Cell Cycle Cell Division: Interphase M (Mitosis) Phase
Cell Cycle Cell Division: Interphase M (Mitosis) Phase
Growth & reproduction are characteristics of cells indeed of all living organisms.
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CELL CYCLE CELL DIVISION
The sequence of events by which a cell Division of parental cell into progeny is
duplicated its genome, synthesise the other termed as cell division.
constituents & eventually divides is termed as * Human cell divides in 24 hours {i.e. have
cell cycle. Cell growth(in terms of cytoplasm) is interphase of 24 hours}.
continuous. The events are themselves under * Yeast cell divide in 90 min.
genetic control. * E. coli divide in 20 min.
v v
Interphase M (mitosis) phase
Phase b/w 2 successive M phases. M phase starts with
Interphase/resting phase (cell is karyokinesis & ends with
preparing for division,grows & cytokinesis.
replicates it’s DNA) lasts more than Some cells which do not
95% of the duration of cell cycle. While divide further or will
only 5% is for M phase (mitosis) divide occasionally in
case of injury, enter the
Go stage or Quiescent
- - stage before entering
:
the G1 phase
Gap-I phase Synthesis phase Gap-2 phase
Cell grows & is DNA synthesis/ Protein
metabolically replication begins in synthesis
active. It is interval nucleus but not the takes place &
b/w mitosis & chromosomes , centriole cell is ready
initiation of DNA duplicates in cytoplasm. to divide.
replication. If cell is diploid before s
phase then after s phase
it will remain diploid.
MITOSIS
It is a dramatic phase of cell cycle
Means equational division since no. of
chromosomes in parent & progeny is same. Significance of mitosis
Mainly occurs only in diploid cells of animals but In some social insects
may also take place in some haploid cells of plants. (drone of
honeybee),lower plants
V
v haploid cell also divide by
KARYOKINESIS CYTOKINESIS
mitosis.
(Four stages) Growth of multicellular
organisms is due to
1) PROPHASE 2) METAPHASE Division of cytoplasm mitosis.
Nuclear envelope completely In animals it takes It is essential for cell to
Chromosomal material place by cell furrow
condenses to form compact disintegrated means start of divide to restore the
metaphase. (in plasma memb.)
chromosomes attached to method. nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio.
Morphology of Chromosomes can be
centromere. In plants it takes It contributes to the repair
Centrosome (centriole) starts most easily studied.
Metaphasic chromosomes is made up place by cell plate of cells (epidermis,wall of
moving towards the poles & method because of gut,blood cells
each radiates out of 2 sister chromatids held together
at centromere.The paired presence of cell wall. continuously get
asters(microtubule). It starts from the
Spindle fibre + 2 asters => chromosomes align at the metaphase replaced.
plate (plane of alignment) or centre of cell. The
mitotic apparatus Mitotic division in
equatorial plate with one chromatid simple precursor cell
At the end nuclear envelop and plate represents meristematic
all cell organelles get connected by its kinetochore(disc- tissue(apical & lateral
like) to spindle fibre from one pole & middle lamellae b/w
diminished along with
another sister chromatid to another walls of 2 adjacent cambium) is responsible
nucleolus. cells. for continuous growth of
pole.
At the time of plants.
3) ANAPHASE cytokinesis,
Centromeres split & daughter 4) TELOPHASE organelles like
chromatids separate (daughter Chromosomes which reached the mitochondria &
chromosomes of future daughter poles decondense & loose their plastids get
nuclei) own identity (Called as distributed.
Chromatids move to opposite pole. chromosome cluster).
Centromere of each chromosome nuclear envelope develops, ER,
remains directed towards pole & Golgi apparatus, nucleolus reform.
hence at the leading edge, arms
trailing behind.
In some organisms karyokinesis (division of nucleus) is not followed by cytokinesis as a result of which
multinuclear condition arises leading to the formation of synectium ( Eg- liq. Endosperm of coconut)
MEIOSIS
Introduction
Reductional division (reduces chromosomes no. To half)
Gametes are formed by it (gametogenesis in plants & animals)
It occurs in 2 plases => Meiosis-I & Meiosis-II but DNA replicate only once.
Meiosis-I is initiated after the parental chromosomes have replicated to produce
identical sister chromatids at S-phase.
Involves pairing of homologous chromosomes & recombination b/w non sister
chromatids of homologous chromosomes.
4 haploid cells are formed at end of Meiosis-II
-←
MEIOSIS-I MEIOSIS-II
Prophase-I
Prophase-II
1) Lyptotene-chromosomes are seen under light
microscope. After interkinesis nuclear membrane
disappears & chromosomes fully gets
2) Zygotene-synapsis(pairing of homologous condensed.
chromosomes) occur. Under electron microscope
synaptonemal complex is visible. The complex Metaphase-II
formed by a pair of synapsed homologous Chromosomes align at equator & the
chromosomes is called bivalent or tetrad. spindle fibres (microtubule from
3) Pachytene-longest stage. Tetrads are clearly opposite pole of spindle) gets
visible. Recombination nodules (site of crossing attached to kinetochores of sister
over) is visible. Crossing over requires enzyme chromatids.
recombinase. Chromosomes are left linked at the
site of recombination at end of pachytene.
Anaphase-II
4) Diplotene-dissolution of synaptonemal complex
occurs. The homologous chromosomes try to Simultaneous splitting of the
separate except at recombination site which centromere of each chromosome
results in X-shaped structure (called chiasmata) (holding sister chromatids) occurs
which in oocytes of some vertebrates lasts for allowing them to move to opposite
months or years. poles (shortening of microtubules
attached to kinetochores).
5) Diakinesis-terminalisation of chiasmata takes
place. Represents transition to metaphase-I.
Chromosomes get fully condensed & nucleolus
and nuclear membrane get diminished. Telophase-II
Two groups of chromosomes once
Metaphase-I again get enclosed in nuclear
Bivalent chromosomes align at equatorial envelop (cytokinesis results in 4
plate,spindle fibres get attached to kinetochores haploid cells called tetrad of cells).
of homologous chromosomes.
Anaphase-I
Homologous chromosomes separate while sister
chromatids remain associated at their
centromeres.
Telophase-I
Nuclear envelop & nucleolus reappear & dyad of cells
is formed(by cytikinesis). The stage between two
Significance of Meiosis
meiotic divisions is known as interkinesis which is Conservation of specific chromosome no. of
short lived. No DNA Replication during interkinesis. In each species is achieved across generations
many cases chromosomes undergo some dispersion, in sexually reproducing organisms.
don’t reach extremely extended stage of interphase Increases genetic variability in population of
nucleus. organisms from one generation to next.
Variations are very important for the
process of EVOLUTION.