 9.8
= 1200 π 3  − 1 3cos(30
(0.8) c 9 t×−1038y ) 0.1
π
ω= = −3 =  × 10 8 rad/s
= 02.846
με  μ r ε r 10 
= 320π [ cos(30
1 π t − 0.3) − 6cos(30π t ) ] mV
E =  ∇ × Hdt = − cos(ωt − 3 y )a x
Vemf Vεemf 320π ωε
I= = = [ −2sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(−0.15)]
R 10 +=4 14 −6 cos(ωt − 3 y )a x
8 −9
9 × 10
= 143.62sin(30π t − 0.15) 10
• sin(0.15)
(5)
I = 21.46sin(30π t − 0.15)36
10 π
mA
E = −476.86 cos(2.846 × 108 t − 3 y )a x V/m

P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = −  B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
Prob. 9.1
= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
Measuring the induced
= 0.4738 sin377temf
V in the clockwise253
direction,
Vemf =  (u × B )dl
P.E. 9.10
1.2 0

V =  (u × Bx)dl z
= (5a × 0.2a )dya y +  (15a x × 0.2a z )dya x
0 1.2
1.2 0
u = =ρω
- aφ(1)
, dyB− = Bo ady
 
(3) z
 0 1.2
1  ω Bo  2
V == −1.2
ρω+B1.2
o d ρ×=3 = ω
− B
1.2
o ρ+
2
3.6=
ρ =0 2 0 2
= 2.4 V
30
= × 60 × 10−3 (8 × 10−2 ) 2 = 5.76 mV
2

Prob. 9.8

Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z < 
 = x / 3 = 5t / 3

Vemf =  (u × B )dl =  5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x  dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−

Method 2: Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press

The flux linkage is given by

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 • (5)
10 36π
Sadiku & Kulkarni
E = −476.86 cos(2.846 × 108 t − 3 y )a x V/m Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

254

Prob. 9.1

Measuring the induced emf in the clockwise direction,

Vemf =  (u × B )dl
1.2 0
=  (5ax × 0.2az )dya y +  (15ax × 0.2az )dyax
0 1.2
1.2 0
= -  (1) dy −  (3)dy
0 1.2

= −1.2 + 1.2 × 3 = −1.2 + 3.6

= 2.4 V 251

Prob. 9.2

ψ = B  S = (0.2)2 π 40 × 10−3 sin104 t

∂ψ
V =− = −16π cos104 t
∂t
V 16π
i= = cos104 t
R 4
= −12.57 cos104 t A

Prob. 9.3
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
Vemf = − = −  B • dS = −  dxdya z
∂t ∂t ∂t
0.1 0.8
=   30π × 40sin(30π t − 3 y)dxdy
y =0 x =0
mV

0.8 0.1
= 1200π  dx  sin(30π t − 3 y)dy
0 0

 1 0.1
= 1200π (0.8)  − cos(30π t − 3 y ) 
 −3 0 
= 320π [ cos(30π t − 0.3) − cos(30π t ) ] mV
Vemf Vemf
320π
I= = [ −2sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(−0.15)]
=
R 10 + 4 14
= 143.62sin(30π t − 0.15) sin(0.15)
I = 21.46sin(30π t − 0.15) mA

P.E. 9.9
∂ψ ∂ ∂B
V =− = −  B • dS = − •S
∂t ∂t ∂t
Copyright © 2015 by Oxford University Press
= 3770 sin377t x π(0.2)2 x 10-3
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252

Prob. 9.4
∂ ∂B
Vemf = −  B • dS = −  • dS
∂t ∂t
= -  (-4ω )sin ωt x 2 + y 2 dxdy = 4ω sin ωt  x 2 + y 2 dxdy
We change variables from Cartesian to cylindrical coordinates.

