Govt.

Of Bihar

Department of Science and Technology

+ GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE SIWAN

7th Semester Examination, 2023

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
Time: 3hrs. Full marks: 70
Instructions:
(i) The marks are indicated in the right-hand margin.
(ii) There are NINE questions in this paper.
(iii) Attempt FIVE questions in all
(iv) Question No.1 is compulsory.

Q. 1) Answer any seven of the following: 2x7=14

(a) What is lossless transmission line?
(b) Write the wave equation in dielectric media.
(c) Define the term ‘VSWR’.
(d) What do you mean dominant mode in waveguide.
(e) Explain why the rectangular waveguide behave as high pass filter.
(f)Find the cut-off frequencies for TE12 mode in a hollow rectangular waveguide whose
dimensions are: a=2.286 cm, b=1.016 cm
(g) Define the uniform plane wave.
(h) Find the effective area of a Hertzian dipole operating at 100 MHz.
(i) Write the application of Smith chart.

Q. 2) (a) Convert all form of Maxwell’s equation in time varying field of point form to integral form

(b) State and explain Poynting theorem for electromagnetic field. 7

Q. 3) (a) A lossless transmission line used in a TV receiver has a capacitance of 50 pF/m and an
inductance of 200 nH/m. find the characteristics impedance for sections of a line 10 metre long
and 500 metre long. 7

(b) A transmission line is lossless and is 25 m long. It is terminated in a load of Z L =40+j30 ohm at a
frequency of 10MHz. The inductance and capacitance of the line are L= 300 nH/m, C=40 pF/m. find
the input impedance at the source and at the mid-point of the line. 7

Q. 4) (a) Derive continuity equation and obtain relaxation time for time varying field. 7
(b) A uniform plane wave propagating in a medium has ⃗E =2 e sin ( 10 t−βz ) a y V /m If the medium is
−αz 8

characterized by ∈r=1 , μr =20∧σ=3 S/m . Find α , β∧ ⃗

H. 7

Q. 5) (a) State and prove Helmholtz theorem. 7

(b) Explain the characteristics of antenna patterns. 7
Q. 6) (a) Prove the relationship between E and H in a uniform plane wave is 377 ohm. 9
(b) If the electric field strength of a radio broadcast signal at a TV receiver is given by
⃗
E =5 cos ( ωt−βy ) a z V /m, determine the displacement current density. If the same field exists in a
medium whose conductivity is given by 2 x 103 mho/cm, find the conduction current density. 5

Q. 7) (a)Derive an expression for distant θ-field for a Hertzian dipole antenna of a length L. Discuss
far field, near field and electrostatic field. 9
(b) In a rectangular waveguide for which a=1.5 cm, b=0.8 cm, ε =4 ∈0 , μ=μ 0∧σ =0
H x =2 sin( ) ( )
πx
a
cos
3 πy
b
sin ( π × 1011 t−βz ) A /m Determine Phase constant and intrinsic wave

impedance. 5

Q. 8) (a) Explain perpendicular polarization of EM wave and obtain the reflection coefficient. 9
(b) The Radiation intensity of a certain antenna is

[
3
U ( θ , ∅ )= 2 sinθsin ∅ , 0 ≤θ ≤ π ,0 ≤ ∅ ≤ π
0 elsewhere
Determine the directivity of the antenna. 5

Q.9) Prove the boundary conditions on E, D, H and B for electromagnetic field. 14

Q. 1) (a) What is lossless transmission line?
Ans: A transmission line is said to be lossless if the conductor of the line are perfect (σ c ≃ ∞ )and
the dielectric medium separating them is lossless¿) and R=0=G.

(b) Write the wave equation in dielectric media.

Ans: Free space characterised by ∈r=1 , μr =1∨ε=∈0 , μ=μ0∧σ=0 , ρ v =0∧J =0. Due to these
characteristics of free space ∇ ⃗E =∈0 μ 0 Ë and ∇ ⃗
2 2
H =∈0 μ0 Ḧ

(c) Define the term ‘VSWR’

Ans: VSWR is defined as
V max 1+|ρ|
VSWR= =
V min 1−|ρ|
Z L −Z 0
Where ρ= reflection coefficient
Z L −Z 0
Z L= load impedance
Z 0 =characteristics impedance

(d) What do you mean dominant mode in waveguide.

Ans: The dominant mode is the mode with the lowest cut-off frequency (or longest cut-off
wavelength).

