LESSON PLAN

● SUBJECT : Science

● STD : X

● TOPIC : Metals and non metals

● NUMBER OF PERIODS REQUIRED: 8

● TEACHING AIDS TO BE USED : Magnesium ribbon ,tong, sand paper ,china dish, lead
nitrate solution, potassium iodide solution ,zinc granules dilute sulphuric acid , samples of
Cu, Al, and Mg.

● TEACHING METHODS ADOPTED :

1. Set Induction method – Teacher asks various questions on the topic about which
they have learned in the earlier lesson.
2. Explanation Method – Teacher explains the reactivity series.
3. Discussion Method – Teacher discusses Metals and non-metals and their properties
(Physical and Chemical).
4. Questioning Method – Teacher asks different Questions to the pupil to understand
knowledge gained by them.
5. Demonstration Method: Teacher demonstrates the following properties of metals:
a . Shining surface (metallic luster)
b. change in the shape of metals (malleability and ductility)
c. conducting electricity by making a closed circuit using copper wires.
d. Sonority by striking a metallic object
6. Comparative Analysis: Teacher Compares the properties of metals and non metals
Compares metals with alloys for their conductivity and melting point.

● TEACHING MAXIMS TO BE FOLLOWED:

1. Known to Unknown – Students know about metals and nonmetals and the teacher
explains their physical and chemical properties.
2. Problem Solving – Students can predict whether displacement reactions will take
place or not based on reactivity series.
3. Simple to Complex – Teacher first explains the concept of corrosion and then
corrosion of silver to silver sulphide, copper to copper carbonate and iron to iron
oxide and formula of iron oxide.
4. General to Specific – From the knowledge of properties of metals, nonmetals and
alloys, students have acquired the knowledge of metallurgy.
● LEARNING OBJECTIVES ( as per bloom’s taxonomy)
Enable Pupils to
1. Recall the properties of metals from previous class and day to day examples
2. Understand the properties of malleability, lustre , ductility and sonority of metals
and non-metals
3. Differentiate between Physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals.
4. Observe the chemical changes in the reactions shown by the metals and nonmetals
5. Correlate the chemical reactivity of metals with their chemical properties.
6. Define alloys and their uses.
7. Analyze the change in physical properties of metals due to alloying.
8. Understand the concept of corrosion.
9. Understand the process of metallurgy
10. Application of metallurgy and importance of metallurgy.

● PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE ACQUIRED BY THE STUDENT: Students Know about

metals, alloys and melting point of various metals. They know about rusting of iron.

● SET INDUCTION: Teacher discusses about ‘aqua Regia’ and explain its uses that it
dissolves gold and platinum
The teacher asks about carat rating of gold metal
Q. Why are metals like gold used for making ornaments?
Ans : Because it is malleable and ductile.

● STATEMENT OF THE AIM: So today we are going to learn more about metals and
nonmetals and their properties

DA CONTENT CLASS ACTIVITIES ASSIGNMEN

Y ANALYSIS T

1 Teacher explains about the properties of 1. Read the

Physical metals such as ductility, sonority, topic
properties of malleability, melting point, by demonstration 2. What are
metals and non method good
metals conductors of
Taking samples of iron ,copper ,aluminum heat
and magnesium by rubbing ,hammering and 3. Do
by setting an electric circuit using different nonmetals
metallic wires conduct
 electricity ?is
there any
exception ?

Ans : Graphite

2 Chemical Experiential learning

properties of Teacher demonstrates the following activities
metals and 1) Burning of magnesium ribbon Find out which
nonmetals metals do not
Metals combine with oxygen to form Metallic react with cold
oxides water ?

Q. Which
metals do not
react with hot
or cold water ?
Q. Are the products (metal oxides dissolves in
water )

Ans Most metallic oxides are insoluble in

water but some of these dissolve in water to
form alkalies

Teacher explains metallic oxides are basic in

nature and nonmetallic acidic in nature
 Experiential learning Name of the
activity :Testing the nature of sulphur oxide.
(nonmetal oxide)

Objective To introduce the concept of nature of

nonmetal oxides.