2π 3
ρ3 3
Vemf = 4ω sin ωt  
φ =0 ρ =0
ρ ⋅ ρ d ρ dφ = 4ω sin ωt (2π )
3 0
= 72πω sin ωt = 226.2ω sin ωt V

Prob. 9.5
μI
B = o ( −a x )
2π y

a ρ +a
μo I dzdy μo Ia ρ + a
ψ =  B • dS =  ρ = ln
2π z =0 y =
y 2π ρ
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ρ μ Ia d
Vemf = − =− • = − o uo [ln( ρ + a ) − ln ρ ]
∂t ∂ρ ∂t 2π dρ
μ o Ia  1 1 μ o a 2 Iu o
=− uo  − =
2π  ρ + a ρ  2πρ ( ρ + a)
where ρ = ρo + u o t

Prob. 9.6
ρ +a
μo I 3μ I ρ + a
Vemf = ρ 3a z ×
2πρ
aφ • d ρ a ρ = − o ln
2π ρ
4π × 10 −7 60
=− × 15 × 3 ln = −9.888μV
2π 20
Thus the induced emf = 9.888μV, point A at higher potential.

Prob. 9.7
∂ψ ∂ dS
Vemf = − N = − N  B dS = − NB
∂t ∂t dt
d dφ
= − NB ( ρφ ) = − NBρ = − NBρω
dt dt
= −50(0.2)(30 × 10−4 )(60) = −1.8V

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 u = ρω aφ , B = Bo a z
Sadiku & Kulkarni 
1  ω Bo  2 Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e
V =  ρω Bo d ρ = ω Bo ρ 2
=
ρ =0 2 0 2
30 256
= × 60 × 10−3 (8 × 10−2 ) 2 = 5.76 mV
2

Prob. 9.8

Method 1:
We assume that the sliding rode is on − < z < 
 = x / 3 = 5t / 3

Vemf =  (u × B )dl =  5a x × 0.6a z • dya y = −3x  dy = −3 x × 25t 23 = −86.6025t t
−

Method 2:
The flux linkage is given by
5t x. 3
2
ψ=  
x = o y =− x / 3
0.6 xdxdy = 0.6 ×
3
×125t 3 / 3 = 28,8675t 3

dψ
Vemf = − = −86.602t 2
dt

Prob. 9.9

Vemf = uB = 410 × 0.4 ×10−6 × 36 = 5.904 mV

Prob. 9.10
u

B
B
u θ

Vemf =  (u × B ) ⋅ dl = uBl cos θ

 120 ×103 
= m / s  ( 4.3 × 10−5 ) (1.6 ) cos 65o
 3600 
o
= 2.293cos 65 = 0.97 mV

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257
254

Prob. 9.11

dψ = 0.64 – 0.45 = 0.19, dt = 0.02

dψ  0.19 
Vemf = N = 10   = 95V
dt  0.02 
Vemf  95 
I= =   = 6.33 A
R  15 

Using Lenz’s law, the direction of the induced current is counterclockwise.

Prob. 9.12

V =  (u × B ) • dl , where u = ρω aφ , B = Bo a z
ρ2
ω Bo
V=  ρω B d ρ =
ρ
o
2
( ρ 2 2 − ρ 21 )
1

60 ×15
V= • 10−3 (100 − 4) • 10−4 = 4.32 mV
2

Prob. 9.13
Vs
J ds = jωDs → J ds = ωεE s = ωε
max
d
10−9 2π × 20 × 106 × 50
= ×
36π 0.2 × 10− 3

= 277.8 A/m2

1000
I ds = J ds • S = × 2.8 × 10 − 4 = 77.78 mA
3.6

Prob. 9.14

∂D ∂E
Jc = σ E, Jd = =ε
∂t ∂t
| J c |= σ | E |, | J d |= εω | E |
If I c = I d , then | J c |=| J d | → σ = εω
⎯⎯
σ
ω = 2π f =
ε
σ 4
f = = = 8 GHz
2πε 10−9
2π × 9 ×
36π

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Jc σE σ
Prob. 9.15 = =
J d ωεE ωε
σ 2 × 10−3
(a) = = 0.444 × 10−3
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 81×
36π

σ 25
(b) = = 5.555
ωε 10−9
2π ×10 × 81×
9

36π

σ 2 × 10−4
(c) = = 7.2 × 10−4
ωε 10−9
2π ×109 × 5 ×
36π

Prob. 9.16

J d ωε E ωε σ 10−4
= = =1 → ω= =
⎯⎯ = 12π × 105
J σE σ ε 10 −9
3×
36π
2π f = 12π × 105 ⎯⎯
→ f = 600 kHz