(e) Explain why the rectangular waveguide behave as high pass filter.
Ans: Rectangular waveguide the cut-off frequency is the operating frequency below which
attenuation occurs and above which propagation takes place so it is called high pass filter.

(f)Find the cut-off frequencies for TE12 mode in a hollow rectangular waveguide whose
dimensions are: a=2.286 cm, b=1.016 cm
Ans: The cut-off frequency for TE12 mode is given by

√(
) () m 2 n 2
v0
f c= +
2 a b

2√ a
( ) +( )
2 2
v 1 2
Where, m=1 and n=2 f =
c
0
b

2 √ 2.286
( ) +(
1.016 )
8 2 2
3 × 10 1 2
f =
c

=0.302 GHz
(g) Define the uniform plane wave.
Ans: An EM wave propagating in x-direction is said to be uniform plane wave if its fields E and H
are independent of y and z-directions that is Ex=0 and Hx=0.
It is defined as a wave whose electric and magnetic fields have constant amplitude over the
equiphase surfaces. These waves exist only in free space at an infinite distance from the source.
The electric and magnetic fields of an EM wave are always perpendicular to each other.
(h) Find the effective area of a Hertzian dipole operating at 100 MHz.
Solution: As f=100 MHz
8
3× 10
Wavelength λ= 8
=3 m
10
Directivity of the Hertzian dipole, D=1.5
2 2
λ D 3
Ae=effective area Ae = =
4π 4π
2
Ae =1.07 m
(i) Write the application of Smith chart.
Answer: it can be used to:
1. Find the parameters of mismatched transmission lines.
2. Find the reflection coefficient.
3. Find VSWR for a given load impedance.
4. Find the input impedance of a transmission line.
5. Find normalised admittance from normalised impedance or vice-versa.
6. Locate a voltage maximum on the line.

Q. 2) (a) Convert all form of Maxwell’s equation in time varying field of point form to integral
form.
Solution: 1. Consider the first maxwell’s equation
∇ × H= Ḋ+ J

Take surface integral on both sides.

∯ (¿ ∇ × H ). dS=∯ (¿ Ḋ+ J ). dS ¿¿
Applying Stoke’s theorem to LHS, we can write

∯ (¿ ∇ × H ). dS=∮ H . dL¿
Hence ∮ H . dL=∯ (¿ Ḋ+ J ). dS first law ¿
2. Consider the second maxwell’s equation

∇ × E=−Ḃ

Take surface integral on both sides.

∯ (¿ ∇ × E) .dS=−∯ Ḃ dS ¿
Applying Stoke’s theorem to LHS, we get

∯ (¿ ∇ × E) .dS=∮ E . dL ¿
 Therefore ∮ E . dL=−∯ Ḃ dS second law
3. Consider the third maxwell’s equation ∇ . D=ρv

Take volume integral on both sides.

∰ (∇ . D)dv =∰ ρv dv
Applying divergence theorem to LHS, we get

∰ (∇ . D)dv =∯ D . dS
Therefore

∯ D. dS=∰ ρ v dv third law

4. Consider the fourth maxwell’s equation

∇ . B=0

Take volume integral on both sides.

∰ (∇ . B)dv=0
Applying divergence theorem to LHS, we get

∰ (∇ . B)dv=∯ B . dS
Therefore ∯ B . dS=0 fourthlaw
(b) State and explain Poynting theorem for electromagnetic field.
Solution: When EM waves travel from one (transmitter) point to another(receiver), there will be
energy flow across the surface involved.
Poynting Theorem : It states that the cross product of E and H at any point is a measure of the
rate of energy flow per unit area at that point, that is,
2
P=E × H watts/m
Poynting Vector, P is defined as P ≡ E × H watts /m
2

It E and H are instantaneous, P is also instantaneous. The rate of such energy transportation can
be obtained from Maxwell’s equations:
∂H
∇ × E=−μ … … … … … … … …(1)
∂t

∂E
∇ × H=σ E +ε … … … … … … …(2)
∂t

Dotting both sides of eq. (2) with E gives

2 ∂E
E . ( ∇ × H )=σ E + E . ε … … … …(3)
∂t
But for any vector A and B
∇ . ( A × B )=B . ( ∇ × A )− A .(∇ × B)

