different parts of the world.

If Western modernity
spreads and destroys local cultures, this variant of
Globalization is a phenomenon used to describe the universalization is called Westernization,
growing interdependence of the world’s economies, Americanization or Mcdonaldization.
cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-
border trade in goods and services, technology, and Theoretical Paradigms associated with
flows of investment, people, and information. Globalization.

Globalization according to some scholars:

World System Theory

Immanuel Wallerstein argues that the modern world

system emerged as early as the 1500s through a
series of economic transitions and now connects all
Globalization according to various disciplines: countries through a single division of labor.

Other important concepts related to Immanuel Wallerstein pointed out that core countries
Globalization. in the developed world extract labor and raw
materials from peripheral ones.
Globalization - This term is used to describe a
product or service that is developed and distributed Capital according to Wallerstein, now accumulates
globally but is also adjusted to accommodate the through an ever-expanding network of trade routes,
user or consumer in a local market. The gamut of property rights, and labor agreements that
human activities. simultaneously connect the world while reinforcing
its inequalities. adheres the idea that capitalism has
Liberalization - This refers to the removal of created a global enterprise that swept the 19th
globalization has several contending meanings
barriers and restrictions imposed by national century leading to the present time.
because it varies across different disciplines.
governments to create an open and borderless
However, in the absence of a generally accepted
world economy. Characteristics of World System Paradigm
definition of globalization, it can be seen or
understood as either a process, a condition, or an Internationalization - This refers to activities by The centrality and immanence of the inter-state
ideology. entities such as corporations, states, international system and inter-state rivalry to the maintenance
organizations, private organizations and even and reproduction of the world system. This system
individuals with reference to national borders and creates a geographic division of labor.
national governments. The human activities
Core Nation - are those most modernized nations,
Universalization - Denotes a process of spreading having diversified economies and stable internal
various objects, practices, and experiences to the politics.
 forth the premise that technology and technological Transnationality and transnationalism
change are the causes that comprise globalization.
The Peripheral Nations - referring to those nations Refers to an umbrella concept encompassing the
in the world system that are forced to specialized in One of the proponents of this theory was Manuel wide variety of transformative processes, practices,
the export of unprocessed raw materials and food to Castells wherein he suggests that the rules of and developments that take place simultaneously at
the core nations. This also refers to regions that global capitalism have changed to embrace the new the local and global level.
have been forcibly subordinated to the core through information technologies.
colonialism or other means. The Theory of Global Paradigm
Space, Time, and Globalization
Semi-peripheral - these are nations that fall in Global Culture paradigm
between the core and peripheral nations, being most Anthony Giddens - another proponent of this
theory, suggest that globalization has led to the This theories emphasize the rapid growth of mass
industrialized than the peripheral but less media and resultant global culture and images in
industrialized in than of the core. creation of a ‘global risk society.’ Human social and
economic activities, especially in modernity, recent, decades, evoking the image famously put
Global Capitalism Theory produces various risks such as pollution, crime, new forth by Marshall McLuhan of the global village
illnesses, food shortages, market crashes, wars, etc. Emphasizes the rapid growth of the mass media and
This theory treats globalization as a novel stage in and societies have become more responsible for
the evolving system of the world capitalist. resultant global cultural flows and images. Focuses
managing the risks of their activities intentionally, or, on phenomena such as globalization and religion,
According to Sklair (2000, 2002), this theory often, unintentionally produce.
espoused the “transnational practices” (TNPs) as nation and ethnicity, global consumerism, global
operational categories for the analysis of the David Harvey - in his now-classic 1990 study “The communications, and globalization of tourism.
transnational phenomena. Like for example TNPs: Condition of Post-Modernity”, argues that: The concept McDonaldization popularized by
monetary remittances migrant entrepreneurship globalization represents a new burst of time-space Ritzer describes the sociocultural processes by
collective transfer of resources or products. compression produced by the very dynamics of which the principles of the fast-food restaurant came
capitalist development. He also states that it is this to dominate more and more sectors of the US and
Example of Transnational Capitalist Class: compression of social time–space through economic later world society.
 Executives of transnational Corporations activity that is the driving force behind globalization.
 Globalizing bureaucrats
The term “time–space compression” refers to the THE STRUCTRES OF
way the acceleration of economic activities leads to
 Politicians, Professionals
the destruction of spatial barriers and distances. GLOBALIZATION
 Consumerist Elites in the media
 Commercial sector Saskia Sassen (1949), initiated that the THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
international spread of the notion of human rights Actors that Facilitate Economic Globalization
Moreover, according to Robinson (2003, 2004), could override distinctions of nationality and
Globalization creates new forms of transnational citizenship. Under a global human rights regime, she Globalization is taken primarily as an economic
class relations across borders and new forms of argues that law must treat people as persons-qua- process (Abelos et.al 2019). Business organizations
class cleavages globally and within countries, persons first, and citizens only second. are aiming their produced product and services to
regions, cities, and local communities, in ways quite
meet not just local but international standards.
distinct from the old national class structures and “globalization” is more than its common These foster greater relationships among people
international class conflicts and alliances. representation as growing interdependence and across boarder and time and space. They form
formation of self-evidently global institutions. It also networks, groups of elites, and world organizations
The Theory of Network Society School of Taught includes sub-national spaces, processes, and and serve as global actors that contributed unique
This paradigm does not subscribe to the contention actors. insights into global politics, law, and economy.
that capitalism fuels globalization; Instead, it put
 addressing the needs of developing world and its
frailties and vulnerability to financial crises
Formation and Role of Networks International Monetary fund (IMF)
.
 Primary purpose to promote global
monetary cooperation and international
Financial Stability.
 IMF is an institution based on quotas
 Design to provide short term loans