Material required for the activity Deflagrating

Spoon,sulphur,filter paper,petridish,gas jar

Details of the activity :Take a small amount of

powdered sulphur in a deflagrating spoon and heat
it. As soon as sulphur starts burning, introduce the
spoon into a gas jar. . Cover the tumbler with a lid
to ensure that the gas produced does not escape.
Remove the spoon after some time. Add a small
quantity of water into the tumbler and quickly
replace the lid. Shake the tumbler well. Check the
solution with red and blue litmus papers

3 Chemical Teacher explains that reactive metals can

reaction of displace less reactive metals from their Which metal
acids and bases solution or molten form reacts with
very dil .nitric
Q. Why hydrogen gas is not evolved when a acid to evolve
metal reacts with nitric acid . hydrogen gas ?
Ans : It is because nitric acid is a strong
oxidizing agent ,It oxidises hydrogen
produced to water and itself get reduced to Ans: Mg and
any nitrogen oxides Mn
4 Reactivity
series Will iron
Reaction of replace copper
metals and non from copper
metals sulphate
solution?
Explain Why?

Ans : yes
Because iron is
more reactive
than copper .

Activity : Go through the chart and identify

the metals which are more reactive ,least
reactive and medium reactive

5 Properties of Teacher explains the formation and properties

ionic of ionic compounds Explain why
compounds ionic
compounds
have high
melting and
 boiling point?

Ans : Strong
interionic
forces of
attraction

6 Occurrence of Q. Can you

metals, Teacher explains metals with high reactivity identify the
enrichment of cannot be extracted by reducing with carbon substance
ores , but by electrolysis reduced or
extraction of oxidized ?
metals
Q. What are
thermite
reaction give
their uses ?

7 Refining of Teacher explains the electrolytic refining in

 metals detail Q. Name two
Electrolytic metals which
refining of are found in
copper free state ?

8 Prevention of
Corrosion and Teacher asks to
Galvanisation find different
methods by
which
corrosion can
be prevented

Teacher explains corrosion and rusting of iron

Corrosion is slow eating away of metal by

reaction with moist air with metal

Teacher explains Galvanization to protect iron

from corrosion
Teacher asks
students to
What is
Amalgamation

● PEDAGOGY
Context based: Connecting the students’ knowledge about the content with the real-world
problems. Discussing problems of metal poisoning, corrosion. Brings awareness about
 real-world problems. Students in small groups can discuss the problem and arrive at the
solution to the problem. Class group may be formed for conducting the discussion.
Computational thinking: -Involves problem solving method. Students address a given
problem by It involves breaking large problems down into smaller ones, recognizing how
these relate to problems that have been solved in the past (pattern recognition), setting aside
unimportant details (abstraction), identifying and developing the steps that will be necessary to
reach a solution (algorithms) and refining these steps (debugging). Case based studies
involving problems and solutions in metallurgy can be solved by this strategy.

Teamwork/Think, Pair and share

students solve puzzles, discuss answers to questions in groups and then present answers to
the class.

Storyboarding: Writing a story involving the concepts and examples in the lesson.
Students can be made to write the story. Teachers can guide and facilitate the task to make
concepts easier for all the learners.

Inquiry based: The concepts can be revisited by making students to answer the questions
or problems can be analyzed with relevant inquiry to apply knowledge
Innovative experiments :-Experiential learning by performing the experiment.Doing the
same experiment with different variations in it.This helps in critical
thinking ,observe,reflect and learn.

Experience based learning: Experiments of chemical reactivities, chemical behavior

followed by demonstration can be conducted. Students can note the observations
Gamification: The concepts /Facts / examples/ laws/observations/problems can be used to
create a game. Or Quiz games can be conducted to make learning joyful.

● Interdisciplinary Linkages :

● Life Skills : .Seeking solution to metal poisoning in aquatic animals, as well

humans. Become aware about food poisoning due to metals.

● Critical thinking :-Innovative solution for sustainable

development.
● Values: -Responsible behavior towards environment and society by using
environment friendly metals and nonmetals.

● Art: Drawing the sketch of laboratory set up or metallurgy process.

● Problem Solving: They predict the reactivity of metal, nonmetals, with acids
etc. They predict the reactions and their products.

