IBDP Global Politics Core Study Guide

Core Units
Power, sovereignty and international relations 1

Human rights 10

Development 17

Peace and Conflict 37

Works Cited 51
 Foundational Unit: Power, Sovereignty and International
Relations

Every unit in the Global Politics course has 4 key concepts that correlate to its content. While
these key concepts are integral to the entire course, they are especially significant in their
respective units. Thus, the 4 key concepts for this foundational unit are power, sovereignty,
legitimacy and interdependence.

Contested Definitions of Power:

First, let us define power. Power, as per the IB Global Politics study guide, is defined as ‘the
ability to effect change and, rather than being viewed as a unitary or independent force, is as an
aspect of relations among people functioning within a social organization. Contested
relationships between people and groups of people dominate politics, particularly in this era of
increased globalization, and so understanding the dynamics of power plays a prominent role in
understanding global politics.’

However, as power means something different to different groups of people, there are conflicting
types and theories of power. Thus, the very definition of power can be brought into question as it
is evident that it is nowhere near a simple key concept.

To understand just how differently power is weighed and considered in modern global politics,
the following videos must be considered.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lyukj7npOe0 - 10 Most Powerful People in The
World in 2018.
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5lQA3bipHc - Schindler’s List: what is power?
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3IzFbmYFsc - The World’s Most Powerful
Women Define Power
Thus, it is clear that power means very different things to very different people.

Before we go any further, it is important to make the following distinctions between state, and
nation

Nations
A State is an independent, sovereign government that can exercise control over a certain spatially
defined and bounded area, whose borders are usually clearly defined and internationally
recognized by other states.

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A nation is a group of individuals that visualise themselves as a cohesive and coherent entity due
to shared cultural or historical factors. The existence of nations, their definition, and their
members can shift drastically with regard to circumstances. Nations can be classified as
“imagined communities” that are held together by beliefs of unity that can centre around
religion, ethnic identity, language, cultural practice and so on. The concept and practice of a
nation aim to establish who belongs and who does not (insider vs. outsider). Such conceptions
often do not consider political boundaries such that a single nation may “spill over” into multiple
states. Furthermore, states are not the same as nations: not every nation has a state (e.g., Kurds;
Roma; Palestine). Some states may contain all or parts of multiple nations.

Political Theories and other Theoretical Foundations:

We are now going to consider various political theories that try and highlight the role of power in
global politics today.
The first theory that we shall be examining is realism. Realism is a perspective on international
relations that focuses on the conflict and competitiveness of states. States worry about how much
power they have and how much power they have relative to other states. Within realism, there
are differing perspectives as to why states want power. The classical realism theory by Hans
Morgenthau argues that it is human nature to seek power. The leaders of various states have an
innate desire to dominate their rivals. However, the structural realism theory by John
Mearsheimer maintains that states have to pursue power because of the fundamental nature of
international relations. In his words, “States are trapped in an iron cage where they have little
option but to compete with each other for power to ensure their own survival”. In essence, the
difference between the two theories is as follows: For Hans Morgenthau, achieving power is the
ultimate goal of a state while for John Mearsheimer, achieving the survival of the state is the
ultimate goal of a state and power helps a state get there.

Let us delve further into structural realism. As per this theory, a state derives its power from 2
causes: Its material capabilities (includes military and nuclear capabilities) and its latent power
(includes a state’s GDP, and how large its population is. There are 5 assumptions vital to this
theory and they are as follows:
1. The global system that states make up is anarchic, that is, it has no controlling rules or
principles that enable order. This means there is no central authority.
2. Every state has some offensive military capability- This means that if necessary, every
state can cause harm to its neighbors.
3. States do not know the objectives of others- Some states are content with the balance of
power that exists and their role in the international system and have no reason to resort to
force to change the status quo. Thus, these are known as status-quo states. Other states
that want to change the balance of power in their favor are known as revisionist states. A
state’s objectives cannot be determined easily as unlike a state’s nuclear arsenal, their
objectives cannot be empirically determined.

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 4. States primarily want to survive- If a state is not able to survive, it cannot attain any of
the other goals it wants to (protect human rights, allow its people to prosper, etc)
5. States are rational actors- states have the ability to develop sound strategies that augment
their chances of survival.

However, the theory of structural realism does not end there. There are 2 categories within
structural realism: offensive structural realism and defensive structural realism. John
Mearsheimer is the main proponent of offensive structural realism which argues that states
should seek as much power as possible and aim to attain hegemony as the ultimate goal.
Hegemony is leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others.
However, defensive structural realism, famously argued for by Kenneth Waltz, believes that it is
not a smart move for states to try and maximise the amount of power they have because
ultimately, the international political system will take action against them if they try to become
too powerful. Thus, trying to attain hegemony is not a good idea.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXllDh6rD18 - This video by John Mearsheimer provides a

succinct and concise definition of structural realism.

Now we shall apply our learnings to the growth of China in becoming a global superpower. Can
this transition continue peacefully? Watch this video and decide:
https://youtu.be/0DMn4PmiDeQ

Now, we will be looking at another crucial political theory that pertains to modern political
interactions: liberalism. Liberalism is based on a more cooperative view of the world. In a
liberalist view, a host of actors influence outcomes in global politics and share a primary concern
for justice, liberty and equality. Now, it is time to consider another key concept of the
foundational unit: interdependence. As per the IB: In global politics, the concept of
interdependence most often refers to the mutual reliance between and among groups,
organizations, geographic areas and/or states for access to resources that sustain living
arrangements. Often, this mutual reliance is economic (such as trade), but can also have a
security dimension (such as defence arrangements) and, increasingly, a sustainability dimension
(such as environmental treaties). Globalization has increased interdependence, while often
changing the relationships of power among the various actors engaged in global politics.

While many can argue that states have been connected for years, liberalism focuses on the
interdependence that has grown on the global stage. It began after World War 2 with the
formation of the UN and fully came into place in the 1970s. This interdependence is recognised
as Complex Interdependence.
A key distinction between liberalism and realism is that liberalism recognises that states are not
the sole crucial actors in international relations. Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) like the

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United Nations, the European Union, NGOs like Amnesty International and Human Rights
Watch, and transnational corporations like Amazon and Google are all accounted for in
liberalism. This video provides a comprehensive introduction to liberalism:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tZbDMUaqwE8

There are some other theoretical foundations that govern modern politics. One of them is the
economic theory of capitalism. Capitalism is the infamous ideology of production, exchange,
distribution and consumption in the modern world, according to which the basis of resource
allocation is the generation of profit. While there are numerous interpretations of how political
decision-making should be utilised in regulating the operation of the profit motive, all models of
capitalism are of the opinion that the generation of profit is vital for economic growth and
maintenance of the global system, and generally conducive to development. A more nuanced
theory is neoliberalism. This theory is a derivation of capitalism that advocates minimum
political interference in the market mechanism.

Most other theoretical foundations are all grouped into the umbrella term of ‘critical theories’.
These are theories that completely disagree with one or more major aspects of other theoretical
foundations, the current world order and/or ways of organizing life. Examples of critical theories
include communitarianism, constructivism, feminism, Marxism, post-colonialism and
environmentalism.

Types of Power:
There are 3 kinds of power that will be considered in this guide. They are soft power, hard
power, and smart power.
1. Soft Power: Soft power aims to use positive attraction and persuasion to achieve foreign
policy objectives. It ignores traditional foreign policy techniques of carrot and stick,
choosing instead to ensure influence by building networks, communicating compelling
narratives, establishing international rules, and drawing on the resources that make a
country naturally attractive to the world.
2. Hard Power: Hard power is deployed in the form of coercion: using force, the threat of
force, economic sanctions, or inducements of payment.
3. Smart Power: Smart Power is the combination of both soft and hard power in pragmatic
ways that help nations advance their international interests. Smart Power is typically
associated with America’s foreign policy. The US’ decade-long conflicts in the Middle
East has proved the limits of American hard power. However the use of soft power,
particularly through techniques like diplomacy, has been marginalized. This lack of
alternatives has forced the US to examine new methods to leverage power in a positive
and effective manner to counter threats and maximize opportunities. Smart power
believes that America's military and economic might and its cultural and ideological
appeal should be combined into a power that allows both.

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Another possible distinguishing factor between the different kinds of power is by analysing the
theories of unilateralism and multilateralism. Unilateralism is a methodology in international
relations wherein states act without considering the interests of other states or their support.
Unilateralism is usually contrasted with its opposite approach, multilateralism. Multilateralism is
acting cooperatively with other states. Now, we move onto the key concept of sovereignty.

Sovereignty:
While we have previously defined states and nations, there are two more definitions that must be
added in this guide, that is, what a nation-state and what a stateless-nation are. A nation-state is a
territorially bound sovereign state that is ruled in the name of a community of citizens who
identify themselves as a nation. Meanwhile, a stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that
does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. An example
of a stateless nation is Kurdistan, Palestine, and Catalonia.
Now, we must move into the key concept of sovereignty. As per the IB, ‘sovereignty
characterizes a state’s independence, its control over territory and its ability to govern itself.
How states use their sovereign power is at the heart of many important issues in global politics.
Some theorists argue that sovereign power is increasingly being eroded by aspects of
globalization such as global communication and trade, which states cannot always fully control.
Others argue that sovereign states exercise a great deal of power when acting in their national
interest and that this is unlikely to change.’ We now consider the final key concept in this
foundational unit: legitimacy.

Legitimacy:
As per the IB, ‘Legitimacy refers to an actor or an action being commonly considered
acceptable and provides the fundamental basis or rationale for all forms of governance and
other ways of exercising power over others. The most accepted contemporary source of
legitimacy in a state is some form of democracy or constitutionalism whereby the governed have
a defined and periodical opportunity to choose who they wish to exercise power over them.
Other sources of legitimacy are suggested in states in which such an opportunity does not exist.
Within any proposed overall framework of legitimacy, individual actions by a state can be
considered more or less legitimate. Other actors of global politics and their actions can also be
evaluated from the perspective of legitimacy.’

Throughout the GP course, learners are encouraged to dive deeper into the field of global politics
by examining YouTube videos, leading articles and journals and gaining a deeper understanding
of how the world operates in order to supplement their answers with relevant fields of thought,
examples and expert opinions. Thus, I highly recommend going through as many of the links that
are given throughout the guide in order to gain a deeper understanding of the subject, particularly
the youtube videos if you are more of an audio-visual learner. While it is not required learning, it

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will greatly aid your understanding and will be extremely helpful in your essays, source analysis,
etc.