Prob. 9.17

J c = σ E = 0.4 cos(2π ×103 t )

0.4
E= cos(2π × 103 t )
σ
∂E 0.4ε
Jd = ε =− (2π ×103 ) sin(2π ×103 t )
∂t σ
10−9
0.4 × 4.5 ×
=− 36π (2π ×103 ) sin(2π ×103 t )
−4
10
= −100sin(2π ×103 t ) A/m 2

Prob. 9.18
∇ • Es =
ρs
(a)
ε ,∇ • Hs = 0

∇ × E s = jωμ H s , ∇ × H s = (σ − jωε ) E s

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∂Dx ∂Dy ∂Dz

(b) ∇ • D = ρv → + + = ρv (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂B ∂By ∂Bz
∇•B = 0 → x + + =0 (2)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂B ∂E ∂E ∂B
∇× E = − → z − y =− x (3)
∂t ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂Ex ∂Ez ∂By
− =− (4)
∂z ∂x ∂t
∂E y ∂E x ∂B
− =− z (5)
∂x ∂y ∂t
∂D ∂H z ∂H y ∂D
∇× H = J + → − = Jx + x (6)
∂t ∂y ∂z ∂t
∂H x ∂H z ∂D y
− = Jy + (7)
∂z ∂x ∂t
∂H y ∂H x ∂D z
− = Jz + (8)
∂x ∂y ∂t

Prob. 9.19

If J = 0 = ρv , then ∇•B = 0 (1)

∇ • D = ρv (2)
∂B
∇× E = − (3)
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J + (4)
∂t
Since ∇ • ∇ × A = 0 for any vector field A,
∂
∇•∇× E = − ∇•B = 0
∂t
∂
∇•∇× H = − ∇• D = 0
∂t
showing that (1) and (2) are incorporated in (3) and (4). Thus Maxwell’s equations can be
reduced to (3) and (4), i.e.

∂B ∂D
∇× E = − , ∇× H =
∂t ∂t

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Prob. 9.20

∇ E = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (1)
∇ H = 0 ⎯⎯
→ (2)
∂H
∇ × E = −μ ⎯⎯
→ (3)
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 
∇× E =  
0 E y ( x, t ) 0 

 
∂E y
= a z = − Eo sin x cos ta z
∂x

1 Eo
μ
H =− ∇ × Edt = sin× sin ta z
μ o

∂E
∇× H = ε ⎯⎯
→ (4)
∂t
∂ ∂  ∂
 ∂x ∂y  ∂z
 
∇× H =  
0 0 H z ( x, t ) 

 
∂H z E
=− a y = − o cos x sin ta y
∂x μo
1 Eo
ε
E = ∇ × Hdt = cos x cos ta y
με o

which is off the given E by a factor. Thus, Maxwell’s equations (1) to (3) are satisfied,
but (4) is not. The only way (4) is satisfied is for μoε = 1 which is not true.

Prob. 9.21

∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂J ∂2 E
∇×∇× E = − ∇ × B = −μ ∇ × H = −μ − με 2
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

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But
∇ × ∇ × E = ∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E

∂J ∂2 E
∇(∇ • E ) − ∇ 2 E = − μ − με 2 , J =σ E
∂t ∂t

In a source-free region, ∇ • E = ρ v / ε = 0 . Thus,

∂E ∂2 E
∇ E = μσ
2
+ με 2
∂t ∂t

Prob. 9.22

∂ρv
∇ • J = (0 + 0 + 3 z 2 )sin104 t = −
∂t

3z 2
ρv = −  ∇ • Jdt = −  3z sin10 tdt = 4 cos104 t + Co
2 4

10

If ρ v |z =0 = 0, then Co = 0 and

ρv = 0.3z 2 cos104 t mC/m3

Prob. 9.23
2
∂D ∂E 50ε o 4.421× 10−2
Jd = = εo = (−10 ) sin(10 t − kz )a ρ = −
8 8
sin(108 t − kz )a ρ A/m
∂t ∂t ρ ρ