● Learning Outcomes:
 Pupils are able to

● list the general properties of metals and nonmetals and acknowledging common
exceptions,
● link the properties of metals and nonmetals to their uses,

● use the particle model of solids to illustrate the properties of ductility and
malleability in metals,
● recall the positions of the metalloids on the periodic table,

● compare the properties of metalloids to neighboring metals and nonmetals in order

to understand the application of metalloids for their uses.
● Can apply knowledge in daily life viz. Use of metals for making Alloys, Utensils,
Ornaments, different electronic gadgets ,heating elements, electric wires.
Usefulness of Metals and Non-Metals

SKILL AND COMPETENCY (CBL):

● They learn Life skills - Team skills - -

● Creativity – Models of molecules showing the ionic bonds.

● Analytical and Research skill. - Presentation skill

● Skill to handle laboratory apparatus during varying experiments.

● Problem solving: -prediction of the products of possible harmful reactions.

● Critical thinking: -Efficient extraction of metal from ore, optimum uses of resources
to extract metal from ore.
● Communication.: Exchange of ideas, brainstorming, writing complete reaction for
properties of metals and nonmetals.

RECAPITULATION :
1. What is meant by reactivity series?

Ans : The reactivity series is a series of metals, in order of reactivity from highest to
lowest.

2. Explain why food cans are coated with tin and not with Zinc?

Ans : Because zinc is above the tin in reactivity series means more reactive than tin and can
react with food.

3. What do you mean Galvanization?

 Ans :- Galvanization is the process of applying a protective layer of zinc on a metal.
It is a very common method of preventing the rusting of iron

4. How will you distinguish between roasting and calcination?

Ans :- Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its melting point in the presence
of air or oxygen. Calcination involves thermal decomposition of carbonate ores.

5. Explain Thermit reactions with example.

Ans : The thermite reaction is an exothermic reaction between the metal and metal
oxide. For example the reaction between the aluminium with the Iron oxides, where
aluminium acts as a reducing agent.

REMEDIAL TEACHING:

Teacher can ask the following questions for remedial teaching :

1. Explain why magnesium and calcium float in water?

Ans :-The hydrogen gas released still to the calcium hence it floats since the reaction
is not violent hydrogen does not catch fire.

2. Write the balanced chemical reaction when Copper is obtained from copper
pyrites ?

Ans : CuFeS2. Ore, heating the concentrated ore from froth floatation. It is heated to
between 500 °C and 700 °C in air. The ore is smelted with silica and calcium carbonate and
air. Series of reactions take place

Cu2S +O2 = 2Cu + SO2

3. Explain why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel?

Ans : Copper is better conductor of heat than steel.

HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) Teacher can ask the following
questions for developing higher order thinking skills in students

1. Explain why Lemon juice is used to clean copper vessels

Ans :The layer of corroded copper reacts with acid and dissolves in it leaving the
utensil clean.

2. What are amphoteric oxides?

Ans :Oxides which show both acidic and basic nature are known as amphoteric
oxides.

3. Give reason copper is used in conducting wires

Ans Copper is a metal and is a good conductor of electricity

 4. What is anodizing?

Ans Coating an aluminum article with aluminum oxide is anodizing.

NCERT IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED

1. Give an example of a metal which

(i) Is a liquid at room temperature.
(ii) Can be easily cut with a knife.
(iii) Is the best conductor of heat.
(iv) Is a poor conductor of heat.
Ans. (i) Mercury (Hg)
(ii) Sodium and potassium
(iii) Silver and copper
(iv) Lead

2. Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.

Ans. Malleable: A metal is said to be malleable if it can be beaten into thin sheets,
e.g. silver and gold are the best malleable metals.
Ductile: A metal is said to be ductile when it can be drawn into thin wires, e.g.
silver and gold are the best ductile metals.

3. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?

Ans. Sodium is a highly reactive metal. It reacts with oxygen in air at room
temperature, the reaction is highly exothermic. To prevent this sodium is kept
preserved under kerosene. Sodium does not react with kerosene.

