ELG3175: Introduction to Communication

Systems (in-person)
• Instructor: Dr. Sergey Loyka (CBY A608).
• Course Web page: http://www.site.uottawa.ca/~sloyka/ . Some info
and course material (lecture slides, lab guidelines, references etc.) will be
posted there.
• Lectures: Wed. 16:00 - 17:20 (CBY B012), Fri. 14:30 – 15:50 (STE J0106).
1st Lecture: Wed. Jan. 11, 16:00.
• Tutorials: Begin on Jan. 20 (no tutorial 1st week); Fri. 11:30 - 12:50 (CRX
C309).
• Labs: Begin on Jan. 23 (no labs first 2 weeks), Monday 08:30 - 11:20,
Tuesday 11:30-14:20 (CBY B519).

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• Office hours: Wed. 6-7pm. You are encouraged to ask questions during and after
lectures. All assignment and lab questions – to the respective TA.
• Assignments & quizzes: about 8.
• Midterm exam: Fri. Feb. 17, 14:30-15:50 (regular lecture time)
– Includes everything covered in the class before the midterm; closed book (1
page of reference material is allowed).
– Individual (no collaboration is allowed).
– The regular plagiarism policies apply.
– Marked exam papers will be returned within 2-3 weeks.
• Final exam:
– Includes everything covered in the class (lectures, labs, tutorials, assignments);
closed book (2 pages of reference material is allowed).
– Individual (no collaboration is allowed).
– The regular plagiarism policies apply.
– It is for evaluation purposes only and will not be returned to the students.
– Marks are final and will not be negotiated.

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• Marking Scheme:
– Assignments + quizzes 10%
– Labs 10%
– Midterm Examination 20%
– Final Examination 60%
– Bonus points to everybody who takes active part in the course.
• Note that:
– All the course components (lectures, tutorials, labs, assignments) are
mandatory. Miss at your own risk.
– Marking scheme is final and will not be changed.
– Marks are determined by academic performance only (not by bargaining
abilities).
– Marks will not be negotiated.
– All questions are to be answered during the semester (no guarantee
afterwards).

• Absence: for medical reasons only, valid if medical certificate.

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• Required textbook (must have):
– L.W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 8th Edition, Prentice
Hall, 2013 (2007 is OK, but watch for section/problem #s).

• Additional texts:
– W.M. Siebert, Circuits, Signals, and Systems, The MIT Press, 1986.
• very good book, with intuitive engineering discussions/examples
– A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky, Signals and Systems, Prentice Hall, 1997.
• the standard textbook on signals & systems (ELG3125)
– H.P. Hsu, Analog and Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, 1993 or 2002.
• tons of examples

• Alternative textbooks:
– R.E. Ziemer, W.H. Tranter, Principles of Communications, Wiley, New York, 2009.
– B.P.Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Oxford University Press,
1998.
– A.B. Carlson, P.B. Crilly, J.C. Rutledge, Communication Systems, McGraw Hill, 2002.
– J.G. Proakis, M.Salehi, Fundamentals of Communications Systems, Prentice Hall, 2005.

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• Prerequisite: ELG3125 (very important)
– Complex numbers/functions
– Linear systems and signals (impulse/frequency response etc.)
– Fourier analysis (continuous/ discrete time, spectra etc.)

• Co-requisite: ELG3126 (basic probability theory)

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• Plagiarism: copying solutions to assignments, quizzes, exams and lab reports from
anywhere is a serious academic crime that carries significant penalty. Plagiarism is
absolutely not acceptable.
• While working in groups on assignments is not a plagiarism, submitting identical or
nearly identical solutions is and will be severely penalized. Every student is expected
to submit his own individual solutions.
• If two (or more) identical or almost identical sets of solutions are found, each
student involved receives 0 (zero) for that particular assignment. If this happens
twice, the students involved receive 0 (zero) for the entire assignment component of
the course in the marking scheme and the case will be send to the Dean’s office for
further investigation.
• From the past experience, the students who copy assignments/labs, do poorly in
exams.

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 ELG3175: Introduction to Communication Systems
• Purpose: to introduce basic principles and techniques for the analysis and
design of modern communication systems.
• Contents:
– Introduction.
– Review of Fourier analysis, linear systems & sampling theorem.
Baseband & bandpass signals & systems.
– Amplitude modulation: DSB AM, DSB-SC AM. Modulators &
demodulators, superheterodyne receiver.
– Angle modulation: phase & frequency. Modulators & demodulators
of FM & PM.
– Basic digital modulation techniques: ASK, PSK, FSK. Bandwidth
requirements of PAM. PCM & SQNR. Inter-symbol interference &
Nyquist criterion; sync and raised-cosine pulses.
– Brief introduction to information theory and coding (if time permits).

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 How to Study: Learning Efficiency Pyramid

“Tell me and I’ll forget;

show me and I may
remember; involve me
and I’ll understand.” –
old Chinese proverb.

“No pain, no gain”

– common wisdom.