Intergovernmental Organisations to read up on:

1. United Nations (UN): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WF6g23ydyuU ,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations/Principal-organs ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cqw8-ongtY ,
https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf
2. World Trade Organisation (WTO):
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/inbrief_e/inbr_e.htm ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XtRTPuPyt18 ,
https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/anrp_28may20_e.htm
3. European Union (EU): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O37yJBFRrfg ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=idlCpZl9hQ4 ,
https://www.economicshelp.org/europe/disadvantages-eu/
4. African Union (AU): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i6q0gIxg3Mc ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PX7LTr3gFc , https://au.int/en/au-nutshell
5. World Bank: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/worldbank.asp ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lN3qrFA4jXc ,
https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/04/17/399816448/when-the-world-
bank-does-more-harm-than-good

NGOs to read up on:

1. Amnesty International:https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKftcnkoY-o,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oxl_NFukEUM
2. Human Rights Watch: https://www.hrw.org/about/about-us ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AArQSVbg1_s , https://www.hrw.org/world-
report/2020
3. BRAC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXypKSTu0vE , http://www.brac.net/ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNnLXY7x5Hg
4. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement: https://www.icrc.org/en/who-we-
are/movement , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R36OHuF3U6A ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=on9l0KvR5h4
5. Greenpeace: https://www.greenpeace.org/international/ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zVu9eawb1QY ,
https://money.howstuffworks.com/greenpeace.htm

Social Movements to read up on:

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 1. Occupy: https://youtu.be/DxvVZe2fnvI , https://youtu.be/KFOWci6yrSs ,
https://youtu.be/235qHnTI8tI
2. Avaaz: https://secure.avaaz.org/en/ , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onrmgqwwURY
, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvFRb8zgu6Q
3. Black Lives Matter: https://blacklivesmatter.com/resources/ ,
https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/ , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mI7eHX9u4Q0

Resistance Movements:
1. Arab Spring: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5dkJqUwIIs ,
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16212447 ,
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2014/05/15/the-successes-and-failures-of-the-
arab-spring-iran-sectarianism-and-jihadi-splintering/
2. Orange Revolution In Ukraine: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Orange-Revolution ,
https://wagingnonviolence.org/2010/02/the-end-of-the-orange-revolution/?pf=true ,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/gregsatell/2014/12/13/a-look-back-at-how-the-ukraine-
crisis-erupted-and-what-to-expect-in-2015/

Violent Protest Movements:

1. Hezbollah: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-hezbollah ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-0CUToSxNw ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtHNcaRpDCs
2. Naxalites: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnzc66sJTTQ ,
https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/02spec.htm ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cLEzrSceaUQ
3. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
wr5E6Zl8QE , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SKJblKuj84E ,
https://www.npr.org/2020/02/06/802764177/colombias-farc-rebels-laid-down-their-
weapons-but-a-growing-number-are-being-kil

Political Parties: https://youtu.be/JlQ5fGECmsA , https://youtu.be/-XlUICruITE

1. US’ Republican and Democratic Parties: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-
government-and-civics/us-gov-american-political-ideologies-and-beliefs/us-gov-
ideologies-of-political-parties/v/ideologies-of-political-parties-in-the-united-states ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7T7PxQMLTt8 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Z-dqixRaWo
2. Germany’s Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Social Democratic Party (SPD):
https://historica.fandom.com/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany ,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Social-Democratic-Party-of-Germany ,
https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-political-parties-cdu-csu-spd-afd-fdp-left-party-
greens-what-you-need-to-know/a-38085900

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 3. Communist Party of China (CCP): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHOkhAplfn0 ,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-49631120 ,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/explained-national-congress-china-communist-
party-171017140021234.html , https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/01/03/5-myths-about-the-
chinese-communist-party/

Informal Forums:
1. G20: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gflQCq-iywc , http://larrysummers.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/10/The-G20-in-Retrospect-and-Prospect-.pdf ,
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/group-twenty
2. The Group of Seven (G7): https://www.internationalrelationsedu.org/what-is-the-g7-its-
purpose-and-history-of-influence/ , https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/g7-and-future-
multilateralism , https://time.com/5657375/what-is-g7/
3. The Group of Eight (G8): https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/3/06-037242/en/ ,
https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/08/difference-between-g7-g8-g20-world-economy.html ,
4. World Economic Forum (WEF): https://www.weforum.org/
,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eoCuZ1NDNdA https://www.weforum.org/our-
impact
5. World Social Forum (WSF):
https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/174-advocacy/30733-world-
social-forum.html , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeRDrBGrbtU ,
https://www.other-news.info/2019/10/farewell-to-the-world-social-forum/

Global Governance: https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/

,https://youtu.be/XlGvzoEDCWc ,https://youtu.be/sEBPV1oRmqs

1. UNSC Resolutions: https://usun.usmission.gov/explanation-of-vote-on-a-un-security-

council-resolution-extending-yemen-sanctions/ ,
https://research.un.org/en/docs/resolutions , https://www.globalr2p.org/calling-for-a-
unsc-code-of-conduct/
2. Climate Change Agenda: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-change/ ,
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/climate-sdgs-synergies2019 ,
https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/07/1068551
3. Bastel accords on financial regulation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkJsofwD67I
, https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basel_accord.asp ,
https://www.bis.org/bcbs/history.htm
4. WTO trade agreements:
https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm1_e.htm ,
https://commerce.gov.in/PageContent.aspx?Id=126

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Treaties and Collective Security:
1. NATO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6MidPEf30AE ,
https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-50632570 , https://www.thebalance.com/nato-
purpose-history-members-and-alliances-3306116
2. Organisation of American States (AS): http://www.oas.org/en/ ,
http://www.oas.org/en/topics/treaties_agreements.asp , https://www.nti.org/learn/treaties-
and-regimes/organization-american-states-oas/

Economic Cooperation:
1. Eurasian Economic Union:https://www.evnreport.com/understanding-the-region/fact-
sheet-what-is-the-eurasian-economic-union ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3NfZDdMZw1E ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujYaSORm5NI

Interstate and intrastate war:

Difference between intrastate and interstate wars:
Intrastate war refers to continued political conflict between armed groups that represent a state,
and one or more non-state groups. This kind of violence usually is restricted within the borders
of one state, but usually has notable international consequences and can cause conflict in
neighbouring states. Interstate war is a war between two or more states wherein both are part of
the international political environment). Both the conflicting states utilise their own national
forces.
1. Interstate war: Iraq, Afghanistan - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhzjhUgT850 ,
https://www.mei.edu/multimedia/video/risk-interstate-wars-middle-east ,
https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/war-afghanistan ,
2. Intrastate War: Syria, Ukraine, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFpanWNgfQY ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fb9U1uoYCOc ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hb12L9HQFqs

Terrorism:
1. ISIS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzmO6RWy1v8 ,
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/rise-fall-isil-explained-
170607085701484.html
2. Al-Qaeda: https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Qaeda ,
https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/al-qaeda
3. Boko Haram: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-49154953
https://www.vox.com/2015/2/18/8060543/what-is-boko-haram

9
 Human Rights Unit

Let’s first examine the history of human rights with this video:
https://www.humanrights.com/what-are-human-rights/brief-history/
Some documents to examine while noting down the complex history of human rights are as
follows:
1. Cyrus Cylinder
2. Magna Carta
3. Petition of Right
4. US Declaration of Independence
5. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen
6. First Geneva Convention

Now, we shall define the key concept of human rights. Human rights are basic claims and
entitlements that, many argue, one should be able to exercise simply by virtue of being a human
being. Many contemporary thinkers argue they are essential for living a life of dignity, are
inalienable, and should be accepted as universal. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
adopted by the UN in 1948 is recognized as the beginning of the formal discussion of human
rights around the world. Critics argue that human rights are a Western, or at least culturally
relative, concept.

The most important document that must be considered while speaking about human rights is The
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). Please go through the pdf linked here:
https://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf The UDHR is based on the
theoretical foundation of Universalism. In the context of global politics, the ethical theory of
universalism puts forward the notion of a universal human nature that transcends traditional
boundaries of identity. In a universalist view, universal values are therefore possible.

However, there are many criticisms of the UDHR and most are based on the theoretical
foundation of relativism. In the context of global politics, the ethical theory of relativism
suggests values to be culturally and individually determined. In a relativist view, global
agreements on the most fundamental aspects of human life are hence difficult to achieve. The
UDHR was mainly developed by Western countries and thus, it is unrealistic to claim that the
UDHR is “a common statement of goals and aspirations – a view of the globe as the
international community would want it to become” because the international community at that
point was nowhere near fully formed. Concerns of Western authority over the preparation
process were mentioned immediately by UN members. For instance, the Saudi Arabian
delegation in discussion on article 16 that was about marriage, commented that the UDHR

10
represented “… standards recognised by Western civilisation and had ignored more ancient
civilisations”
It must be noted that the nations which abstained from voting for the UDHR are labelled ‘non-
Western’ namely Byelorussian SSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Ukrainian SSR,
Union of South Africa, USSR, and Yugoslavia. However, it can be argued that these abstentions
were not a result of Western dominance. The Communist bloc abstained because the declaration
did not explicitly condemn fascism and nazism. Similarly, experts argue that South Africa
abstained with the concern that the declaration would condemn its discriminatory legislation.

Other key concepts in the human rights unit are as follows:

Justice:’There are a number of different interpretations of the concept of justice. It is often
closely associated with the idea of fairness and with individuals getting what they deserve,
although what is meant by desert is also contested. One avenue is to approach justice through
the idea of rights, and what individuals can legitimately expect of one another or of their
government. Some theorists also argue that equality not only in the institutions and procedures
of a society but also in capabilities or well-being outcomes is required for justice to be realized.’

Liberty:’The concept of liberty refers to having freedom and autonomy. It is often divided into
positive and negative liberty, with negative liberty defined as individuals having the freedom
from external coercion and positive liberty defined as individuals having the autonomy to carry
out their own rational will. Some scholars reject this distinction and argue that in practice, one
form of liberty cannot exist without the other. It is also questioned if such an understanding of
liberty is sufficient for an interdependent world, in which the seeming freedom and autonomy of
some may depend on lack of some forms of liberty for others. Hence, debates on equality inform
our understanding of liberty as well.’

Equality:’Egalitarian theories are based on a concept of equality that all people, or groups of
people, are seen as having the same intrinsic value. Equality is therefore closely linked to justice
and fairness, as egalitarians argue that justice can only exist if there is equality. Increasingly,
with growing polarization within societies, equality is also linked to liberty, as different people
have differing possibilities to be free and autonomous.’

Multilateralism and Human Rights

With the establishment of the UDHR, an intricate international system has emerged to ensure the
protection and promotion of human rights all over the world. While the UDHR is not legally
binding, it is observed as a type of obligatory international legislation that is utilised as a method
to use diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that ignore any of the rights it outlines. By
outlining the precedent that states could no longer take actions that violate human rights under
the threat of international condemnation, the UDHR has questioned the exclusive jurisdiction of
states to govern its citizens as per their desires. In 1966, the international covenants on Civil and

11
Political Rights and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights were adopted by the UN. These
covenants, coupled with the UDHR, helped establish the basis for modern international human
rights law.

Till the mid-1960s, the UN dedicatedly focused on the establishment of human rights precedents.
Later on, the IGO put larger emphasis on ensuring the implementation of these precedents. A
vital move forward occurred through the creation of the Office of the UN High Commissioner
for Human Rights, an infamous product of the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights. The
High Commissioner aims to ensure global esteem for human rights laid out in international
legislation by aiding the organs formed as a result of human rights treaties. Unfortunately, the
Office was far better at spotlighting human rights violations rather than executing human rights
law. Because its major mode of punishment is still publicising and denouncing violations by
certain states, essentially, naming and shaming, the Office focuses extensively on observing and
persuading governments to work upon their human rights record. The Human Rights Council,
the replacement for the UN Human Rights Commission in 2006, also examines situations of
human rights violations. However, it can only make recommendations to the General Assembly
which, in turn, can only provide similar advice to the Security Council. Similar to the Human
Rights Commission, it has received criticism for its biases and inconsistencies in shedding light
upon human rights abuses. Not only does it offer membership to states that have shady histories
with human rights, but member states also stop critiques of others. Thus, while the ideals of the
UNHRC undoubtedly aim to work towards a better world, the reality of the body is far from the
expectations placed upon it.