World Bank

 Created to grant long term load

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

 Purpose it to avoid trade wars by raising

protectionist barrier as witness during the
interwar period.
Formation and Role of Elites  Aid economic recovery through
reconstructing and liberalizing global trade.

World Trade Organization

Important functions of WTO

Market Integration
 Providing forum for trade negotiations
 Handling trade disputes it is a process that refers to the expansion of firms
 Monitoring Members’ trade policies by consolidating marketing functions and activities
Formation and Role of Institution  Providing technical assistance and training under single management.
to developing and least developed
Free Trade refers to a policy removing the barriers
economies
in trading among two or more nations.
International Monetary System
In the study conducted by Garret (2000), there are
 Defined as “a set of general rules legal four perspectives in determining the reason for
norms, instruments, and institutions shaping rapid market integration and its relationship to
payments condition in foreign trade” globalization:

International Economic System (IES) has been  What we are witnessing today, is nothing
anchored in the neoliberal paradigm since 1980s. It new because the current level of market
involves reducing the government regulation to integration is only returning to those last era
extend the role of the private sector in the market of economic internationalization the turn of
and the society. Global justice movements have the 20th century “.
sought to expose the inadequacies of the system in
  The second perspective is the external factors, this includes shocks
technological determinism, opposes that ranging from natural disasters to the
increase of the price of commodities. I. INCREASING INTERNATIONAL COMPANY
shrinkage of time and space has been so
ALLIANCES
intense and so universal that there is
essentially nothing that can be done to stop  World Bank II. COMPREHENSIVE NATIONAL SECURITY
it. This only means that technology changes
the lives of people, political, social, and What is a global corporation? LIST OF MAJOR COMPANIES THAT DECLARED
economic systems across the world. BANKRUPTCY
This is also known as a global company, or any
 The Third perspective is technological company that operates in at least a country other (Tucker,2020 of Forbes):
change, this involves big data, internet, than the where it originated (LaMarco, 2018)
machine learning, artificial intelligence,  Aeromexico
robotics, 3D printing, biotechnology, The global corporation has been existing for a few  The ALDO Group
nanotechnology, renewable energy centuries, the earliest of which were chartered
 Global Eagle
technologies, satellite, and drone around the sixteenth century in places like England,
 JCPenney
technologies. This impacted the political and Holland, etc. At first, these corporations are said to
 NPC International
socio-economic activities across the world. be not-for-profit entities to build institutions such as
 The fourth perspective is the critical role of schools, hospitals for public goods. Around the 17th GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM AND GLOBAL
government in making policy. For example, century, these corporations focused on making GOVERNANCE
the formation of international organization money through profit.
and signing an agreement on trading among The global interstate system is the whole system of
Multinational Corporations human interconnections that develop international
member nations like GATT, WTO, etc.
relations among nation-states. These systems use
Also referred to as transnational corporations
Global Financial Institutions and Global Market mechanisms that govern the world to ensure the
operate in more than one country. They act as
Integration balance of power among the government and to
modernizers of the world economy, promote
avoid destructive competition.
Global Market integration paved the way for the efficiency and growth of the world economy,
emergence of global financial institutions that promote regional agreements and alliances, and Before the formation of sovereignty among nations,
aided the nation-states in government and increase money circulation in the economy are the world was involved in two destructive wars, the
economic affairs. some of the salient roles of MNC’s. (Ferrer, 2018).
Thirty Years War of the Holy Roman Empire (1618-
here are two major financial international WORLD’s 5 BIGGEST CORPORATE GIANTS 1648)
institutions:
(Gourtsilidou,2020) Eighty Years War between Spain and the Dutch
 World International Monetary Fund - Republic ( Zaide and Zaide, 2015)
 Apple
This is an autonomous organization
