Introduction

The eighteenth century is an important century in European history during modern

times. In which it matured and completed all the factors of change and
transformation that have plagued European life since the Renaissance, The
continent's societies have made it possible to move into the contemporary period,
where the life of the European human being has been upended and new life has
emerged that has changed from the realities and conditions of the human person.
From human being all manual to human depending on the machine in all spheres
of life The industrial revolution complemented its elements in the eighteenth
century, after which Europe moved to global leadership thanks to human
emancipation. and liberalizing human production and developing the economic
system, so it is both an economic and a social revolution, The industrial revolution
highlighted the most important elements that led to its establishment. s rights ", but
it had an impact on the world, including North Africa.

We therefore put forward the following forms: What is the concept of the
? industrial revolution? What are their effects on North African countries

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First Research: The Concept and Reasons for the Emergence of the Industrial
Revolution

First requirement: Concept

The industrial revolution can be defined as a foundation or a series of changes in

the way industry has moved audiences from inherited industrial crafts to new
methods of work, travel and living. Originally, it can change rapidly, but the
industrial transformation has not been as rapid as it is understood from the word
revolution, but rather relatively rapid in relation to what the transformation and
quantity of industrial production was during the long centuries prior to the
industrial revolution. The machines adopted for production did not appear
suddenly and were not brought by eminent persons, but rather the result of the
work of relatively submerged men or the continuous improvement of former
female inventors as they passed after their invention and registration of their
franchise for a long time to become useful and usable

Second requirement: Factors of industrial revolution

I. INTELLECTUAL FACTORS

Literary renaissance:

Literature has flourished since the Renaissance and was based on the blind
tradition of writing poems and picking love letters. and the reverence of epics,
tragedies, marathons and satire, as well as the beauty of the language style
Although the book Renaissance on Latin and Greek took it, they were innovating
and adding to their production a new tinge that their books were written to
intervene pleasure, admiration and amusement in the same reader and did not care
about a religious instruction or sermon that prevented their ideas from reaching,
Renaissance fathers took care of the theatre and gave it great attention. Tragedies
and amusement parks took the place of the religious play that was literature in the
Middle Ages. It was more realistic and more selective of the true emotions of man.
This made morals a nationalist character.

Technical renaissance:

The spirit of Ennahda was manifested by its most obvious manifestations and
meanings in fine art. Italy was the cradle of this renaissance, which began early in
the 15th century and evolved when interest in the resurgence of ancient classical
arts began in the first third of the 16th century. Many artists unveiled the beauty of
ancient monuments and took their simulations in spirit and expression, but at the
same time they were distinguished by creativity and creativity and expressed

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autonomy their personal emotions so that their artistic production represented their
personality and the spirit of the age in which they lived. Art is no longer automated
copies of a particular stereotype imposed by the authority of the Church and has
become an expression of the artist's mentality and genius

Political factors:

Evolution of liberal political thought:

The development of political thought in Europe in general since the late 17th
century has focused mainly on resistance to the absolute power of monarchs on the
one hand and the realization of individual freedom and equality on the other. In
this area, England was earlier than France, but the history of political thought has
always been due to the French Revolution and, in particular, to the great principles
I have put forward. (fraternity and equality, which have long been proof of the
democratic order and the guarantee of individual freedom "The principles
proclaimed by the French Revolution did not come from the fact that they were not
preceded in particular by human and political thought, which many intellectuals
contributed to their development, although they did not directly address these
principles, However, with their thoughts and actions, they helped to achieve them,
but the problem stays in the period of their emergence and their number abounds
and if we return to the earnest age of enlightenment Emmanuel Kent, who called
for the need to free the mind and to emerge from darkness into light.

B. The principle of nationalities:

Marxist writers were the first to observe the relationship between the principle of
nationalities and class formation in modern society, particularly the bourgeois
class. In fact, the aspiration for national unity was only a reflection of economic
demands, particularly the creation of expanding internal and external markets

Economic factors

Agricultural Revolution:

If the accumulation of capital and scientific and artistic discoveries is one of the
most important factors that led to the industrial revolution in Europe, the
development of the agricultural sector is also one of the most important factors that
helped the industrial coup d 'état as it occurred, since all the countries that knew
the industrial revolution from the mid-18th century in the agricultural sector ".

Capital:

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From the manifestation of large-scale manufacturing, capital in large quantities is
necessary for the construction of labs and machinery, the operation of workers and
the purchase of raw resources as well as providing capital in England as profits
from trade during the 17th and 18th centuries, Of a capitalist nature, which spread
particularly after 1840 as a result of the movement of textiles The Bank of England
accelerated the use of capital, and financial markets emerged where remittances
were deducted, sold and bought shares, and when the need to finance the industry
became more urgent, the emergence of contributing banks was legally permitted in
1821

Second Research: The Implications of the Industrial Revolution for North

African Countries

First requirement: Politically

When the industrial revolution engulfed the world initially from the countries of
Europe, the Muslim world in Asia and North Africa fell under the authority of the
Ottoman Empire, while the countries of Europe were booming and growing
because of the industrial revolution, its impact on the Islamic world's nations was
negative as it was instrumental in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

Second requirement: Economically

- European manufacturers dominate the Islamic markets. Their products were

removed; That is, traditional products of Islamic States, and therefore artisans in
Islamic States have become unemployed.

- The sources of internal taxes have been reduced.

Contributed strongly and significantly to the European control of the financial -

situation in Islamic countries

Requirement III: Social outcomes

The industrial revolution clearly affected the building of society, enhancing the
emergence of the employer's class, the workers' class, and enabling employers and
various occupations to control most of the major economic sectors; Such as the
commercial, industrial and other sectors created significant disparities among
members of society, especially after increased migration from rural areas, and the
move to cities that provided many industrial occupations, which required workers
.to operate their own machinery