Applying the vector identity (letting A=H and B=E) to eq. (3) gives
 2 ∂E
H .(∇ × E)+∇ . ( H × E ) =σ E + E . ε
∂t

2
2 1 ∂E
¿σ E + ε … … … … … … … …(4)
2 ∂t

Dotting both sides of eq. (1) with H gives

( )
2
∂ H −1 ∂ H
H . ( ∇ × E )=H . −μ = μ … … … … …(5)
∂t 2 ∂t
Now, eq. (4) becomes
2 2
−1 ∂ H 2 1 ∂E
μ −∇ . ( E × H )=σ E + ε
2 ∂t 2 ∂t
Rearranging terms and taking the volume integral of both sides,

∰ ∇ . ( E × H ) dv=−∂
∂t
∰ 2 [
1 2 1
ε E + μ H 2 dv−∰ σ E2 dv
2 ]
Applying the divergence theorem to the left hand side gives
∯ ( E× H ) d S=−∂ ∂t
∰ 2 [
1 2 1
]
ε E + μ H 2 dv−∰ σ E2 dv … … … .(6)
2
↓ ↓↓
total power leaving the volume=rate of decrease of energy stored ∈ EM field−ohmic loss

Equation (6) is referred as pointing’s theorem. The quantity E × H is known as pointing vector.

Q. 3) (a) A lossless transmission line used in a TV receiver has a capacitance of 50 pF/m and
an inductance of 200 nH/m. find the characteristics impedance for sections of a line 10 metre
long and 500 metre long.

Solution: The characteristics impedance of a lossless transmission line is

The Inductance, L of the line = 200 nH/m

z 0=
√ L
C

For 10 m line, L=200 × 10−9 ×10=2000× 10−9

−6
¿ 2 ×10 H

C¿ 50 pF/m

For 10 m line, C=50 ×10−12 ×10=5× 10−10 F

The characteristics impedance

z 0=
√ √
L
C
=
2× 10−6
5 × 10
−10

¿ √ 0.4 ×10 4=63.25 ohm

The Inductance, L of the line = 200 nH/m

For 500 m line, L=200 × 10−9 ×500=10,0000× 10−9

 −4
¿ 10 H

C¿ 50 pF/m

For 500 m line, C=50 ×10−12 ×500=25 ×10−9 F

The characteristics impedance of 500 m line

z 0=
√ √ L
C
=
10−4
25× 10
−9

¿ √ 0.4 ×10 4=63.2ohm

(b) A transmission line is lossless and is 25 m long. It is terminated in a load of Z L =40+j30

ohm at a frequency of 10MHz. The inductance and capacitance of the line are L= 300 nH/m,
C=40 pF/m. find the input impedance at the source and at the mid-point of the line.

Solution: The length of the transmission line = 25 m

Load impedance ZL=40 + j30

Inductance, L= 300 nH/m

Capacitance, C=40 pF/m

The characteristics impedance

z 0=
√ √
L
C
=
300 × 10−9
40 × 10
−12
=75 ohm

Phase constant, β=ω √ LC

¿ 2 πf √ LC

¿ 2 π × 10× 10
6
√300 ×10−9 ×40 × 10−12
7
¿ 2 π × 10 × 10
−11
√ 300 ×400
−4
¿ 2 π × 346.41×10

¿ 0.2176 rad /m

Input impedance at the source end is

Zi =Z 0
[ Z L + j Z 0 tanβl
Z 0 + j Z L tanβl ]
Zi =75
[ 40+ j 30+ j 75 tan ⁡(0.2176 ×25)
75+ j(40+ j 30) tan ⁡(0.2176 × 25) ]
Zi =37.116− j 23.165 ohm
Similarly, input impedance at 12.5 m from source end is

Zi =75
[ 40+ j 30+ j 75 tan ⁡(0.2176 ×12.5)
75+ j(40+ j 30) tan ⁡(0.2176 × 12.5) ]
Zi =33.154− j 3.198 ohm

Q. 4) (a) Derive continuity equation and obtain relaxation time for time varying field.
Solution: From the principle of charge conservation, the time rate of decrease of charge within a
given volume must be equal to the net outward current flow through the surface of the volume.
Thus the current Iout coming out of the closed surface is
−dQ
I out =∮ J . d S=
dt
Where Q is the total charge enclosed by the surface.
From divergence theorem, we have