 Microsoft Corporation IMPORTANCE OF PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
affiliated to the UNIO. From an initial
 Alphabet Inc.
strength of 31 members, it now The Peace of Westphalia helped us to understand
commands a 125- strong membership.  Amazon
and quantify the power of nation-states.
 Berkshire Hathaway Inc
One is domestic factors, this includes The treaty established new political norms and
EMERGING ROLES OF MNCs
inappropriate fiscal and monetary concepts of international political affairs and
policies which can lead to large (National Research Council,2020 dominance such as the legal equality of states, non-
economic imbalances
intervention, and a repudiation of the principle of The mandate of this organization is to maintain carried out by the UN. It is also the
supra-nationalism. international peace and security and to foster largest and most complex subsidiary
international cooperation in addressing humanitarian body.
Supranationalism is defined as the voluntary and, social, economic, and cultural issues.  This organ is supported by WB and IMF.
association of three or more independent states
willing to yield some measure of sovereignty for Functions the Security Council Functions the Trusteeship Council
mutual benefit.
 To veto a substantive resolution.  To supervise the administration of
Global Politics and World War  To determine the existence of a threat to the territories as they transitioned from
peace or act of aggression and to colonies to sovereign nations.
The main cause of war is not the nature of man, but
recommend what action should be taken.
the nature of the international system itself. Functions the International Court of Justice
 To investigate any dispute or situation that
World War I - World War I according to Martin might lead to international friction.  To settle legal disputes between
(2020), is known as the "war to end all wars,"  To implement sets of instruments or states (contentious cases) and
occurred between July 1914 and November 11, intervention to maintain peace and order. provides advisory opinions on legal
1918. (Sanctions, peacekeeping and peace questions referred by the UN organs
enforcement) and specialized agencies, in
Imperialism -is when a country increases their
accordance to international law.
power and wealth by bringing additional territories The SC is composed of 15 member, five of them
under their control, usually without outright are considered as the five permanent members Functions the General Assembly
colonizing or resettling them. (PM) and the rest are considered as the non-
permanent members of the council. The five  The only UN organ with universal
Militarism - As the world entered the 20th century, permanent members are all allies of the Second representation with all 193-member
an arms race had begun, primarily over the number World War, and are nuclear states. The other 10 states represented in the body. This
of each country's warships, and the increasing size non-permanent members of the council are remains to be the primary decision
of their armies in countries began, training more and elected by the General Assembly for maker of the UN.
more of their young men to be prepared for battle. overlapping two-year terms.
Functions the Secretariat
Nationalism - Much of the origin of the war was The Purpose of UN Sanctions
based on the desire of the Slavic peoples in Bosnia  To carry out the substantive and
and Herzegovina to no longer be part of Austria-  to change undesirable behavior (e.g. administrative work of the United
Hungary but instead be part of Serbia. Syria); Nations as directed by the General
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand The  to limit opportunities for undesirable Assembly, the SC and other councils.
immediate cause of World War I that made the behavior (e.g. Iran, extensive
How do the United Nations work?
aforementioned items come into play (alliances, restrictions on technology/knowledge in
imperialism, militarism, and nationalism) was the the nuclear sector); UN is an organization that ensures peace and
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of  to deter other countries from choosing security and resolves conflicts, there are issues
Austria-Hungary. In June 1914. an undesirable course of action. that arise inside this organization. Gould and
Rablen (2017) state two distinct sets of
GENERAL INORMATION ABOUT UNITED Functions the Economic and Social Council
criticisms relating to the efficiency of the council
NATIONS
 Responsible for the direction and and the degree of equity regarding power
The United Nations (UN) was created in 1945 by the coordination of the economic, social allocation.
Allied Powers, the victors of the Second World War. humanitarian and cultural activities