∂H
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
∂Eρ 50k
∇× E = aφ = sin(108 t − kz )aφ
∂z ρ
1 1 50k
H =−
μo  ∇ × Edt = 4π ×10 −7
10 ρ
8
cos(108 t − kz )aφ

2.5k
H= cos(108 t − kz )aφ A/m
2πρ
∂H φ 2.5k 2
∇× H = − aρ = − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
∂z 2πρ

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4.421x10−2 −2.5k 2
∇ × H = Jd ⎯⎯
→ − sin(108 t − kz )a ρ = sin(108 t − kz )a ρ
ρ 2πρ

2π
k2 = × 4.421× 10−2 ⎯⎯
→ k = 0.333
2.5

Prob. 9.24

∂D ∂E 1
∇× H = J + = 0+ε ⎯⎯ → E =  ∇ × Hdt
∂t ∂t ε
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 10β sin(ωt + β x)a y
0 0 10 cos(ωt + β x)
1 −10 β
ε
E= 10 β sin(ωt + β x) dta y = cos(ωt + β x)a y
ωε
∂H 1
μ
But ∇ × E = − μ → H =−
⎯⎯ ∇ × Edt
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z 10 β 2
∇× E = = sin(ωt + β x)a z
−10 β ωε
0 cos(ωt + β x) 0
ωε
1 10β 2 10β 2
μ  ωε
H =− sin(ωt + β x)dta z = cos(ωt + β x)a z
ω 2 με
Comparing this with the given H,
10 β 2 10−9
10 = → β = ω με = 2π × 109 4π ×10−7 ×
⎯⎯ × 81
ω 2 με 36π
β = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
−10β
E= cos(ωt + β x )a y = −148cos(ωt + β x )a y V / m
ωε

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Prob. 9.25

D = ε o E = ε o Eo cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂B
∇× E = − → B = −  ∇ × Edt
⎯⎯
∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∇× E = ∂x ∂y ∂z = − β Eo sin(ωt − β z )a y
Eo cos(ωt − β z ) 0 0
β Eo
B= cos(ωt − β z )a y
ω
B β Eo
H= = cos(ωt − β z )a y
μo μoω

Prob. 9.26

∂D
(a) J d = ⎯⎯ → D =  J d dt
dt
−60 ×10−3
D= cos(109 t − β z )a x = −60 × 10−12 cos(109 t − β z )a x C/m 2
109
∂H D ∂H
∇× E = μ ⎯⎯ → ∇ × = −μ
∂t ε ∂t
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
D 1 1
∇× = = (−60)(−1) ×10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a x
ε ε ε
Dx 0 0

60β
= × 10−12 sin(109 t − β z )a y
ε
1 D 1 60 β 10−12
H =−
μ ∇×
ε μ
dt = − (−1)
ε
× 9 cos(109 t − β z )a y
10
60β
= × 10−21 cos(109 t − β z )a y A/m
με

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(b) ∇ × H = J + Jφ = 0 + J d
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
(− β )(−1)60β
Jd = ∇ × H = = × (10−21 ) sin(109 t − β z )a x
με
0 Hy 0

Equating this with the given J d

60 β 2
60 ×10−3 = × 10−21
με
10−9 2000
β 2 = με 1018 = 2 × 4π ×10−7 ×10 × =
36π 9
β = 14.907 rad/m

Prob. 9.27
∂H 1
∇ × E = − μo
∂t
⎯⎯
→ H =−
μo  ∇ × Edt
1 ∂ 1 ∂
∇× E = (rEθ )aφ = [10sin θ cos(ωt − β r )] aφ
r ∂r r ∂r
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
r
10β
H =− sin θ  sin(ωt − β r )dtaφ
μr
10β
= sin θ cos(ωt − β r )aφ
ωμo r

Prob. 9.28

(a) ∇ • A = 0
∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ E z ( x, t )
∇× A = =− ay ≠ 0
∂x
0 0 E z ( x, t )

Yes, A is a possible EM field.