∮ J . d S=∭(∇ . J )dv
Thus
−dQ
∭ (∇ . J )dv= dt

By definition Q=∭ ρ v dv

Where ρ v= volume charge density (C/m3), therefore

−d
∭ (∇ . J )dv= dt ∭ ρv dv
∂ ρv
∭ (∇ . J )dv=−d dt
∭ ∂t
dv

Two volume integrals are equal only if their integrands are equal

−∂ ρv
Thus ∇ .J=
∂t
The properties σ and ε of materials it is appropriate to consider the effect of introducing the
charge of some interior point of a given material (conductor and dielectric) with ohm’s law

J=σ E
−∂ ρv
∇ . σ E=
∂t
D −∂ ρv
∇ .σ =
ε ∂t
σ −∂ ρv
∇ . D=
ε ∂t
σ −∂ ρv
ρ=
ε v ∂t
∂ ρv σ
+ ρ =0
∂t ε v
This is the homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation.
−σ
Its solution is ε
t
ρ v =ρ0 e
 ε
where ρ0 the constant of integration is. The time constant is called relaxation time T r.
σ
Relaxation time is the time it takes a charge placed in the interior of a material to drop to e -1
(36.8%) of its initial value.

(b) A uniform plane wave propagating in a medium has ⃗E =2 e−αz sin ( 10 8 t−βz ) a y V /m If the medium
is characterized by ∈r=1 , μr =20∧σ=3 S/m . Find α , β∧ ⃗
H.
σ 3
= =3393 ≫ 1
Solution: Loss tangent ωε 8 10
−9
10 ×1 ×
36 π

Showing that the medium may be regarded as good conductor at the frequency of operation. Hence

√ [ ]
7 8 1
μωσ 4 π ×10 × 20(10 )(3) 2
α =β= =¿ ¿
2 2
α =61.4 Np/m, β=61.4 rad /m

√ [ ]
1
4 π ×107 ×20 (108 )
|η|= μω =
2

σ 3

¿
800 π

σ
3 √
tan2 θη = =3393
ωε

0 π
θη =45 =
4
Hence H=H 0 e−αz sin ωt−βz− ( )
π
a
4 H
Where a H =¿ a × a
k E=¿az × ay =−¿ a ¿ ¿ ¿
x

And

√
E0 3
H 0= =2 =69.1 ×10−3
|η| 800 π
Thus
⃗
H =−69.1 e
−61.4 z 8 π
sin 10 t−61.4 z − a x mA /m
4 ( )
Q. 5) (a) State and prove Helmholtz theorem.
Solution: It state that any vector field like A due to finite source is uniquely specified if and only if
its curl and the divergence are specified.

To specify A, we know its curl, that is,

∇ × A=B … … … . … … (1)

But the divergence is specified as ∇ . A=−μ0 ε 0 V̇ … … … … .(2) Lorentz condition

˙
E=−∇ V − Ȧ for time varying field ∧E=−∇ V for static field
'
Maxwel l s first equation ∇ × H=J + Ḋ

1
∇ × B=J + ε 0 Ė
μ0
 1
∇ × ∇ × A=J + ε 0 (−∇ V̇ − Ä ) … … … …(3)
μ0
2
Vector identity ∇ × ∇ × A=∇ ∇ . A−∇ A putting∈(3)

∇ ∇ . A−∇ A=μ 0 [ J + ε 0 (−∇ V̇ − Ä ) ]

2

2
∇ A−μ0 ε 0 Ä=−μ0 J + μ 0 ε 0 ∇ V̇ +∇ ∇ . A … … … … ..(4)

Taking gradient of Larentz condition ∇ ( ∇ . A )=−μ 0 ε 0 ∇ V̇ putting ∈( 4)

2
∇ A−μ0 ε 0 Ä=−μ0 J
'
Maxwel l s third equation ∇ . D= ρv

ρv
∇ . E=
ε0

ρv
∇ . (−∇ V − Ȧ )=
ε0

2 −ρ v
∇ V + ∇ . Ȧ=
ε0

Apply larentz condition

2 − ρv
∇ V −μ0 ε 0 ∇ V̈ =
ε0

These are the expressions between time varying potentials and their sources. For static fields
2
∇ A=−μ0 J

2 − ρv
∇ V=
ε0

(b) Explain the characteristics patterns of antenna.