Role of NGOs in protecting human rights:

States are not the only actors that are involved in the defense of human rights. NGOs too now
have influence over global human rights policy and diplomacy. This is clear from the World
Conference on Human Rights in Vienna where 1,500+ NGOs participated. By 2000, the sheer
magnitude of licensed, valid global NGOs increased substantially to become 37,000, with a
majority having a key part of their mission being the protection of human rights. NGOs are
members of civil society. Civil society is a public political space that makes up neither the
market nor the state. These actors can play enormous roles both within a nation and amongst
many. One of the most recognised transnational NGOs that work to protect human rights is
Amnesty International. It was founded in 1961 in London and has a true global influence with
members and followers in over 150 states. Similarly, there are various other organisations that
work towards the same goal. Another notable one is the Human Rights Watch, a New York-
based research and advocacy group. They also mainly utilise ‘name and shame’ tactics which
aims to rattle states and encourage followers from all over to encourage their government to help
aid the victims.

12
The number of members an organisation has in a particular country can also influence the
country’s overall political outlook towards the issue the organisation works on. For instance, in
the Netherlands, Amnesty International has a very prominent presence with over 255,000
members. Thus, there is a great push for human rights policy in the state. However, in the US,
the National Rifle Association has approximately 5 million members, and thus, has immense
political power in the US.

Thus, we must analyse the overall efficiency of NGOs in protecting human rights. They often
face problems of political and financial accountability. Moreover, they do not have the
considerable power of states. Additionally, an overreliance on public opinion can be detrimental
as keeping public opinions consistent is very difficult to do.
However, they do not have conflicting interests that stop them from focussing on advocating for
human rights. Most of these NGOs are renowned for their accurate reporting and unbiased
nature. They are vital in raising awareness about global human rights standards and forcing
individuals to take action.

The International Criminal Court:

1. https://youtu.be/PR8qPyCrrsM
2. https://youtu.be/QjD95gmn87c
3. https://youtu.be/pDQepfY3igM
4. https://kenan.ethics.duke.edu/peace-or-justice-the-iccs-role-in-the-protection-of-human-
rights/

Claims on Human Rights:

1. un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-
peoples.html
2. https://youtu.be/KoRsPo1zoqs

Note- there is no universally accepted definition for “Indigenous”. However, there are common
traits found in various indigenous groups all over.
Generally: (there are exceptions)
1. They have smaller populations as compared to the most prominent group present in a
state
2. They normally have their own language and traditional practices
3. They hold certain plots of land that are tied to their cultural beliefs and practices.
https://www.culturalsurvival.org/country/australia
Case Studies of violations of human rights:
1. Guantanamo Bay: A symbol of the US’s war on terror, the detention facility at
Guantanamo Bay was created in January 2002 as a prison for the US authorities to hold
people perceived to be ‘enemy combatants’. The facility has gained international

13
 recognition for its intensive human rights violations. Here are some links to understand
the severity of the situation at this facility.
a. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/10/guantanamo.alqaida
b. https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sulr/vol38/iss3/8/
c. https://www.hrw.org/topic/terrorism-counterterrorism/guantanamo
d. http://edition.cnn.com/2012/01/11/opinion/meese-gitmo/
e. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/11/opinion/dont-close-guantanamo.html?_r=0
f. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/guantanamo-bay-human-rights
g. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/23/absurdity-guantanamo
h. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEmSDtoqz_U
i. https://youtu.be/YozKFwQKq_0
j. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sG65stDK4to
k. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F1EtE7r-hVM
2. Child Soldiers: What are child soldiers exactly?

a. https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/six-grave-violations/child-soldiers/
b. https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-child-soldiers
c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUeE12vXDs0
d. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htg8sK6iX-g
e. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FISTRzjqXU
f. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2OMiLY1Oks
g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBhTivunWkQ
h. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/148000/ior420011999en.pdf
i. https://www.hrw.org/topic/childrens-rights/child-soldiers
j. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/05/22/think-again-child-soldiers/
3. Cultural Rights v/s Human Rights
a. http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1996-
20962015000100007
b. https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/africa/UniversalHumanRights.pdf
c. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/UniversalityReport.aspx

14
 d. https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/database/hr-cultural-values.html
e. https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/jcgs/ahead-of-print/article-10.2478-
jcgs-2019-0004.xml
f. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVSrtRnJaJA
g. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipJwdnF-zxE

Politicisation of Human Rights:

Firstly, to understand how the usage of economic sanctions to defend human rights is a violation
of human rights itself, we must understand what economic sanctions are.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8j6Iecu5uc ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNzrNFweGiU&feature=emb_title .
Next, we shall look at the use of sanctions against Russia. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-
C1MPrDtWU&feature=emb_title
Examine this article written by the International Association from Political Science Students-
http://www.iapss.org/2015/05/30/economic-sanctions-a-violation-of-human-rights/
Finally, we must examine the ethics of the usage of economic sanctions.
https://iep.utm.edu/eth-ec-s/ https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1468-
0270.2003.00442.x

Further Reading:
1. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx
2. https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20999/volume-999-i-14668-
english.pdf
3. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/our-human-rights-work/monitoring-and-
promoting-un-treaties/international-covenant-economic-social
4. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36c0.html
5. https://www.who.int/hhr/Economic_social_cultural.pdf
6. https://www.womankind.org.uk/blog/detail/our-blog/2017/11/13/international-
agreements-on-women-s-rights-a-framework-for-action
7. https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/gender/en_tfi_gender_women_rights_internati
onal_agreements.pdf
8. https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/documents/rs-eng.pdf
9. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cmw.aspx
10. http://www.who.int/hhr/Migrants.pdf?ua=1
11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ty6w9YvQrno
12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rNK-g0poHV4
13. https://www.icj-cij.org/
14. https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Court-of-Justice
15. https://nvvn.nl/the-international-court-of-justice-icj/

15
16. https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/
17. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/06/2012658344220937.html
18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyiUML4jvKM
19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wTkt--owLDE
20. https://www.globalpolicy.org/international-justice/international-criminal-tribunals-and-
special-courts/special-tribunal-for-cambodia.html
21. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/world/asia/cambodia-khmer-rouge-united-nations-
tribunal.html
22. https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/the-khmer-rouge-trials-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/
23. https://socialprotection-humanrights.org/key-issues/relationship-with-other-human-
rights/labour-rights/
24. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZjSU8uIYSG8
25. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5oeETLfsNj8
26. https://www.one.org/international/blog/5-gender-equality-campaigns/
27. https://www.heforshe.org/en/movement
28. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q93N-wlqFqE
29. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7n9IOH0NvyY
30. https://www.debatingeurope.eu/focus/arguments-for-and-against-gay-marriage/
31. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/04/itpi
32. https://www.dhs.gov/blue-campaign/what-human-trafficking
33. https://polarisproject.org/myths-facts-and-statistics/
34. https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-facts-about-human-trafficking
35. https://www.kcet.org/shows/earth-focus/forced-to-move-climate-change-already-
displacing-us-communities
36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-u16QoH-NmQ
37. https://sites.google.com/site/resourcesforglobalresources/home/forced-migration
38. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/y3gctpw.htm
39. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/25/iraq.martinmcnamara
40. https://www.hrw.org/topic/free-speech
41. https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/freedom-of-expression/
42. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=uhuru
43. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/11/freedom-of-speech-country-comparison/
44. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/terrorism/news-and-events/human-rights-while-
countering-terrorism.html
45. https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/factsheet32en.pdf
46. https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/thematic-work/counter-terrorism
47. https://www.un.org/sc/ctc/focus-areas/human-rights/
48. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=honorscolleg
e_theses

16
49. https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.001.0001/ox
fordhb-9780199679010-e-26
50. https://humanists.international/2008/03/islamic-law-vs-human-rights/
51. http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1177&context=cilj
52. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41413192
53. http://hbv-awareness.com/statistics-data/
54. https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/pdfs/honor_killings_fact_sheet_final_2012.doc
55. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/07/honour-killings-pakistan-qandeel-baloch/
56. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/honour-killings-india-assault-women-
autonomy-180314090856246.html
57. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/11/30/671872574/u-n-report-50-000-
women-a-year-are-killed-by-intimate-partners-family-members
58. https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/hate-crime/
59. https://www.justice.gov/hatecrimes/hate-crime-statistics
60. https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/articles/2020/02/violent-hate-
crimes-reach-16-year-high-in-united-states/
61. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/hcrvp.pdf
62. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/232616684.pdf
63. https://www.juridicainternational.eu/index.php?id=14974
64. https://www.globalr2p.org/what-is-r2p/
65. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/r2p-and-un
66. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNb0JXnWT2g
67. https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/21/review-failing-to-protect-the-un-and-the-politicisation-
of-human-rights/

17
 Development Unit

The Contested Meaning of Development:

As per the IB Global Politics Guide, the key concept of development is defined as follows:
‘Development is a sustained increase in the standard of living and well-being of a level of social
organization. Many consider it to involve increased income; better access to basic goods and
services; improvements in education, healthcare and public health; well-functioning institutions;
decreased inequality; reduced poverty and unemployment; and more sustainable production and
consumption patterns. The focus of development debates in contemporary global politics is on
issues faced by developing countries, and on the imperative of shifting the focus from
modernization (seen as Westernization). However, all societies and communities face questions
about how to best promote well-being and reduce ill-being.’

This definition highlights the inherent conflict over the definition of development. Many
correlate development solely to economic growth, while others believe that it will lead to a
reduction in the wealth gap, empower communities to attain basic needs, and attain political and
social freedoms. With the increased focus and need for reform to adapt to the climate change
crisis, the concept of sustainable development has also gained a lot of traction. Sustainability is
another key concept in this unit. Sustainability is defined as ‘the idea that development should
meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their needs. Sustainability today has three fields of debate—environmental, socio political and
economic. In global politics, mechanisms and incentives required for political institutions,
economic actors and individuals to take a longer term and more inclusive well-being perspective
in their decision-making are particularly important.’

Watch these useful YouTube videos that discuss various perspectives on development:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRmjoF5nv6s
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y44Ee2wB7-M
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG3G56YdFeE
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7V8oFI4GYMY

Thus, we can clearly see that development means different things for various groups and experts
in different fields.

Before we move ahead, we will define other key concepts for this unit:
Globalisation- ‘Globalization is a process by which the world’s local, national and regional
economies, societies and cultures are becoming increasingly integrated and connected. The term

18
refers to the reduction of barriers and borders, as people, goods, services and ideas flow more
freely between different parts of the world. Globalization is a process that has been taking place
for centuries but the pace has quickened in recent decades, facilitated by developments in
transportation and communication technology, and powered by cheap energy. It is now widely
acknowledged that globalization has both benefits and drawbacks and that its benefits are not
evenly distributed.’

Inequality- ‘Inequality refers to a state of affairs where equality between people or groups of
people is not realized and the consequent potential compromises of justice and liberty. Inequality
often manifests itself through unequal access to resources that are needed to sustain life and
develop individuals and communities. Consequently, the concept is closely connected to
discussions of power and of who holds the rights to these resources and their proceeds.
Inequality can be examined both as a phenomenon within and between societies.’

Sustainability- ‘Definitions of sustainability begin with the idea that development should meet
the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
needs. Sustainability today has three fields of debate—environmental, socio political and
economic. In global politics, mechanisms and incentives required for political institutions,
economic actors and individuals to take a longer term and more inclusive well-being perspective
in their decision-making are particularly important.’

Measuring Development:

The global political system places a large emphasis on measuring development to view the
progress of every nation in various key indicators like Employment, Poverty, Health, Education,
Social Cohesion, Safety and Security and Good Governance. Thus, there are various methods
that measure the development of a country.

The first method that will be examined in this guide is using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of a state for measuring development. Firstly, we must understand what the GDP of a country is.
The GDP is defined as the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within
a country's borders in a specific time period.