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(b) ∇•B =0

1 ∂
∇× B = [10 cos(ωt − 2ρ )] az ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ

Yes, B is a possible EM field.

1 ∂ sin φ sin ωt
(c) ∇•C =
ρ ∂ρ
( 3ρ 3
cot φ sin ωt −) ρ2
≠0

1 ∂ ∂
∇×C = ( cos φ sin ωt ) a z − 3ρ 2 (cot φ sin ωt )a z ≠ 0
ρ ∂ρ ∂φ
No, C cannot be an EM field.
1 ∂
(d) ∇ • D = 2 sin(ωt − 5r ) (sin 2 θ ) ≠ 0
r sin θ ∂θ

∂ Dθ 1 ∂ 1
∇× D = − ar + (rDθ )aφ = sin θ (−5) sin(ωt − 5r )aφ ≠ 0
∂φ r ∂r r

No, D cannot be an EM field.

Prob. 9.29

From Maxwell’s equations,

∂B
∇× E = − (1)
∂t
∂D
∇× H = J + (2)
∂t 
Dotting both sides of (2) with E gives:
∂D
E • (∇ × H ) = E • J + E • (3)

∂t 
But for any arbitrary vectors A and B ,
∇ • ( A × B ) = B • (∇ × A) − A • (∇ × B )
Applying this on the left-hand side of (3) by letting A ≡ H and B ≡ E , we get
∂
H • (∇ × E ) + ∇ • ( H × E ) = E • J + 1 ( D • E ) (4)
2 ∂t
From (1),
 ∂B  1 ∂
H • (∇ × E ) = H •  −  = 2 (B • H )
 ∂t  ∂t
Substituting this in (4) gives:
∂ ∂
−1 (B • H ) − ∇ • (E × H ) = J • E + 1 (D • E)
2 ∂t 2 ∂t

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Rearranging terms and then taking the volume integral of both sides:

∂
 ∇ • ( E × H )dv = − ∂t 1 2  ( E • D + H • B)dv −  J • Edv
v v v

Using the divergence theorem, we get

∂W
 ( E × H ) • dS = −
s
∂t v
− J • Edv

∂W
or = −  ( E × H ) • dS −  E • Jdv as required.
∂t s v

Prob. 9.30

∂B
− = ∇ × E = β Eo sin(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z )
∂t
∂H 1
−μ = ∇× E ⎯⎯ → H = -  ∇ × Edt
∂t μ
β Eo
H= cos(ωt + β y − β z )(a y + a z ) A/m
μω

Prob. 9.31 Using Maxwell’s equations,

∂E 1
∇× H = σ E +ε
∂t
(σ = 0) ⎯⎯
→ E=
ε  ∇ × Hdt
But

1 ∂ Hθ 1 ∂ 12sin θ
∇× H = − ar + (rHθ )aφ = β sin(2π ×108 t − β r )aφ
r sin θ ∂φ r ∂r r

12sin θ
E= β  sin(2π ×108 t − β r )dtaφ
εo

12sin θ
=− β cos(ωt − β r )aφ , ω = 2π ×108
ωε o r

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Prob. 9.32
With the given A, we need to prove that
∂2 A
∇ 2 A = με 2
∂t
∇ A = με ( jω )( jω ) A = −ω 2 με A
2

Let β 2 = ω 2 με , then ∇ 2 A = − β 2 A is to be proved. We recognize that

μo jωt − jβ r
A= e e az
4π r
e− jβ r μ
Assume ϕ= , A = o e jωt ϕ a z
r 4π
1 ∂ 2 ∂ϕ  1  ∂ 2  − j β 1  − jβ r 
∇ 2ϕ = 2 (r sin θ ) = (r )  − 2 e
r sin θ  ∂r dr  r 2  ∂r  r r  

− jβ r
1 e
= 2 ( − β 2 r + j β − j β ) e− jβ r = − β 2 = − β 2ϕ
r r
Therefore, ∇2 A = −β 2 A
We can find V using Lorentz gauge.
−1 −1
V=
μ oε o  ∇ • Adt =
jωμoε o
∇• A

−1 ∂  μo − j β r jωt  −1  − j β 1  − jβ r jωt
=  e e =  − 2  e e cos θ
jωμoε o ∂r  4π r  jωε o (4π )  r r 
cos θ  1  j (ωt − β r )
V=  jβ +  e
j 4πωε o r  r

Prob. 9.33
Take the curl of both sides of the equation.