Solution: ANTENNA PATTERNS
When the amplitude of a specified component of the E field is plotted, it is called the field pattern

or voltage pattern. When the square of the amplitude of E is plotted, it is called the power pattern. A

three-dimensional plot of an antenna pattern is avoided by plotting separately the normalized E S

versus θ for a constant. (this is called an E-plane pattern or vertical pattern) and the normalized E S

versus ∅ for θ = π /2 (called the H-planepattern or horizontal pattern). The normalization of E S is

with respect to the maximum value of the so that the maximum value of the normalized E S is unity.

For the Hertzian dipole, for example, the normalized |iSj| is obtained as f ( θ )=|sinθ| which is

independent of ∅ . we obtain the E-plane pattern as the polar plot of f ( θ ) with θ varying from 0° to
180°. The result is shown in Figure. Note that the plot is symmetric about the z-axis ( θ = 0). For the

H-plane pattern, we set θ = π /2 so that f ( θ )= 1, which is circle of radius 1 as shown in Figure.

When the two plots of Figures (a) and (b) are combined, we have a three-dimensional field pattern

of Figure (c), which has the shape of a doughnut.

A plot of the time-average power, |Pave| = Pave, for a fixed distance r is the power pattern of the

antenna. It is obtained by plotting separately Pave versus θ for constant θ and Pave versus φ for

constant θ . For the Hertzian dipole, the normalized power pattern is easily obtained f 2 θ=sin2 θ

which is sketched in Figure. Notice that Figures (b) and 13.8(b) show circles because f ( θ ) is

independent of ∅ and that the value of QP in Figure 13.8(a) is the relative average power for that

particular θ .
Q. 6) (a) Prove the relationship between E and H in a uniform plane wave is 377 ohm.

| |
a x a y az
∂ ∂ ∂ = Ḋ=ε Ė
Solution: first Maxwell’s equation is ∇ × H= 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
Hx H y H z

¿ ax [ ∂ Hz ∂H y
∂y
−
∂z ] [
+ ay
∂Hx ∂ Hz
∂z
−
∂x
+ az ] [
∂ H y ∂ Hx
∂x
−
∂y ]
… … … … … .( A)

∂ Hz ∂Hy
=0 , =0 , H x =0 , E x =0
∂y ∂z

[ ] [ ]
Equ.(A).becomes ∇ × H=a y
−∂ H z
∂x
+a z
∂H y
∂x
=ε 0 Ė

Similarly [ ] [ ]
∇ × E=a y
−∂ Ez
∂x
+ az
∂ Ey
∂x
=−μ 0 Ḣ

ay [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−∂ H z
∂x
+ az
∂Hy
∂x
= ε0 a y
∂ Ey
∂t
+ ε0 a z
∂ Ez
∂t

ay
∂x[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−∂ E z
+a z
∂Ey
∂x
=−μ0 a y
∂Hy
∂t
−μ0 a z
∂Hz
∂t
∂Hz ∂Ey ∂Hy ∂ Ez ∂ Ez ∂Hy ∂ Ey ∂Hz
Equating− =ε 0 ... (1 ) =ε 0 … ( 2) =μ 0 … …( 3 ) =−μ0 …. (4)
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
−1 ∂ E y
Integrating (4) w.r.t t
μ0
∫ ∂ x dt=H z Putting in (1)
1 d
μ 0 dx (
∫
∂ Ey
∂x )
dt =ε 0
∂ Ey
∂t
 2 2
∂ Ey ∂ Ey
Differentiating both sides w.r.t t 2
=μ 0 ε 0 2
∂x ∂t

−1 ∂ E z
Integrating (3) w.r.t t
μ0
∫ ∂ x dt =H y Putting in (2)
1 d
μ 0 dx
∫
∂ Ez
∂x (
dt =ε 0
∂ Ez
∂t )
2 2
∂ Ez ∂ Ez
Differentiating both sides w.r.t t 2
=μ 0 ε 0 2
∂x ∂t
1
Writing Ey in the form of E y =f ( x−v 0 t ) where v 0 =
√ μ0 ε 0
∂ Ey ∂f '
= =−v 0 f … … … … … … ( 5 ) putting ∈(1)
∂t ∂(x−v 0 t)

∂ Hz '
=ε 0 v 0 f
∂x
H z=∫ ε 0 v 0 f dx+ A
'

A is not a part of wave motion put A=0

H z=∫ ε 0 v 0 f dx
'