However, just comparing the GDP of 2 countries without considering the size of the state’s
population can lead to inaccurate understandings of a nation’s wealth. Thus, we consider GDP
per capita, which creates a method of evaluating the GDP of a nation with respect to its
population. It is calculated by dividing the GDP of a country by its population. For instance,
while China has the 2nd largest economy in the world today, China's huge population brings

19
down its GDP per capita to $10,100 (seventieth position). The US, on the other hand, the largest
economy in the world, has a GDP per capita of $67,430, more than 6 times that of China.

It is clear that using GDP per capita and using GDP of a nation changes international rankings.

Pros and Cons of Using the GDP to Measure Development:

GDP is certainly an accurate method of measuring both income and growth. However, it does
not consider vital aspects of a community like equality, destruction, social cohesion, and
environment. Thus, it cannot accurately be used as the only method of measuring development.

The second method that shall be examined in this guide is Human Development Index (HDI).
The HDI is defined as a composite statistic of education, life expectancy, and income per capita
indicators, which are used to rank countries into certain tiers of human development. The parts
that constitute the HDIs of countries are as follows:

20
 1. Life Expectancy
2. Gross National Income (GNI)
3. Access to Healthcare
4. Access to Quality Education
A world map obtained from using the HDI is shown below.

It uses a VIBGYOR colour scheme with the darkest colours indicating higher levels of human
development.

Pros and Cons of using the HDI to measure development:

It has a composite approach to evaluating the development and progress of a nation and allows
analysis of various aspects. It enables researchers and scholars to compare regions and even
individual nations. The HDI has existed since 1990, thus, it can measure change with time.
However, it does not consider vital factors that affect the world more frequently like
environmental concerns, human rights, corruption, and gender equality and the reliability and
accuracy of the data it compiles can certainly be questioned. Thus, as is clear, even the HDI has
its advantages and disadvantages.

The third method that shall be examined is the GINI coefficient. The GINI coefficient is used to
determine the income distribution between a nation’s citizens. The value of the coefficient ranges
from 0 to 1. 1 represents perfect inequality while 0 represents perfect equality. A coefficient of 0
would theoretically be attained when all wealth within a nation is perfectly distributed equally
amongst all citizens. A coefficient of 1 would theoretically occur when one person in a
population receives all the income, while other people earn nothing. The GINI coefficient is
highlighted graphically on the Lorenz Curve. Look at this video for further detail:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8y-gaNbe4U
Here is a global map that roughly indicates the GINI coefficient of every country.

21
Pros and Cons of the GINI Coefficient:
The GINI Coefficient does have its advantages. It offers anonymity to its respondents and keeps
the identities of both wealthy and poor individuals hidden. Moreover, it does not try and factor in
the magnitude of a nation’s economy, how it is measured, if it is a rich or poor country or the
size of the population. However, it does have certain limitations. The reliability of a GINI
coefficient is directly correlated to a sample size. For instance, tinier states with lesser economic
diversity often have low coefficients, while huge states with prominent economic diversity have
high coefficients. Additionally, two nations with vastly different income distributions can end up
with the same GINI coefficient due to similar amounts of income. Finally, it does not indicate
any fundamental structural change in a population and changes in earnings.

The final measure of development that will be examined in this study guide is the Happy Planet
Index.This index aims to measure the ability of countries to provide its citizens with long, happy,
sustainable lives. To do so, it utilises internationally recognised data on aspects like experienced
well-being, life expectancy, and Ecological Footprint in its calculations. The exact equation is as
follows:
𝐸𝑋𝑃𝐸𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸𝐷 𝑊𝐸𝐿𝐿 − 𝐵𝐸𝐼𝑁𝐺 × 𝐿𝐼𝐹𝐸 𝐸𝑋𝑃𝐸𝐶𝑇𝐴𝑁𝐶𝑌
𝐻𝑃𝐼 =
𝐸𝐶𝑂𝐿𝑂𝐺𝐼𝐶𝐴𝐿 𝐹𝑂𝑂𝑇𝑃𝑅𝐼𝑁𝑇

Further detail on the HPI is available in this YouTube video.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZPYI8BfnBs&feature=emb_logo

Similarly, a highly comprehensive list of the pros and cons of the HPI is available at this link-
https://modernsociety.fandom.com/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index

22
While the guide only discusses 4 methods in depth, there are various other methods that can be
used to measure development.

Further Research:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NX1o_TvcN4Q
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kzs15GnnmC8
3. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/gross-national-product.asp
4. https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/inclusive-wealth-report-2018
5. http://www.managi-lab.com/iwp/iwp_iw.html
6. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi
7. https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/corruption.htm

Political Factors Affecting Development:

As is well known, the politics of a nation is intrinsically linked to its development and thus,
inherently, there are some factors that promote development and others that prevent its
occurrence. We will be discussing 11 such factors in the realm of politics.
1. Ideologies- https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/05/ideology-is-the-enemy-of-growth/
, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jid.3380040104 ,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-954X.1963.tb03090.x
2. History and persistence of conflict-
https://www.sipri.org/commentary/blog/2015/consequences-internal-armed-conflict-
development-part-2 ,
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1089.459&rep=rep1&type=pdf
, https://www.tutor2u.net/economics/reference/development-and-growth-constraints-
corruption-and-conflict
3. Stability- https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2011/wp1112.pdf ,
https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/can-political-stability-hurt-economic-
growth , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiUMzqfxLRU
4. Accountability- https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/the-concept-of-accountability-in-
international-development-co-
operation_5jrvwxs5m3zv.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2Fcomponent%2Fdcr-2015-11-
en&mimeType=pdf , https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/06/why-social-
accountability-is-key-to-development/ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voZBwS3rHUQ
5. Transparency- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jpbd-5r3xO8 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eProKInq4ts ,
https://www.cgdev.org/publication/ft/promoting-development-power-economic-
transparency

23
 6. Legal Frameworks- https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-
bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/ibl23&section=100 ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3986386 , https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/rule-of-law-and-
development/
7. Political Culture - https://www.jstor.org/stable/3330401 ,
http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/3667/3466 ,
http://journal.c2er.org/2013/03/political-culture-the-mistoffelees-of-economic-
development/
8. Bureaucracy- https://gsdrc.org/document-library/the-politics-bureaucracy-interface-
impact-on-development-reform/ , https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854855 ,
https://carnegieendowment.org/2014/10/20/accountability-transparency-participation-
and-inclusion-new-development-consensus-pub-56968
9. Vested Interests- https://thewire.in/politics/do-political-dynasties-have-a-vested-interest-
in-perpetuating-backwardness ,
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/dealing-with-vested-
interests-that-mar-competition/articleshow/2155411.cms ,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/politics-of-institutional-reform/power-vested-
interests-and-the-politics-of-institutional-
reform/D40D8782F388EC22B247A65305476CEF/core-reader
10. Poor Management- https://youtu.be/NnZAalAbLQM , https://youtu.be/_Ewz-jFRq1Y ,
https://gsdrc.org/document-library/political-underdevelopment-what-causes-bad-
governance/
11. Corruption- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQ1gjyPQ4SU ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mKDP8-lLqM ,
https://www.transparency.org.uk/why-corruption-matters , https://youtu.be/s0hd-InUTnI

Economic Factors Affecting Development:

Similar to the political factors, we will be discussing certain economic factors that impact the
development of a state. There are 11 such economic factors.

1. Access to Resources- https://freepolicybriefs.org/2011/11/21/are-natural-resources-good-

or-bad-for-development/ ,
http://www.oecd.org/env/outreach/2011_AB_Economic%20significance%20of%20NR%
20in%20EECCA_ENG.pdf , https://www.toppr.com/guides/geography/resources-and-
development/an-introduction-to-resources-and-development/
2. Increasing Resource Constraints- https://www.ipe.com/the-growing-problem-of-resource-
constraints/10003641.article , https://www.jstor.org/stable/1239426 ,
https://www.mcc.gov/resources/story/story-cdg-chapter-3-guidelines-for-constraints-to-
economic-growth-analysis

24
3. Infrastructure- https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/14136 ,
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/154248/adbi-wp511.pdf ,
https://www.ebrd.com/infrastructure/infrastructure-matters.com
4. Debt- https://www.globalissues.org/issue/28/third-world-debt-undermines-development ,
https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:664110/FULLTEXT01.pdf ,
https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/download/7419.pdf ,
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jorind/article/view/66829
5. Access to Capital and Credit-
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e705/bb1af2c9d20e22de40b76e7727596263e86c.pdf ,
https://cytonnreport.com/topicals/the-role-of-the-capital-markets-in-economic-
development , https://development.asia/case-study/improving-credit-access-
entrepreneurs-bottom-pyramid
6. Aid- https://www.globalissues.org/article/35/foreign-aid-development-assistance ,
https://www.memoireonline.com/10/07/651/effectiveness-of-aid-to-development-aid-
growth-literature.html , https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/vital-role-aid-
development
7. Trade-
https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/2853_file_GLOBAL_TRADE_DEV1_0.pdf ,
https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrep_e/wtr03_chap2a_e.pdf ,
https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/international-trade/beneficial-effects-of-
international-trade-economic-development/13171 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2QQ9s58EqA ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfSB4FjGopY
8. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3xFhPphQVA ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2nfAOisdBRw ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWpH_6BkHdw ,
https://www.oecd.org/investment/investmentfordevelopment/1959815.pdf
9. Income Distribution- https://www.cgdev.org/publication/income-distribution-effects-
growth-and-development-working-paper-118 ,
https://unctad.org/en/Docs/ux_tdxrt1d1.en.pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ndh58GGCTQo
10. Informal Economy- https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2019/11/14/sp111419-the-
informal-economy-and-inclusive-growth , https://www.iied.org/informal-economy-
sustainable-development , https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/06/why-we-need-to-
rethink-the-informal-economy/
11. Vested Interests- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00213624.2017.1320509
, https://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2006/01/vested_interest.html ,
https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/development-aid-face-vested-interests ,
https://www.circ.in/pdf/Tackling%20the%20Tyranny%20of%20Vested%20Interests%20
Competition%20Polic.pdf

25
Social Factors Affecting Development:

Similar, now there will be a discussion of the social factors affecting development. There are 4
such factors.

1. Cultures- https://www.jstor.org/stable/211178 , http://www.child-

encyclopedia.com/culture/according-experts/culture-and-social-development ,
https://earthbound.report/2007/07/01/cultural-and-social-factors-that-affect-development/
2. Traditions- https://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/factsheet23en.pdf ,
https://www.cairn.info/revue-francaise-de-sociologie-1-2008-5-page-153.htm ,
3. Gender Relations- https://www.cfr.org/blog/gender-equality-matters-development-
outcomes , https://gsdrc.org/topic-guides/gender/gender-and-human-development/ ,
https://www3.wider.unu.edu/project/gender-and-development?page=1 ,
https://youtu.be/DjFSP8aOYxY
4. Migration- https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/resources/primers/migration-and-
development/ , https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/what-impacts-does-migration-have-on-
development-in-the-dominican-republic_5jft8jw5vj6f.pdf ,
https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12421.pdf

Institutional Factors Affecting Development:

Now, there will be a discussion of institutional factors affecting development. There are 6 such
factors.