4. Write equations for the reactions of

(i) iron with steam
(ii) calcium and potassium with water
Ans. (i) Iron with steam
3Fe(s) + 4H2 O(g) Fe 3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
ii) Ca(s) + 2H2 O(l) Ca(OH) 2(aq) + H2(g)
2K + 2H2 O 2KOH + H 2 + heat energy

5. Samples of four metals A,B, C and D were taken and added to the following
solutions one by one. The results obtained have been tabulated as follows.

Use the table above to answer the following questions, about metals A, B, C and D.
(i) Which is the most reactive metal?
(ii) What would you observe if B is added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate?
 (iii) Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of. decreasing reactivity?

Ans. (i) B is most reactive.

(ii) Blue colour of copper sulphate solution disappears and reddish-brown copper metal is
deposited on the metal B.
(iii) B > A > C > D is the order of reactivity.

6. Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal?
Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.
Ans. When a reactive metal reacts with hydrochloric acid hydrogen gas is produced A
reactive metal displaces the hydrogen from acid and releases hydrogen gas.
Fe(s) .+ dil H2SO4 (aq) FeSO 4(aq) + H2(g)

7. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron (II) sulphate? Write
the chemical reaction that takes place.
Ans. Zinc is more reactive than iron, hence when added to iron (II) sulphate, it can
displace iron metal and the colour of solution fades from green to colorless due to
formation of zinc sulphate. The greyish black iron metal gets deposited.

8. (i) Write the electron dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.
(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons
(iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?

9. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

Ans. Ionic compounds are made up of two oppositely charged ions i.e., cations (+) and
anions (-), which are held together with strong electrostatic force of attraction. To break
this strong bonding into ions, a large amount of heat energy is required, hence the melting
point of ionic compounds is high.

10. Define the following terms:

(i) Mineral (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue
Ans. (i) Mineral: The naturally occurring chemical substance which contains metals with
some other elements or impurities is called mineral.
(ii) Ore: The minerals from which metals can be extracted economically on a large scale
are called ores.
(iii) Gangue: The impurities present in ore/minerals are called gangue.
 11. Name two metals which are found in nature in a free state.
Ans. Gold, platinum and silver.

12. What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from oxide?
Ans. To obtain metals from its oxides for metals of medium reactivity one can use carbon
as a reducing agent and the chemical process is called reduction. Also; displacement
reaction is used in which highly reactive metal acts as a reducing agent. But for the metals
of high reactivity the method of electrolytic reduction is used.
e.g., 3MnO2 (s) + 4Al(s) 3Mn(l) + 2Al 2O3(s) + heat

13. Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following
metals.

In which cases will you find displacement reactions take place?

Ans.

14. Which metals do not corrode easily?

Ans. Metals which are less reactive and lie at the bottom of reactivity series i.e., silver,
gold, platinum do not react with atmospheric gases and hence do not corrode easily.

15. What are alloys?

Ans. Alloys are homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or metal and non-metal.
e.g., Brass Cu + Zn metal + metal
Bronze Cu + Sn metal + metal
Stainless Steel Fe + Ni + Cr + C

QUESTIONS FROM NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISE

1. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?
(a) NaCl solution and copper metal (b) MgCI2 solution and aluminium metal
(c) FeSO4 solution and silver metal (d) AgNO3 solution and copper metal
Ans.

2. Which of the following methods is suitable for preventing an iron frying pan from, rusting?
(a) Applying grease (b) Applying paint
(c) Applying a coating of zinc (d) All of. the above.
Ans. (c) Applying a coating of zinc
3. An element reacts with oxygen to give a compound with a high melting point. This compound
is also soluble in water. This element is likely to be
(a) calcium (b) carbon (c) silicon (d) iron
Ans. (a) Calcium.

4. Food cans are coated with tin and not with zinc because
(a) zinc is costlier than tin. (b) zinc has a higher melting point than tin.
(c) zinc is more reactive than tin (d) zinc is less reactive than tin.
Ans. (c) zinc is more reactive than tin.