1
H z=ε 0 f
√ μ 0 ε0
H z=
√ ε0
μ0
E μ
Ey y = 0
Hz √
ε0
1
Similarly, E z=f ( x−v 0 t ) where v 0=
√ μ0 ε 0
∂ Ez ∂f '
= =−v 0 f … … … … … … ( 5 ) putting ∈(1)
∂ t ∂( x−v 0 t)

∂Hy '
=−ε 0 v 0 f
∂x
H y =−∫ ε 0 v 0 f dx
'

1
H y =−ε 0 f
√ μ0 ε 0
H y =−
√ ε0
μ0
E
√μ
E z z =− 0
Hy ε0

E √ E +E
=
H √ H 2y + H 2z
2
y
=
2
z √ H 2z
μ0
ε0
μ
+ H 2y 0
ε0
√H 2
y + H 2z

¿
√ μ0
ε0
(H ¿ ¿ z 2+ H 2y )
=
√ μ0
¿
√H 2
y +H z
2 ε0

√
−7
4 π × 10
¿ =120 π =377 ohm
1
9
36 π × 10
(b) If the electric field strength of a radio broadcast signal at a TV receiver is given by
⃗
E =5 cos ( ωt−βy ) a z V /m, determine the displacement current density. If the same field exists in a
medium whose conductivity is given by 2 x 103 mho/cm, find the conduction current density.

Solution: Electric field at TV receiver in free space ⃗

E =5 cos ( ωt−βy ) a z V /m

Electric flux density ⃗

D=∈0 ⃗
E =¿ 5∈0 cos ( ωt −βy ) az C /m
2

The Displacement current density

∂⃗
D ∂
Jd= = [5 ∈0 cos ( ωt−βy ) a z ]
∂t ∂t
2
J d =−5 ∈0 ω sin ( ωt−βy ) a z A /m

The conduction current density J c =σ ⃗

E

3
σ =2 ×10 mho/cm
5
σ =2 ×10 mho/m
5
J c =2 ×10 × cos ( ωt−βy ) a z

6 2
J c =10 cos ( ωt−βy ) a z A /m

Q. 7) (a) Derive an expression for distant θ-field for a Hertzian dipole antenna of a length L.
Discuss far field, near field and electrostatic field.
Solution: A Hertzian dipole, we mean an infinitesimal current element Idl. Although such a current
element does not exist in real life, it serves as a building block from which the field of a practical
antenna can be calculated by integration.
Consider the Hertzian dipole shown in Figure. We assume that it is located at the origin of a
coordinate system and that it carries a uniform current (constant throughout the dipole), I = Io
coswt, the retarded magnetic vector potential at the field point P, due to the dipole, is given by
 [I ]dl
A=μ a
4 πr z

r r
Propagating time delay from O to P, the retarded current I =I 0 cosω(t− )
v0 v0

I =I 0 cos ωt−( ωr
v0 )
=I 0 cos (ωt−βr )

− jβr
I =I 0 ∠ (−βr )=ℜ [ I ] =I 0 e
− jβr
I 0 dl e
A=μ az
4 πr
Changing Cartesian components into spherical components, we get

[ ][ ][ ]
−1
Ar sinθcosφ cosθcosφ −sinφ Ax
Aθ = sinθsinφ cosθsinφ cosφ Ay
Aφ cosθ −sinθ 0 Az

[ ][ ][ ]
0
Ar sinθcosφ sinθcosφ cosθ 0
Aθ = cosθcosφ cosθsinφ −sinθ − jβr
μI 0 dl e
Aφ −sinφ cosφ 0
4 πr
− jβr − jβr
μI 0 dl e −μI 0 dl e
Ar = cosθ , A θ= sinθ , A φ =0
4 πr 4 πr
B=∇ × A

| |
ar r aθ rsinθ aφ
∂ ∂ ∂
1
μ H= ∂r ∂θ ∂φ
r . rsinθ − jβr − jβr
μI 0 dl e μI 0 dl e
cosθ −r sinθ 0
4 πr 4 πr

on simplifying H r=0=H θ ∧H φ =
4 πr
+ e
r r2 [
I 0 dlsinθ jβ 1 − jβr
]
 ∂D
Maxwell’s first equation =∇ × H
∂t
∂E
ε =∇ × H
∂t
¿ phasor form jωε E=∇ × H