1. The UN- https://www.jstor.org/stable/20672497 , https://www.undp.org/ ,

https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/sustainable/sustainable-development.html
2. IMF- https://www.imf.org/en/About/Factsheets/Sheets/2016/07/27/15/22/How-the-IMF-
Promotes-Global-Economic-Stability , https://www.jstor.org/stable/2704033 ,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00220388.2017.1279734
3. World Bank- https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/overview ,
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-349-20398-7_3.pdf ,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/publication/nigeria-development-update-
rebuilding-after-covid19 , https://youtu.be/8aRaErsk8QA
4. WTO- https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10thi_e/10thi06_e.htm ,
https://focusweb.org/the-wto-and-developing-countries-a-foreign-policy-in-focus-brief-
on-wto/ , https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/devel_e/devel_e.htm
5. Partnerships between developing countries-
https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1744-8603-8-17 ,
https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/10-43282_MDG_2010%20(E)%20WEBv2.pdf
, https://www.sdgfund.org/goal-17-partnerships-goals

26
 6. Efficacy of local and national institutions-
https://academic.oup.com/cjres/article/8/2/185/332649 ,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/47443846_The_Role_of_Institutions_in_Growt
h_and_Development , https://www.e-ir.info/2012/09/19/the-importance-of-institutions-
to-economic-development/ ,
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/10792Chapter4_GSDR2016.pd
f

Environmental Factors Affecting Development:

Now, there will be a discussion of environmental factors affecting development. There are 3 such
factors.

1. Geography- https://earthbound.report/2007/07/01/geographical-factors-that-affect-
development/ , https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016001799761012334 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQLwvU9Q68Y ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xt9uvMzxhbE
2. Resource Endowment- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mOwyPENHhbc ,
https://resourcegovernance.org/events/training/natural-resources-sustainable-
development-global , https://www.theguardian.com/global-
development/2012/oct/25/natural-resources-blessing-curse-developing-countries
3. Consequences of climate change on people and communities’ lives- http://land-
locked.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/The-Impact-of-Climate-change-on-the-
Development-prospects-of-The-Least-Developed-Countries-and-Small-Island-
Developing-States1.pdf , https://unu.edu/publications/articles/climate-change-and-
development-policy.html , https://www.international.gc.ca/world-
monde/issues_development-enjeux_developpement/environmental_protection-
protection_environnement/climate-climatiques.aspx?lang=eng ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4aiyGX4-fI ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ygpd7btcxIg

Pathways towards development:

27
 Models Of Development:
1. Neoliberal Theories (eg Washington Consensus)-
https://www.intelligenteconomist.com/washington-consensus/ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qyIzKs6enyY ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zOCUraWzf2Y ,
https://revisesociology.com/2015/12/07/neoliberalism-economic-development/ ,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0309816819852746 ,
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-05096-2_3
2. State Capitalism (eg Russia, China)- https://developingeconomics.org/category/state-
capitalism/ , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7dTDjRnBqU ,
https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1123&context=classracecorp
oratepower , https://www.jstor.org/stable/41702474 ,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00472336.2019.1675084 ,
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126835124
,https://www.wsj.com/articles/1989-and-the-birth-of-state-capitalism-in-china-
11559313717
3. Capability Theories (eg Senator Nussbaum)- https://iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/ ,
http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/osmani_template.pdf ,
https://baripedia.org/wiki/The_theory_of_capabilities_of_Amartya_Sen_and_Marta_Nus
sbaum , https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/55653679.pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZgsFd-huFw ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYfFGDhbHUk ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uwpr5OAUoVQ

Approaches for developing the economy:

1. Trade Liberalization- https://www.imf.org/external/np/exr/ib/2001/110801.htm ,
https://unctad.org/en/docs/osgdp20053_en.pdf ,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1084394_code736190.pdf?abstractid
=1084394&mirid=1 , http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/ineco/v62n244/0185-1667-ineco-62-
244-15.pdf , https://www.nber.org/papers/w3057 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJTwT0YvoEM ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9U9RI3WeI6o ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRzAXRZ2Lc8
2. Export Orientation-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tgO-f8FZEFU ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1ol3b-eoNs , https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-
economy/2018/march/how-south-korea-economy-develop-quickly ,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/vietnam/overview , https://www.unido.org/our-
focus-advancing-economic-competitiveness-upgrading-businesses-and-industrial-
infrastructure/improving-competitiveness-export-oriented-industries-armenia ,
https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/innovation/globalizat

28
 ion%20in%20transition%20the%20future%20of%20trade%20and%20value%20chains/m
gi-globalization%20in%20transition-the-future-of-trade-and-value-chains-full-
report.ashx
3. Commodity-led Growth- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ge-ZHADMKU ,
https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/2354 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XKm0MUIJQs ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZGXG6ORuoQ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJoRTTciPf0
4. Tourism- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CiGbX-KQW8k ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RU_o_Q51Y9g ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfIOtYCFQog ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IbKyzDS6r-w ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Imbj0F-gUSw
5. Entrepreneurship- https://unu.edu/publications/articles/are-entrepreneurial-societies-also-
happier.html , https://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/101414/why-
entrepreneurs-are-important-economy.asp ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMWNjqn_mck ,
http://www.developmentideas.ca/chapter/entrepreneurship-and-economic-development/ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFJof3Py2c0 , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-
M_jdIOuCk
6. Knowledge Economy- https://study.com/academy/lesson/knowledge-economy-
definition-lesson-quiz.html , https://enitiate.solutions/development-of-knowledge-based-
economy-in-rwanda-the-20-year-review/ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b65Pq5Bho9k ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lylbu1wLN3c ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hh2jjp6AJBM
7. Circular Economy- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JGVkOtxXaxc ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7b9R82vrA40 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUkuURhrn1E ,
https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/explore/the-circular-economy-in-detail ,
https://europa.eu/capacity4dev/articles/what-does-circular-economy-mean-development ,
https://economics.rabobank.com/publications/2015/july/the-potential-of-the-circular-
economy/
8. Complementary Currencies- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/dech.12322/pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEk6FbzXgn0 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Y16gfmbywE ,
https://ijccr.net/2019/05/28/conference-complementary-currencies-and-societal-
challenges-call-for-papers/ ,
https://grassrootsinnovations.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/regionalstudies.pdf

29
Approaches for developing society:
1. Ecological Advancements- https://www.digitalistmag.com/improving-
lives/2018/11/28/technology-chinas-green-development-06194467/ ,
https://www.springer.com/journal/10668 ,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5134829/ ,
https://www.phaa.net.au/documents/item/233 , ,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13545701.2018.1473914 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ToE2cPKdKDA ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJ4jf_sbfUE
2. Care for citizenship skills and engagement-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9lADPJ93Gg ,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/what-we-do/brief/citizen-engagement
,https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/04/6-reasons-citizen-engagement-is-key-to-
development/ , https://www.un.org/development/desa/capacity-
development/tools/tool/guidelines-on-citizens-engagement-for-development-
management-and-public-governance/ ,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/video/2016/08/25/sri-lanka-citizen-engagement-is-
key-to-development , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FT0KkKYGY0k
3. Improving education and healthcare- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9w0US_Txp0
, https://www.who.int/macrohealth/action/sintesis15novingles.pdf?ua=1 ,
https://oecdobserver.org/news/archivestory.php/aid/1241/Health_and_the_economy:_A_
vital_relationship_.html , https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/healthcare-systems-and-
services/our-insights/how-prioritizing-health-could-help-rebuild-economies ,
https://borgenproject.org/economic-benefits-of-education/ ,
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1137541_code568270.pdf?abstractid
=1137541&mirid=1 , https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/why-education-matters-
economic-development
4. Changes in roles of women- https://economics.mit.edu/files/7417 ,
https://www.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/economic-empowerment/facts-and-figures
,https://beijing20.unwomen.org/en/in-focus/economy ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DbtfYNKYing ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=av1FFB9M5uU ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5l5WBHERArg
5. Indigenous Revitalisation Movements-
https://www.un.org/en/events/culturaldiversityday/pdf/Investing_in_cultural_diversity.pd
f , https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/workshop_MDG_hlawnching.doc ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095323 , https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11159-
019-09770-9 ,
https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7814&context=gradschool_di
sstheses

30
Debates surrounding development: Challenges of globalisation, inequality and sustainability:

Globalisation: Wins and losses

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/marketing-spring2016/chapter/reading-globalization-benefits-
and-challenges/ , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7eRb8aLpNI ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zzD95mYa6z4

1. Development of standard of living-

http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/biblio/globalisationproceedings.pdf ,
http://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/how-has-globalization-benefited-the-poor ,
https://ourworldindata.org/is-globalization-an-engine-of-economic-development ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJ0nFD19eT8 ,
https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3102&context=utk_chanhonoproj
, https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1079&context=bepp_papers
2. Realisation of human rights- https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=895708 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmI73ZU8gRo ,
https://onlinecourses.swayam2.ac.in/ugc19_hs40/preview ,
https://www.fidh.org/en/issues/globalisation-human-rights/
https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:2430/ebrary9280810804.pdf ,
https://www.dw.com/downloads/29051245/global-media-forum-2011.pdf ,
https://www.umcjustice.org/who-we-are/social-principles-and-resolutions/globalization-
and-its-impact-on-human-dignity-and-human-rights-6025
3. Well-being and opportunities for marginalised groups-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEoILrDe1Ig ,
http://www.sjweb.info/documents/sjs/docs/GlobalizationandMarginalizationDiscussionG
uide.pdf , https://www.jstor.org/stable/48505247 ,
https://www.jrf.org.uk/sites/default/files/jrf/migrated/files/globalisation-marginalisation-
inclusion-full.pdf ,
https://www.wiego.org/sites/default/files/migrated/publications/files/Chen-Globalisation-
Social-Exclusion.pdf
4. Environmental impact- https://www.environment.co.za/environmental-
issues/globalization-and-its-impact-on-the-environment.html ,
https://magazine.scienceconnected.org/2019/04/globalization-and-its-environmental-
impact/ , https://globaldimension.org.uk/resource/issues-in-globalisation-environmental-
impacts-sustainability/ , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxDLxFnYd50 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBRoLuqITxw ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss2DQ2Gax54

31
 5. Northern Perspective v/s Southern Perspective-
https://www.etsg.org/ETSG2012/Programme/Papers/252.pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_tBpMQ_Wls ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShBRtxQzgII ,
https://ideas.repec.org/h/wsi/wschap/9789814366984_0015.html ,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02632760022051059 ,
https://www.rgs.org/CMSPages/GetFile.aspx?nodeguid=9c1ce781-9117-4741-af0a-
a6a8b75f32b4&lang=en-GB
6. Rising Powers’ Perspective- https://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/jwsr/article/view/624 ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/29779319 ,
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/190830/1/f-18802-full-text-Stephen-Historical-
v3.pdf , https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/chinas-foreign-policy-in-the-new-
era-of-globalization , https://knowledge.insead.edu/blog/insead-blog/the-changing-tides-
of-the-global-economy-13551 , https://renegadeinc.com/globalisation-the-rise-of-the-
east/ , https://theconversation.com/will-coronavirus-be-the-turning-point-for-
globalisation-134739 , http://blog.gdi.manchester.ac.uk/east-asia-developmental-state-
globalisation/ https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/aug/04/africa-
fallen-behind-economies-science-technology
7. Developed Powers’ Perspective-
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/10/globalization-developed-
countries.asp , https://www.geo41.com/global-interactions-and-global-powers ,
https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/field/field_document/20140521London
Conference1.pdf , https://atlascorps.org/has-globalization-diminished-the-power-of-the-
state/ , https://www.globalpolicyjournal.com/blog/11/09/2019/why-globalization-was-
not-end-state-power , https://www.thebalance.com/globalization-good-or-bad-for-
developed-countries-4011193

Inequality and development: Role of Politics:

1. Opportunities for and limits of state-
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/03/28/inequality-of-opportunity-new-
measurements-reveal-the-consequences-of-unequal-life-chances ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2XFh_tD2RA ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF-bXNQ4wzs ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBgpftXNoAs ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYjsb2XxEa8
2. IGO and NGO action:
a. Global regulation of MNCs and cross-border financial flows-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hom07yGhg0Q&feature=emb_title ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d5FZU64Bnw&feature=emb_title ,