∂
∇ × E = −∇ × ∇V − ∇× A
∂t
But ∇ × ∇V = 0 and B =∇ × A. Hence,
∂B
∇× E = −
∂t
which is Faraday's law.

Prob. 9.34
∂Az x ∂V ∂V x x
∇⋅ A = = , = − xc, − μ oε o = 2c=
∂z c ∂t ∂t c c
(a)
∂V
Hence, ∇ ⋅ A = − μoε o
∂t

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∂A  ∂V ∂V 
E = −∇V − = − ax + a z  + xa z = −( za x + xa z ) + xa z
(b) ∂t  ∂x ∂z 
E = − za x

Prob. 9.35
∂V
∇ A = 0 = − με → V = constant
⎯⎯
∂t
∂A
(a) E = −∇V − = 0 − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x
∂t
= − Aoω cos(ωt − β z )a x

(b) Using Maxwell’s equations, we can show that

β = ω μ oε o

Prob. 9.36
(a)
z = 4∠30o − 10∠50o = 3.464 + 2 j − 6.427 − j 7.66 = −2.963 − j5.66
= 6.389∠ − 117.64o
z1/ 2 = 2.5277∠ − 58.82o
(b)
1 + j2 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o 2.236 ∠ 63.43 o
= =
6 − j 8 − 7 ∠ 15 o 6 − j 8 − 7 .761 − j1.812 9.841∠ 265.57 o

= 0.2272∠ − 202.1o

(5∠ 53.13 o ) 2 25∠ 106 .26 o

(c) z= =
12 − j7 − 6 − j10 18.028 ∠ − 70.56 o

= 1.387 ∠ 176 .8 o

(d)
1.897 ∠ − 100 o
= 0.0349 ∠ − 68 o
. ∠ 90 o )(9.434∠ − 122 o )
(576

Prob. 9.37
(a) A = 5cos(2t + π / 3 − π / 2)a x + 3cos(2t + 30o )a y = Re( As e jωt ), ω = 2

o o
As = 5e − j 30 a x + 3e j 30 a y

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100
(b) B = cos(ωt − 2π z − 90o )a ρ
ρ
100 o
Bs = e − j (2π z +90 ) a ρ
ρ

cos θ
(c) C = cos(ωt − 3r − 90o )aθ
r
cos θ − j (3r +90o )
Cs = e az
r

(d) Ds = 10 cos(k1 x)e − jk2 z a y

267

Prob. 9.39
We can use Maxwell’s equations or borrow ideas from chapter 10.
μ 1 120π
η= = ηo =
ε εr 9
Eo 10 × 9
Ho = = = 0.2387
η 120π
ω 2π ×109
β = ω με = εr = 81 = 60π = 188.5 rad/m
c 3 × 108

Prob. 9.40
(a)
H = Re  40e j (10 t − β z ) a x  , ω = 109
9

 
= Re  40e − jβ z a x e jωt  = Re  H s e jωt 
H s = 40e− jβ z a x
(b)
∂ ∂ ∂
Jd = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z
40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
2
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m

Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2

= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )

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 (b)
∂ ∂ ∂
Sadiku & Kulkarni
Jd = ∇ × H = ∂x ∂y ∂z Principles of Electromagnetics, 6e

40 cos(109 t − β z ) 0 0
= 40β sin(109 t − β z )a y A/m
2 270

Prob. 9.41
( jω ) 2 Y + 4 jωY + Y = 2∠0o , ω =3
Y (−ω 2 + 4 jω + 1) = 2
2 2 2
Y= = = = −0.0769 − j 0.1154
−ω + 4 jω + 1 −9 + j12 + 1 −8 + j12
2

= 0.1387∠ − 123.7 o
y (t ) = Re(Ye jωt ) = 0.1387 cos(3t − 123.7 o )

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