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 How to Study ?
“Education is the accumulation of understanding, not just an
accumulation of facts” [D. Pozar]
• Learning efficiency pyramid is a good guideline
• Reading is necessary, but taken alone is not efficient
• Solving problems (“practice by doing”)
– is much more efficient
– examples, assignments, end-of-chapter problems
• Group discussions
– help provided you contribute something
• Systematic study during the semester
– is a key to a success.
– do not leave everything to the last day/night before exams!
• Lectures
– should be supplemented by the items above
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 Introduction to Communication Systems

• What is a communication system? Any means for

transmission of information.
• Types of communication systems: wireline & wireless,
digital & analog, point-to-point & broadcasting, low
frequency/high frequency etc.
• Examples:
– cell phone, landline
– WiFi
– Internet, optical fiber systems
– TV, radio
– remote control, wireless key
– hard disk, USB memory stick

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 Historical Review
• telegraph by Morse, 1837 (operational in 1844).
• telephone by Bell, 1876 (Bell Telephone Company in 1877).
• radio (wireless) by A. Popov in 1895 & G. Marconi in 1896.
• first transcontinental wireless transmission in 1901 by Marconi
• vacuum diode by Fleming (1904) & vacuum triode by De Foster (1906)
• Superheterodyne receiver by Armstrong (during WWI)
• transcontinental telephone transmission in 1915 (operational)
• AM broadcast, 1920
• first TV system by Zworykin, 1929 (broadcasting in London, 1936)
• first FM communication system by Armstrong, 1933

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 Historical Review
• 1st digital computer ENIAC at the University of Penn., 1945
• invention of transistor by Brattain, Bardeen & Shockley, 1947
• fundamental work of Shannon & birth of information theory, 1948
• transatlantic cable & telephone service between Europe and USA, 1953
• 1st Earth satellite is launched by USSR, 1957
• invention of IC by Kilby, 1958
• 1st commercial communication satellite, 1965
• single-chip microprocessor by Intel, 1971
• 1st cellular phone by Motorola, 1972
• personal computers, 1976
• Internet, 1990s
• Smartphone, 1993
• Google (?), Youtube, Facebook, Twitter

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 Elements of Communication System
high-level block diagram

J.Proakis, M.Salehi, Communications Systems Engineering, Prentice Hall, 2002

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 Elements of Communication System
• source – generates information (speech, video, text, data etc.)
• transducer – transforms source output into electrical signal
(e.g. a microphone) and back (at Rx end)
• three major parts:
– transmitter (Tx)
– channel
– receiver (Rx)

J.Proakis, M.Salehi, Communications Systems Engineering, Prentice Hall, 2002

5-Jan-23 Lecture 1, ELG3175 : Introduction to Communication Systems © S. Loyka 14 (22)

 Transmitter
• Converts electrical signal into a form suitable for transmission
through the channel (physical medium)
• Need to do this because the transducer output signal cannot,
in most cases, be transmitted directly (doesn’t match the
channel)
• Conversion is made through modulation: amplitude (AM),
frequency (FM) & phase (PM). Examples: AM & FM radio
broadcast
• Other functions: filtering, amplification, radiation

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 Channel
• This is the physical medium between the transmitter and the
receiver
• Can be wired (telephone line) or wireless (radio)
• Whatever the medium, the signal is corrupted by noise and
interference
• Examples: thermal noise, lightning discharge, automobile ignition
noise, interference from other users etc.
• Channel may be highly non-stationary (i.e., fading)
• Significant signal attenuation may be introduced (100-200dB)
• Other types of signal distortions (i.e., spectrum distortion)

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 Receiver
• Main function: to recover the message from the received
signal
• Somewhat inverse of the transmitter function
• Demodulation: inverse of the modulation
• Operates in the presence of noise & interference. Hence,
some distortions are unavoidable.
• Some other functions: filtering, suppression of noise &
interference

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 Characteristics of Communication Channels
Wireline channels:

J.Proakis, M.Salehi, Communications Systems Engineering, Prentice Hall, 2002

• twisted-wire pair
• coaxial cable
• waveguides
• optic fiber

Signals are distorted in amplitude and

phase. Some measures are required to
reduce the effect of distortions.
Bandwidth of (up to)
• twisted pair: 10s kHz to 30 MHz
• coax cable: 10s GHz
• wave guide: 100s GHz
• optical fiber: 10-100 THz
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 Radio Communication Channels
(wireless)

J.Proakis, M.Salehi, Communications Systems Engineering, Prentice Hall, 2002

• Unguided
electromagnetic wave,
radiated by the Tx
antenna, is a carrier of
the signal
• Strong signal attenuation
(up to 100-200 dB).
Hence, high Tx power is
required
• Susceptible to external
interference
• Antennas are required.
Size of antenna:
comparable with
wavelength

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 Typical Frequencies
• Cell phone: 1-2 GHz
• Cordless phone: 43-50 MHz, 900 MHz, 2.4 and 5.8 GHz.
• Cable phone: 300-3400 Hz
• WiFi: 2.5, 5 GHz
• VDSL-2 (Internet over phone cable): 30 kHz-30MHz
• TV (satellite): 10-12 GHz
• TV (cable/broadcast): 50-950 MHz
• AM broadcast: 300kHz – 1.5 MHz
• FM broadcast: 80-110 MHz
• Optical: 100s THz

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 Mathematical Models of Channels
System-level model: linear time-invariant system

r t   s t   h t   n t  

  h   s  t    d   n  t 


J.Proakis, M.Salehi, Communications Systems Engineering, Prentice Hall, 2002

Detailed model: based on electromagnetics (i.e., radio

wave propagation)

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 Summary

• Definition of communication systems and their types.

Examples.
• Historical review
• Block diagram and its elements.
• Main elements: transmitter, channel and receiver

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