32
 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3nz79708.pdf ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706289 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLdiBNYGd-Y ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=70925DNHR1A ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWpH_6BkHdw ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ux9MvephYA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eTmDnETmxRE ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2CljKg9CuM
b. Role of local regulation of conditions of work-
https://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/45282892.pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9HsNXLjgOQ ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5QziEiDOLY ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR4rwSVEyf4 , https://items.ssrc.org/what-
is-inequality/two-approaches-to-inequality-and-their-normative-implications/ ,
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002458/245825e.pdf ,
https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_738742/lang--
en/index.htm
c. Power of lobbies- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJy8vTu66tE ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=um7tTjN2Uus ,
https://time.com/4514704/lobbying-how-it-works/ ,
http://www.nyu.edu/econ/user/debraj/Papers/04sig01.pdf ,
https://twothousandonehundred.com/2019/06/06/inequality-and-corporate-
lobbying/ ,
https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/108314/1/02WholeE
CONHon.pdf ,

Sustainable development: Role of Politics:

1. Opportunities for and limits of state-

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2843WESS2013.pdf ,
https://www.amherst.edu/system/files/media/0972/fulltext.pdf ,
http://cemusstudent.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Limits-to-Growth-and-Sustainable-
Development-Grappling-with-ecological-realities2.pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2oyU0RusiA ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIG33QtLRyA ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOlmgz0smSQ ,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/immersive-story/2018/01/31/3-big-ideas-to-achieve-
sustainable-cities-and-communities , https://unctad.org/en/docs/ditcbcc20092_en.pdf
2. IGO and NGO action,

33
a. Progress in global climate change negotiations-
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/climate-action/ ,
https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/international-climate-action ,
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international_en ,
https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ipcc_wg3_ar5_chapter13.pdf ,
b. Role of regional, national and local policies for sustainable development-
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=30022&nr=7
54&menu=3170 , http://www.oecd.org/regional/regionaldevelopment.htm ,
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/20239Voluntary_Natio
nal_Review_folder_ENG_WEB.PDF ,
http://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/sites/default/files/downloads/policy-
database/CHINA%29%20China%27s%20National%20Plan%20on%20Implemen
tation%20of%20the%202030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Developme
nt.pdf ,
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/specials/China'sNationalPlanonimplementationofa
genda(EN).pdf , https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1577014 ,
https://www.canada.ca/en/employment-social-development/programs/agenda-
2030/national-strategy.html ,
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/memberstates/france

34
 Peace and Conflict Unit

Contested Definitions of Peace:

In the simplistic possible terms, one can argue that peace can be defined as the absence of war.
However, this definition is a rather pessimistic and negative one as it has to refer to the
absence/lacking of a particular component in order to be defined.
A positive definition of peace is outlined by the KROC institute for international peace studies.
According to them, a more accurate definition of peace is ‘the presence of the conditions for a
just and sustainable peace, including access to food and clean drinking water, education for
women and children, security from physical harm, and other inviolable human rights.’
Similarly, there are various other interpretations of what peace can mean. Peace can also refer to
a situation wherein there is no ongoing violence, but the cause of the violence has not been
resolved yet. A simple yet effective method of understanding this is by examining the 38th
parallel separating North and South Korea. While it is a demilitarised zone, troops from both
sides regularly confront each other, all of them prepared for any potential escalations. Another
way of looking at peace is something that creates a peaceful agreement, state, and society as per
a universally agreed upon model. A simple example could be the creation of the European Union
and several of the states that constitute it after the end of the Second World War. Finally, one can
argue that peace is essentially an ‘agree to disagree’ kind of agreement between 2 parties.
Despite highly contrasting socio political systems, two parties can agree to coexist and while
they may disagree with the other, they would not actively antagonise each other. A famous
example is the recent peace agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates that was
agreed to on August 13th, 2020. While the two states disagree on a number of key issues, they
have agreed to put aside their differences and work together to establish more peace in the
Middle East.

Keeping all of this in mind, the IB has defined peace, one of the key concepts of this chapter as
‘Peace is often defined as both the absence of conflict and violence as well as a state of
harmonious relations. Many also refer to peace as a personal state of non-conflict, particularly
with oneself and with one’s relationship to others. Peace is the ultimate goal of many
organizations that monitor and regulate social relationships.’

The correlation between Peace and Balance of Power:

What is Balance of Power?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpUgReWaifs , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-
WwCm889Vqo
Essentially, the theory of balance of power argues that a state of international security is
strengthened when the military capability of states is increased such that no one state has the

35
ability to dominate over others. This article, linked below, excellently brings out the different
purposes the Balance of Power can serve for the international community. http://www.e-
ir.info/2011/01/31/the-balance-of-power-a-cause-of-war-a-condition-of-peace-or-both/

Contested Definitions of Conflict and Violence

We shall be examining the definition of conflict laid out by the Heidelberg Institute for
International Conflict Research (HIIK) and utilising their yearly remade Conflict Barometer.
This Barometer outlines the latest trends in international conflict developments, escalations, de-
escalations, and settlements. It focuses on 5 world regions and brings out all the conflicts in
charts and simple details. The latest Barometer can be found at this link- https://hiik.de/wp-
content/uploads/2020/08/ConflictBarometer_2019_4.pdf
The Institute defines conflict as ‘A positional difference between at least two assertive and
directly involved actors regarding values relevant to a society which is carried out using
observable and interrelated conflict measures that lie outside established regulatory procedures
and threaten core state functions, the international order, or hold the prospect of doing so.’
The organisation’s research differentiates between 5 levels of intensities in conflicts: dispute,
non-violent crisis, violent crisis, limited war, and war.

For future detail and clarity, do look at their methodology page linked below!
https://hiik.de/hiik/methodology/?lang=en

As for violence, there are 2 primary kinds of violence that are vital in the IB Global Politics
course: direct violence and structural violence.

Structural violence lays out that there are systematic, fixed methods in which social structures
harm or otherwise disadvantage individuals. This term was coined by Johan Galtung in 1969. A
very simple and topical example is the issue of racial profiling and the usage of excessive
violence against the African-American community in the United States. This kind of violence is
often invisible, is ignored by society and does not have one specific person to hold responsible.
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6alqkFII2E
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CO0VrebfK8

36
 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSOQr9h6cb8
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aNwEwvJQQo

Direct violence injures or kills people rapidly and dramatically.

We can distinguish between direct and structural violence in the following manner:
Direct violence is when one physically harms another with the intention of harming and
structural violence is when harm is caused to people as a consequence of injustices in their
societies.

Now we shall be examining the types of conflict:

Territorial Conflict:
I implore you to go through the links provided for at least some of these conflicts to better
understand their causes and their effects on the international community.
1. Crimea- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fb9U1uoYCOc ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTIw_hw2Z_g ,
https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/explaining-the-crimea-
disagreement/2014/03/24/64e202ba-b129-11e3-9627-c65021d6d572_story.html ,
https://www.cnn.com/2015/02/10/europe/ukraine-war-how-we-got-here/index.html ,
https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2014-03-19/consequences-annexation-
crimea
2. Conflict in the South China Sea- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eqtl0ym1p8 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luTPMHC7zHY&list=PLHGqe72OzJDojfTGIt5liF8
RYHalDkv43 , https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/territorial-disputes-
south-china-sea , https://www.law.georgetown.edu/environmental-law-
review/blog/environmental-ramifications-of-the-south-china-sea-conflict-vying-for-
regional-dominance-at-the-environments-expense/
3. Kashmir- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cyayif_nla8 ,
https://www.bbc.com/news/10537286 , https://www.vox.com/2019/8/8/20791518/india-
pakistan-kashmir-article-370-explained , https://www.cfr.org/expert-roundup/how-
kashmir-dispute-affects-security-south-asia , https://theconversation.com/kashmir-
conflict-is-not-just-a-border-dispute-between-india-and-pakistan-112824
4. West Bank-https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/israeli-palestinian-
conflict , https://www.npr.org/2020/03/26/821541213/still-locked-in-conflict-israelis-
and-palestinians-need-each-other-to-fight-covi ,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273229716300740 ,
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-impact-the-israelipalestinian-conflict-the-arab-

37
 and-jewish-diasporas-latin-america , https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR740-
1.html
5. Western Sahara- https://theconversation.com/morocco-and-western-sahara-a-decades-
long-war-of-attrition-122084 , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwkEDqY93UE ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bblZmHDDtCs ,
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/07/conflict-moroccan-sahara-myths-
realities-150710064216243.html , https://globaljournalist.org/2019/10/western-saharas-
forgotten-conflict-program/

Interest-based Conflict:
1. Weapon Sales- https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2017/03/21/master-
wars-us-arms-sales-lead-world-conflict , https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-
interpreter/yemen-covid-19-conflict-and-arms-make-deadly-concoction ,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03050629.2012.676511?mobileUi=0
2. Positive Discrimination on the Factory Floor- https://gsdrc.org/document-
library/challenge-of-positive-discrimination-in-india/ , https://humanrights.gov.au/quick-
guide/12078 , https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X18301943 ,
https://www.bsr.org/reports/Levi_Strauss_Foundation_Worker_Rights_Trainer_Resource
_2011.pdf , https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/lgbt-employees-
discrimination-in-the-workplace-talkpoint

Ideological Conflict:
1. Political Ideologies- https://www.jstor.org/stable/26229187 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj1Kqhs_xB0 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0omKOnGq2gk ,
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.2307/2128155 , https://www.giga-
hamburg.de/en/researchteam/identities-ideology-and-conflict ,
https://www.polisci.upenn.edu/~weisiger/Ideology_midwest.pdf
https://voxeu.org/article/identity-beliefs-and-political-conflict
2. Free market versus state-led economy- https://fee.org/articles/the-free-market-versus-the-
interventionist-state/ , https://www.epw.in/journal/1992/27/columns-random-
reflections/state-intervention-versus-free-market.html ,
https://economics.mit.edu/files/4479 , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghZ9yBhrTzQ
, https://olemiss.edu/courses/pol387/lam00.pdf ,
https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/publication%20files/07-037.pdf

38
Identity Conflict:

1. Myanmar- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/31/burma-rejects-unbalanced-
rohingya-remarks-by-nobel-prize-winners , https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/rohingya-
migrant-crisis , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04axDDRVy ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSkZlgk76-E
2. Nigeria- http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n2p681 ,
https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13207/the-path-not-taken-conflict-and-
identity-in-nigeria , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvreXf_SezM ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQDRK8sg228
3. Sierra Leone- http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343312440114 ,
https://cpj.org/reports/2002/08/sierra-leone-aug02/ ,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/politicization-of-
ethnic-identities-in-sierra-leone/9C608170100D0F3B576C8495128AAEB0 ,
https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcr/article/view/39409/59584

Justification of violence:

1. Humanitarian intervention-
https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/03F8145084D9731CC12571F5004
64747-JHA-Sep2006.pdf , https://www.jstor.org/stable/26298019 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W84XTxDn5BI ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XStlTddkHo4 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q855r6ycEmg ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YqsUDPsQSKE , http://www.e-
ir.info/2012/03/13/is-humanitarian-intervention-ever-morally-justified/ ,
https://youtu.be/cgYpMcbvUVA , https://youtu.be/6eNrHWeN0Rs ,
https://youtu.be/ELAf3Yzv7-g , https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18490348
2. Self-Defense- http://bostonreview.net/race/chad-kautzer-political-philosophy-self-defense
, https://www.stetson.edu/law/lawreview/media/necessity-political-violence-and-
terrorism.pdf , https://law.jrank.org/pages/1467/Justification-Self-Defense-Theories.html
, https://www.cairn.info/revue-internationale-de-philosophie-2013-3-page-353.htm ,
https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/05/hong-kong-protests-chile-bolivia-egypt-force-
police-violence-is-sometimes-the-answer/ , https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/jason-
brennan-when-the-state-is-unjust-citizens-may-use-justifiable-violence
3. Religiously/Culturally condoned violence- https://vawnet.org/material/violence-against-
women-and-role-religion ,
https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf ,
https://www.ecald.com/assets/Resources/Understanding-Role-Culture-Domestic-

39
 Violence.pdf , https://news.berkeley.edu/2010/06/27/terman-violence-against-women/ ,
https://www.unicef.org/protection/What_Religious_Communities_can_do_to_Eliminate_
Violence_against_Children__(UNICEF_Religions_for_Peace_Guide).pdf

Just War Theory:

The Just War Theory is a theory that addresses the justification of how and why wars are fought.
The theory has received detailed development by theologists who have attempted to lay out a
comprehensive base for the theory. The base consists of 3 arguments:
1. Taking human life can never be condoned
2. States have an obligation to defend justice and their citizens
3. In the process of protecting the lives of civilians and upholding essential moral values,
there needs to be a willingness to utilise force and violence

To determine if a war is just, there is a series of criteria that need to be met. There is Jus Ad
Bellum, that is, the right to go to war and Jus In Bello, that is, the right conduct during the course
of the war.