E=η
2π [
I 0 dlcosθ 1
2
r βr
j − jβr
]
− 3 e ar +η
I 0 dlsinθ jβ 1
4 π r
j − jβr a
+ 2− 3 e
r βr [ ] θ

Where η=
β
ωε
=
μ
ε√
1
∧1 1 1
Hφ field consists of terms r . 2 term dominates over term at points close to the current
2 r r
r
1
element. When r is small, 2 term is called Induction field.
r
1 1 1
On the other hand, terms dominates over 2 term when r is large. This term is called
r r r
Radiation field or distant field or far field.
1 1
2
∧1 ∧1
The expression for Eθ consists of three term, 1 r and the expression for Er consists of r 2 .
, 3 3
r r r
1
The 3 term is called Electroststic field.
r

(b) In a rectangular waveguide for which a=1.5 cm, b=0.8 cm, ε =4 ∈0 , μ=μ 0∧σ =0
H x =2 sin ( ) ( )
πx
a
cos
3 πy
b
sin ( π × 1011 t−βz ) A /m Determine Phase constant and intrinsic wave
impedance.

√[]
2
f
Solution: Phase constant β=ω √ με 1− c
f

√ε
√[]
2
fc
¿ω r 1−
c f

√[]
√ εr
2
fc
¿ 2 πf 1−
c f

11 100
ω=2 πf =π × 10 ∨f = GHz=50 GHz
2

fc =mn
√
c m2 n 2
+
4 a2 b 2

√
8
3 ×10 12 32
fc = 2
+ 2
13
4 [ 1.5 ×10−2 ] [ 0.8 ×10−2 ]
8
3× 10
¿ √ 0.444+ 14.06 ×102=28.57 GHz
4
 √ [ ]
11 2
π × 10 (2) 28.57
β= 8 1−
3 ×10 50

=1718.18 rad/m

Q. 8) (a) Explain perpendicular polarization of EM wave and obtain the reflection coefficient.
Solution: Perpendicular Polarisation: It is defined as the polarisation in which the electric field of
the wave is perpendicular to the incidence. Perpendicular polarisation is also called horizontal
polarisation because electric field of wave parallel to the interface. Consider E is z-directed and x-y
is the plane of incidence.

From the boundary conditions Ei + E r=E t

Er Et
+1= … … … … … .(1)
Ei Ei
By the law of conservation of energy, incident energy is equal to the sum of the reflected and
transmitted energies, that is
1 2 1 2 1 2
Ei cos θi= E r cos θi + Et cos θ t
η1 η2 η2
2 2
Er η1 E t cosθ t
1= 2 + 2
Ei η2 Ei cosθ i

( )
Er 2
Ei
=1− 1 t ( )
η E 2 cosθt
η2 Ei cosθ i
… … … … (2)

Where η1 and η2 are intrinsic impedance of the mediums.

( ) ( )
Er 2 2
η1 E r cosθt
Putting values from (1) in (2) =1− +1
Ei η2 E i cosθi

( ) ( )
2 2
Er −η1 E r cosθt
−1= +1
Ei η2 E i cosθi

( )( ) ( )
2
Er Er −η E cosθ t
+1 −1 = 1 r +1
Ei Ei η2 E i cosθi
 ( Er
Ei
−1 =
−η1 Er
)
η2 E i
+1
cosθ t
cosθ i ( )
( Er
Ei
−1 =
)
−η1 cosθ t η1 Er cosθ t
−
η2 cosθi η2 E i cosθi
Er
Ei (
1+
η1 cosθ t −η1 cosθ t
η2 cosθ i
=
η2 cosθi )
+1

Er η2 cosθi −η1 cosθt

=
E i η2 cosθ i+ η1 cosθt

As η1=
√ μ0
√ μ
, η2 = 0 for dielectric μ ¿ μ0=μ1=μ 2
Er
=
√ μ0
ε2 √ μ
cosθi − 0 cosθt
ε1