Jus Ad Bellum
1. Just Cause- The most vital part of justifying a war is having a just cause. The reasoning
behind why a state goes to war must be just and thus, the war can’t be only about
recapturing territory previously lost or even about taking action against people who have
done wrong. War can only be justified if the lives of innocent civilians are threatened and
the intervention occurs under the cause of protecting them.
2. Comparative Justice- Although both parties in the conflict may have experienced rights
and wrongs prior to the commencement of the conflict, in order to justify the usage of
force, the wrongs suffered by one party must be significantly greater than those suffered
by the other
3. Competent authority- Only authorities that are duly constituted have the right to wage
war. Authoritarian regimes (Nazi Germany 1939) or deceiving military actions (1968
Bombing of Cambodia by the US) are argued to have violated this criteria.
4. Right Intention- Force can only be utilised for a truly just cause and only to further this
purpose. Utilising a war for maintaining economic growth or gaining access to raw
materials is not permitted under this criteria.
5. Probability of Success- Arms should not be utilised in a worthless cause or even in a
situation where excessive action is required in order for the war to be successful
6. Last Resort- Force should only and only be used once all peaceful and practical options
have been exhausted

40
 7. Proportionality- The predicted advantages of waging a war should be in proportion to the
harm it can cause for both sides

Jus In Bello
1. Distinction- There should be a clear distinction made by the troops between combatants
and civilians. Acts of violence should not be focussed on civilians who did not choose
this outcome.
2. Proportionality- Troops have to ensure that any harm that is caused to civilians or their
property is proportional to the concrete and absolute military benefit awaited through an
attack on a legitimate military objective
3. Military Necessity- An attack’s aim should be defeating the enemy
4. Fair Treatment of Prisoners of War (PoWs)-All captured/surrendered formerly enemy
combatants do not threaten one side’s security. Thus, they should not be ill-treated or
tortured
5. No means Malum In Se- Combatants should not use methods of warfare that are widely
deemed evil. Some of these methods include mass rape (like the Rape of Nanjing) or
using weapons whose effects are unknown or are unable to be controlled (Hiroshima and
Nagasaki).

Now, keeping in mind these two subsections of the just war theory, we must apply our
knowledge to certain examples.
Watch the 4 videos given below, where Michael Walzer, the founder of the just war theory and
an expert on the subject, explains the theory and applies it to humanitarian intervention, the war
in Iraq, and terrorism.
1. https://youtu.be/LcBovmGZSPU
2. https://youtu.be/cI8w2NLpJyk
3. https://youtu.be/W_1rqRYaQnA
4. https://youtu.be/TOfS3IIqP0M

Causes of Conflict:
1. Greed v/s Grievance (eg Colombia, Sierra Leone) -
https://www.asociacionarete.org/s/PP1-Greed-and-Grievance-in-Sierra-Leone.pdf ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/23255617 , https://www.e-ir.info/2013/03/09/the-libyan-
case-greed-and-grievance-as-motivations-for-civil-war/ ,
https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/11247 , https://www.ipinst.org/2003/06/the-
political-economy-of-armed-conflict-beyond-greed-and-grievance ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvSzgsVvC7o , https://youtu.be/mEoKDx0KoXE

41
 2. Territorial Control- https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/ISEC_a_00149 ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/174090 ,
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-
9780199743292-0178.xml ,
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=KlST8izSgWc&feature=youtu.be ,
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-
9780199743292-0178.xml
3. Material Interest- https://web.stanford.edu/~jacksonm/war-overview.pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-mXmaGtpwuo ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gR3igiwaeyc ,
https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/10/31/russia-in-middle-east-jack-of-all-trades-
master-of-none-pub-80233
4. Resource Scarcity- https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/demography-and-conflict-how-
population-pressure-and-youth-bulges-affect-the-risk-civil-war ,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343300037003002 ,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378015000606 ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/425347 , https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2017/09/28/linking-
resource-scarcity-with-conflict/
5. Ideology- https://www.uva.nl/en/content/news/press-releases/2018/09/ideology-
influences-facts-and-leads-to-conflict.html ,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022343319826629 ,
https://www.policyed.org/intellections/why-nations-go-war/video ,
https://gsdrc.org/professional-dev/religion-and-conflict/ ,
https://www.holycross.edu/faith-service/mcfarland-center-religion-ethics-and-
culture/william-t-cavanaugh-does-religion-promote-violence
6. Threatened Identity - https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethnic-conflict ,
https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/139005/FULLTEXT02.pdf ,
https://www.psychologicalscience.org/news/releases/why-does-conflict-arise-when-
social-identity-is-threatened.html , https://youtu.be/1kR11vn41XU
https://youtu.be/4nzDuiv3U8o , https://youtu.be/71xFuIiXMZw ,
https://lt.org/publication/are-conflicts-21st-century-mainly-identity-based ,
https://www.spiked-online.com/2020/09/08/identity-politics-is-turning-violent/
7. Perception- https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/CIP.CHAP4.HTM ,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022002720909886 ,
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00864/full

Parties to Conflict:
1. States- https://glopoib.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/explaining-interstate-war.pdf ,
https://www.coleurope.eu/content/publications/pdf/Collegium40.pdf ,

42
 https://www.coursera.org/lecture/international-humanitarian-law/international-armed-
conflicts-jmXJl
2. Interstate groups- https://www.jstor.org/stable/42956424 ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/40750718 ,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/7E83694E7FE9F65DF07DB4470CF3D4C2/cor
e-reader , https://law.emory.edu/eilr/content/volume-30/issue-4/article/isis-crisis-
international-humanitarian-law.html , https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3209305 ,
https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/R23029.pdf https://archive.thinkprogress.org/why-the-
middle-east-is-now-a-giant-warzone-in-one-terrifying-chart-b2b22768d952/
3. Protest Groups- https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/11532.pdf ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1953909 , https://acleddata.com/2020/01/23/ten-conflicts-to-
worry-about-in-2020/ , https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53390108 ,
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/12/lebanons-government-resignation-is-no-panacea-as-
angry-protests-continue.html , https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/11/middleeast/lebanon-
economic-protests-intl/index.html
4. Individuals-
https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=arbitrationlawrev
iew , https://www.berghof-
foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Handbook/Articles/fisher_handbookII.p
df , https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/parties ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/586456

Manifestations of Conflict, including Non-Violence:

1. Demonstrations- https://acleddata.com/2020/09/03/demonstrations-political-violence-in-
america-new-data-for-summer-2020/ , https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-
49317695 , https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-48607723 ,
https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/cas_sites/sociology/pdf/EventfulProtest.pd
f , https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/nyregion/nyc-protests-george-floyd.html ,
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/22/us/portland-protests.html ,
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2020/07/10/Mali-protests-Keita-Dicko ,
https://time.com/5886348/report-peaceful-protests/
2. Civil Disobedience - https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/02/why-nonviolent-
resistance-beats-violent-force-in-effecting-social-political-change/ ,
https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/IS3301_pp007-
044_Stephan_Chenoweth.pdf , https://www.nonviolent-conflict.org/resource/success-
nonviolent-civil-resistance/ , https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20190513-it-only-takes-
35-of-people-to-change-the-world , https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/report/the-
limits-and-dangers-civil-disobedience-the-case-martin-luther-king-jr ,
https://www.brandeis.edu/peace-conflict/pdfs/198-methods-non-violent-action.pdf

43
3. Violent Protests- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0022002719887491 ,
https://news.northeastern.edu/2020/06/10/are-peaceful-protests-more-effective-than-
violent-ones/ , https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/how-violent-protests-change-
politics , https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/06/2020-not-1968/ ,
http://cup.columbia.edu/book/ethnic-conflict-and-protest-in-tibet-and-
xinjiang/9780231169981
4. Guerrilla Warfare- https://www.oxfordresearchgroup.org.uk/blog/when-the-strong-
weaponize-the-weak-states-and-guerrilla-warfare ,
https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2045&context=jil ,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1394653 ,
https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/insidesyria/2012/03/201232510549688177.html
, https://www.ipinst.org/2013/02/max-boot-on-guerilla-warfare-past-and-present ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdMm8HwhNY4 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKiq5FKTiZE
5. Terrorism- https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/study/study-options/find-a-study-
option/conflict-and-terrorism-studies.html ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ksexL3yzFG4 ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YN3s-OxXqis ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kgX-t6Ryic , https://guides.ucf.edu/war/terrorism ,
http://visionofhumanity.org/terrorism/conflict-is-a-major-driver-of-terrorist-activity/ ,
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30478-4/fulltext ,
https://ourworldindata.org/terrorism
6. Genocide-
http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/26063/1/Genocide_and_ethnic_conflict_(LSERO_version).doc.pd
f , https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26875506 ,
https://www.oecd.org/derec/unitedstates/50189764.pdf ,
https://www.vox.com/2014/4/10/5590646/rwandan-genocide-anniversary ,
https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/03/uighurs-xinjiang-china-cultural-genocide-
international-criminal-court/ , https://www.npr.org/2020/07/04/887239225/china-
suppression-of-uighur-minorities-meets-u-n-definition-of-genocide-report-s
7. Intrastate War-
https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:3213/unu_cpr_intrastate_based_armed_conflicts.p
df , https://www.jstor.org/stable/20752800 , https://www.hsfk.de/en/research/intrastate-
conflict/ , http://www.csm-fpn.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/TPRS-Intra-State-
Conflicts.pdf
8. Interstate War- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/073889420302000201 ,
http://www.resolutionpossible.co.uk/our-work/research/armed-conflict/interstate-
intrastate-conflict , https://www.jstor.org/stable/26273613 ,
https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaao3580 ,

44
 9. Arms Proliferation- https://www.jstor.org/stable/4532406 ,
https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2006-06/features/small-arms-large-problem-
international-threat-small-arms-proliferation-misuse ,
https://idsa.in/issuebrief/21stCenturyProliferationandTracking_sourbhimukherji_230615 ,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10220469809545246 ,
https://www.sipri.org/research/peace-and-development/governance-and-
society/gendered-impacts-small-arms-and-light-weapons-proliferation
10. Nuclear Deterrence- https://carnegie.ru/2019/03/22/nuclear-deterrence-guarantee-or-
threat-to-strategic-stability-pub-78663 , https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270573 ,
https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2020/06/08/nuclear-deterrence-
today/index.html , https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-
editorials/credibility-of-nuclear-deterrence ,
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR500.pdf

Conflict Dynamics:

1. Galtung’s Conflict Triangle- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHsKqktOjhk ,

https://sccr-
files.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/5384a71b21ba55270a000002/assets/53e22a0c21ba5531de
000091/Info_Sheet-Prof.The_Conflict_Triangle.pdf ,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16YiLqftppo ,
https://www.transcend.org/tms/2020/02/analysis-of-violence-for-peacebuilders-galtungs-
triangle/, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5kQi4Sa-AA
2. Positions–interests–needs- http://www.irenees.net/bdf_fiche-experience-770_en.html ,
https://www.mediate.com/articles/tnsc.cfm ,
https://www.undp.org/content/dam/malawi/docs/demgov/Conflict%20Management%20a
nd%20Resolution.pdf , https://www.accord.org.za/lessons/negotiate-to-resolve-conflict/ ,
https://www.nap.edu/read/9897/chapter/8
3. Conflict Cycles- http://www.nycjusticecorps.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/The-
Conflict-Cycle.pdf ,https://economics.mit.edu/files/10405 ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2801647 ,
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0738894217741617 ,
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-
review/article/political-violence-cycle/8D5E8324BC3E594DE718E116593FCD01 ,
https://www.lse.ac.uk/international-development/Assets/Documents/PDFs/csrc-policy-
briefs/Cycles-of-War-and-Peace-in-Afghanistan.pdf

45
Third-party involvement in conflict, including humanitarian intervention
1. Weapon Embargoes- https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/the-humanitarian-impact-arms-
embargoes , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvuK-zCWQoA ,
https://citizenevidence.org/2020/02/10/documenting-arms-embargo-violations-in-libya/ ,
https://www.dw.com/en/should-turkey-fear-the-long-arm-of-us-sanctions/a-50762837 ,
https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/breaking-uk-suspends-hong-kong-22385387
2. Financial Freezes- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit-freeze.asp ,
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-211947/ , https://www.c-
span.org/video/?289291-1/freezing-terrorist-assets ,
http://www.ejtn.eu/Documents/THEMIS%202016/Semi%20A/France1_TH_2016_01.pdf
, https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rm/2001/5041.htm
3. Trade Limitations- https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_principles-of-microeconomics-
v2.0/s20-03-restrictions-on-international-.html ,
https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/tariff-trade-barrier-basics.asp ,
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-microeconomics/chapter/restrictions-on-
international-trade/ , http://www.trade.gov/us-export-regulations
4. NATO Involvement- https://www.nato.int/docu/conf/2003/031016_bxl/index.htm ,
https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/44506 , https://www.jstor.org/stable/23607681 ,
https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/82643 ,
https://www.nato.int/docu/review/2013/partnerships-nato-2013/changing-artic-nato-
involve/en/index.htm , https://www.dw.com/en/nato-chief-justifies-use-of-military-
restraint-toward-syria/a-36816473 , https://www.forces.net/news/nato-marks-20-years-
kosovo
5. UN Peace Enforcement- https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600339 ,
https://www.lawfareblog.com/militarizing-peace-un-intervention-against-congos-
terrorist-rebels , https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-
organization/article/winning-the-peace-locally-un-peacekeeping-and-local-
conflict/9B61C8D64514F995C96A994AD5613CA3 ,
https://ourworldindata.org/peacekeeping , https://www.e-ir.info/2019/07/10/the-
limitations-and-capabilities-of-the-united-nations-in-modern-conflict/ ,
https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/military , https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/un-
peacekeeping-70-years-of-service-sacrifice
6. Election Observers-
https://www.un.org/womenwatch/osagi/wps/publication/Chapter7.htm ,
https://www.openelectiondata.net/en/guide/electoral-integrity/election-observation/ ,
https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/ei/eid/eid06/eid06a ,
https://theconversation.com/international-election-observers-evaluating-us-midterm-
elections-will-face-limitations-105631 , https://dppa.un.org/en/elections
https://www.coe.int/en/web/congress/observation-des-elections
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cslY2swlNYE

46
Peacemaking, including negotiations and treaties:
1. Military Victory- https://www.militairespectator.nl/thema/strategie/artikel/what-
constitutes-victory-modern-war , https://www3.carleton.ca/csds/docs/Toft%20PTS.pdf ,
http://www.columbia.edu/~vpf4/victories%20Sept%202009.pdf ,
https://theconversation.com/can-wars-no-longer-be-won-126068 ,
https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-
studies/studies/vol50no2/html_files/Intelligence_War_2.htm
2. Imposed Settlement- http://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-2516-settlement-of-
international-disputes-using-coercive-means.html ,
https://www.un.org/unispal/document/calling-for-final-peace-settlement-to-israeli-
palestinian-conflict-ga-adopts-six-resolutions-on-middle-east-press-release/ ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/27640766 , https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1111/1468-
2508.00208 , https://www.xavier.edu/xjop/documents/XJOP_Vol.VII_2017_118-
120_Welch.pdf , https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/Ch.%2018-
Mani%20%20Ponzio.pdf , https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230370791_5
3. Ceasefires- https://gsdrc.org/professional-dev/ceasefires/ ,
https://www.iiss.org/events/2019/11/ceasefires-in-civil-wars ,
https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1059972 , https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-
20/why-broken-ceasefires-are-not-all-bad , https://blogs.prio.org/2020/04/ceasefires-in-
the-time-of-covid-19/ ,
https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-
e263 , https://www.iiss.org/events/2019/11/ceasefires-in-civil-wars
4. Truces- https://theconversation.com/coronavirus-and-conflict-truces-at-times-of-crisis-
do-not-lead-to-peace-on-their-own-135277 ,
https://www.apa.org/international/pi/2012/10/un-matters ,
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/23/world/middleeast/truce-cease-fire-and-armistice-
the-legal-nuances.html , https://peacemaker.un.org/thematic-
detailed/ceasefiretrucecessation-hostilities , https://www.jstor.org/stable/2200012
5. Arbitration- https://arbitrationlaw.com/library/dealing-arbitrator-issue-conflicts-
international-arbitration-dispute-resolution-journal-vol ,
https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3585&context=flr ,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1017/s0022381609990788 ,
6. Mediation- https://online.norwich.edu/academic-
programs/masters/diplomacy/resources/infographics/how-mediation-works-in-
international-conflicts ,
https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1063&context=arbitrationlawrev
iew , https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199743292/obo-
9780199743292-0214.xml , https://worldmediation.org/impact-of-mediation-on-
international-conflicts-resolution/ , https://www.pon.harvard.edu/daily/conflict-

47
 resolution/using-mediation-to-resolve-international-disputes/ ,
https://www.ipinst.org/2016/05/armed-conflict-mediation-conciliation-and-peacekeeping
7. Peace Treaties-
https://www.americanbar.org/groups/public_education/publications/teaching-legal-
docs/understanding-peace-treaties/ , https://www.jstor.org/stable/43282084 ,
https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2017-
01/Peace%20Events%20of%20the%2020th%20and%2021st%20Centuries.pdf ,
https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13444/from-paper-to-peace-the-role-of-
guarantees-in-peace-agreements https://www.ipinst.org/2017/06/negotiating-and-
implementing-inter-malian-peace-agreement
8. Peacekeeping- https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/our-peacekeepers ,
https://betterworldcampaign.org/un-peacekeeping/ , https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/what-
is-peacekeeping , https://ourworldindata.org/peacekeeping ,
http://visionofhumanity.org/peace/eight-facts-about-united-nations-peacekeeping-in-
todays-world/ , https://theglobepost.com/2019/08/01/un-peacekeeping/ ,
https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2000-03-01/paving-road-hell-
failure-un-peacekeeping

Peacebuilding, including reconciliation and work of justice institutions:

1. Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (eg Sierra Leone)- https://www.justice.gov.za/trc/
, http://www.trc.ca/ , https://theconversation.com/do-truth-and-reconciliation-
commissions-heal-divided-nations-109925 , https://www.sierraleonetrc.org/ ,
https://www.usip.org/publications/2002/11/truth-commission-sierra-leone ,
https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/TruthandReconciliationSierraLeone.pdf
2. Courts (eg Cambodia, International Criminal Court)- https://www.eccc.gov.kh/en ,
https://www.globalpolicy.org/international-justice/international-criminal-tribunals-and-
special-courts/special-tribunal-for-cambodia.html , https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/the-
khmer-rouge-trials-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/ , https://www.icc-cpi.int/ ,
https://www.hrw.org/topic/international-justice/international-criminal-court ,
https://intpolicydigest.org/2012/03/23/international-criminal-court-successes-and-
failures/ , https://jcpa.org/article/the-failure-of-the-international-criminal-court-icc/ ,
https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-international-criminal-court-its-success-
and-limitations-for-pursuinginternational-justice-2169-0170-1000180.php?aid=70587

And, with that, the core content for the IB Global Politics syllabus has been covered!

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 Works Cited:
1. 2019 International Monetary Fund. (2019). Real GDP growth.
https://www.imf.org/external/index.htm.
https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDPDPC@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOW
ORLD
2. Amnesty International UK 2019. (2016, January 11). Guantanamo Bay: 14 years of
injustice. Amnesty International UK. https://www.amnesty.org.uk/guantanamo-bay-
human-rights
3. Corporate Finance Institute. (2019, November 27). Gini coefficient - Definition,
principles and limitations.
https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/economics/gini-coefficient/
4. Dunne, T., Kurki, M., & Smith, S. (2010). Chapter 4 - 'Structural Realism' [in]
International relations theories: discipline and diversity. In International relations
theories: Discipline and diversity. OUP Oxford.
5. Elizabeth Willmott-Harrop. (2003, December). The universal declaration’s bias towards
Western democracies. Liberty & Humanity.
https://libertyandhumanity.com/themes/international-human-rights-law/the-universal-
declarations-bias-towards-western-democracies/
6. Fisher, M. (2011, September 19). Map: U.S. ranks near bottom on income inequality. The
Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/09/map-us-ranks-near-
bottom-on-income-inequality/245315/
7. HIIK. (2020). Methodology. HIIK – Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict
Research. https://hiik.de/hiik/methodology/?lang=en
8. International Baccalaureate Organization. (2015). Global Politics Guide. Berlin
Cosmopolitan School. Retrieved September 10, 2020, from
https://www.cosmopolitanschool.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/dp-global-politics-
guide.pdf
9. Johansen, J. (2014, July 31). Violence. War Resisters' International. https://wri-
irg.org/en/story/2014/violence
10. Marketing Communications: Web // University of Notre Dame. (2020). What is peace
studies? // Kroc institute for international peace studies // University of Notre Dame.
Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. https://kroc.nd.edu/about-us/what-is-peace-
studies/
11. Michelle Penn. (2020). Unilateralism: Definition & International Relations.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/unilateralism-definition-international-relations.html.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/unilateralism-definition-international-relations.html
12. Moseley, A. (2020). Just war theory. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | An
encyclopedia of philosophy articles written by professional philosophers.
https://iep.utm.edu/justwar/#H2

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13. Public Diplomacy. (2020). Smart power.
https://publicdiplomacy.wikia.org/wiki/Smart_Power
14. Silver, C. (2020, August). The top 20 economies in the world. Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/#2-china
15. Stanford University. (2017, May). Political realism in international relations (Stanford
encyclopedia of philosophy). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved September
10, 2020, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-intl-relations/
16. UNICEF. (2007, February). PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON CHILDREN
ASSOCIATED WITH ARMED FORCES OR ARMED GROUPS.
https://www.unicef.org/mali/media/1561/file/ParisPrinciples.pdf
17. USC Centre on Public Diplomacy. (2017, June 12). What is soft power? Soft Power.
https://softpower30.com/what-is-soft-power/

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