√ √
ε1 ε2 Ei μ0 μ0
cosθ i+ cosθ t
ε2 ε1

cosθ i
−
√1−sin θ 2
t

¿
√ ε2 √ ε1
cosθi √1−sin θ t
2
+
√ ε2 √ ε1
2 ε1 2
Apply Snell’s law sin θt = sin θi
ε2

cosθ i
√ ε2
−
√ 1−
ε1 2
ε2
sin θi

√ ε1 √ ε2
¿ ×

cosθi
√ ε2
+
√ 1−
ε1 2
ε2
√ ε1
sin θ i
√ ε1

¿
√ε 2
cosθi −
√ε 1 √ 1−
ε1 2
ε2
sin θi

√ε
cosθ i+ 2
√ ε1 √ 1−
ε1 2
ε2
sin θi

Er
=
cosθ i−
√ ε2
ε1
−sin2 θ i

√
Ei ε2 2
cosθ i + −sin θ i
ε1

(b) The Radiation intensity of a certain antenna is

[
3
U ( θ , ∅ )= 2 sinθsin ∅ , 0 ≤θ ≤ π ,0 ≤ ∅ ≤ π
0 elsewhere
Determine the directivity of the antenna.
U max
Solution: The directivity is defined as D=
U ave
From the given U, U max =2
P ∬ p ave dS = 1 U (θ , φ) d S
Average radiated intensity U ave = rad =
4π 4π 4π
∬ r2 r
 φ=π
θ=π 3
1 2 sinθ sin ∅ 2
¿ ∬
4 π φ=0 r
2
r sinθdθdφ
φ=0
θ= π φ=π
1
¿
2π
∫ sin θdθ ∫ sin3 φdφ
2

θ=0 φ=0
θ= π φ=π
1 1 1
¿
2π
∫ 2
(1−cos 2θ)dθ ∫ (3 sinφ−sin 3 φ)dφ
θ=0 φ=0 4

¿
1 1
2π 2
θ−
|(
sin 2 θ θ=π 1
2 θ=0 4 )|
−3 cosφ +
cos 3 φ φ=π
3 φ=0 |( )|
1 π 4
¿ . .
2π 2 3
1
¿
3
U max 2
D= = =6
U ave (1/3)

Q. 9) Prove the boundary conditions on E, D, H and B for electromagnetic field.

Solution: Consider the rectangular loop on the boundary. The electric field is conservative so E.dL
is zero around a closed path. So ∮ E . d L=0

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

From figure, LHS is written as ∮ +∮ +∮ +¿∮ +∮ +∮ . ¿

01 12 23 34 45 50

∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y
¿ E y1 + E x 1 ∆ x −E y 3 −E y 4 −E x 2 ∆ x+ E y 2
2 2 2 2
As ∆ y → 0 ,we get ∮ E . d L=¿ E x1 ∆ x−E x 2 ∆ x =0 ¿
E x 1=E x2 or E tan 1=E tan 2 tangential components of E in medium 1 and 2 respectively.
Consider the cylinder, According to Gauss’s law, ∮ D . d S=Q applying this to surface on the
boundary as ∆ h→ 0 , Dn 1 ∆ s−D n2 ∆ s=Q
Q
Dn 1−Dn 2= = ρs
∆s
Dn 1−Dn 2= ρs

❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑ ❑

From Ampere’s circuital law, ∮ H . d L=∮ +∮ +∮ +¿ ∮ +∮ +∮ .¿

50 01 12 23 34 45

∆y ∆y ∆y ∆y
¿ H y4 + H y3 + H x 1 ∆ x−H y 1 −H y2 −H x 2 ∆ x=I
2 2 2 2
As ∆ y → 0 ,we get ∮ H . d L=¿ H x 1 ∆ x−H x 2 ∆ x=I ¿
I
H x1−H x 2= =J s
∆x
E x 1=E x2 or H tan 1 =H tan 2=J s tangential components of E in medium 1 and 2 respectively.

According to Gauss’s law for magnetic field, ∮ B . d S=0

LHS=∮ Bn 1 a y . dS a y +∮ Bn 2 a y . dS(−a¿¿ y )¿
As ∆ y → 0 ,we get Bn 1 ∆ S−Bn 2 ∆ S=0
Bn 1=Bn 2
Given the fields in one medium, it is usually required to determine fields in a second medium. This
requires the knowledge of both tangential and normal components for each field. The above
boundary conditions yield either tangential or normal component. The second unknown
component is determined from the constitutive relations between E and D, H and B.
E tan 1=E tan 2
Dtan 1 D tan 2
= Dn 1−Dn 2= ρs
ε1 ε2
ε 1 En 1−ε 2 E n 2=ρs
Bn 1=Bn 2
μ1 H n 1−μ2 H n 2
H tan 1 =H tan 2=J s
B tan 1 Btan 2
− =J s
μ1 μ2