5. You are given a hammer, a battery, a bulb, wires and Switch.

(a) How could you use them to distinguish between samples of metals and non-metals.
(b) Assess the usefulness of these tests in distinguishing between metals and non-metals.
Ans. (a) To distinguish between samples-of- metals and non-metals one can use hammer to beat
the given material into sheets, if it breaks it is non-metal but if it is beaten into thin sheets it is a
metal.One can also use battery, wires, bulb and switch to make a circuit and use the given material
to complete the circuit one by one, if the electric current flows and the bulb glows then it is metal
and if not then it is non-metal.
(b) Though these tests gives us rough ideas in distinguishing between metals and non-metals
but they are not reliable because both in metals & non-metals there are exceptions. For example
Na metal is brittle and graphite can show conductivity.

6. What are amphoteric oxides? Give two examples of amphoteric oxides.

Ans. The oxides which behave as acid as well as base are called amphoteric oxides e.g., Al 2O3 and
ZnO are amphoteric oxides; they both react with acid as Well as base to give salt and water.

7. Name two metals which will displace hydrogen from dilute acids and two metals which will
not.
Ans. Metals which lie above Hydrogen in the activity series ie. Zn, Al, Mg can displace hydrogen
from dilute acids, because they are more reactive than H 2. Metals which lie below hydrogen in the
activity series i.e. Cu, Ag, Au cannot displace hydrogen from dilute acids, because they are less
reactive than hydrogen.

8. In the electrolytic refining of M, what would you take as the anode, the cathode and the
electrolyte?
Ans. For electrolytic refining of M:

9. Pratyush took sulphur powder on a spatula and heated it. He collected the gas evolved by
inverting a test tube over it as shown in figure below:
(a) What will be the action of gas on
(i) dry litmus paper? (ii) moist litmus paper?
(b) Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction taking place.
Ans. (a) (i) There will be no effect of gas on dry litmus paper.
(ii) Moist blue litmus paper turns red.
(b) (i) S + O2 2

10. State two ways to prevent the rusting of iron.

Ans. (i) Rusting can be prevented by painting iron articles so that the iron surface does not come
in contact with air and moisture required for rusting.
(ii) By coating iron articles with a protective layer of zinc metal i.e. by galvanization which
prevents the rusting of iron.

11. What type of oxides are formed when non-metals combine with oxygen?
Ans. When non-metals combine with oxygen they form acidic oxides. E.g. SO 2, CO2, NO2. [In
some cases it also form neutral oxide e.g., H2O, CO]

12. Give reasons:

(a) Platinum, gold and silver are used to make jewelry.
(b) Sodium, potassium and lithium are stored under oil.
(c) Aluminum is a highly reactive metal, yet it Is used to make utensils for cooking.
(d) Carbonate and sulphide ores are usually converted into oxides during the process of
extraction.
Ans. (a) Au, Ag and Pt are highly lustrous, malleable and ductile, so. they are used in making
jewellery.
(b) Na, K and Li are highly reactive metals, they react with oxygen present in air at room
temperature and catches fire in the presence of moisture. The reaction is highly Exothermic.

They don’t react with oil (kerosene), hence stored in oil to prevent accidental fires.
(c) Aluminum form a very protective layer of Aluminum (Al 2O3) oxide on its surface which
protects it from corrosion (or reaction with any food item).
(d) Reduction of metal oxides to metal is cheaper and easier than the reduction of carbonate
and sulphide ores. So carbonate and sulphide ores are first converted to metal oxide and then
further reduced to form metals.

13. You must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice.
Explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessel?
Ans. Copper metal corrodes to form copper carbonate and get tarnished. On cleaning with lemon
or tamarind juice, the acid present in: them dissolves the copper carbonate thereby cleaning the
vessel.
14. Differentiate between metal and non-metal on the basis of their chemical properties.
Ans.

Metal Non-metal
Non-metals gain
1. Metals lose electrons to form
electrons to form
positive ions.
negative -ions.
Nonmetals form acidic
2. Metals form basic oxides.
oxides.
Non-metals cannot
3. Metals can displace hydrogen
displace hydrogen
from acids.
from acids.
4. All metals do not combine All non-metals
with hydrogen to form hydrides combine with
(except reactive metals like Na, hydrogen to form
K, Ca). hydrides.

15. A man went door to door posing as a goldsmith. He promised to bring back the glitter of old
and dull gold ornaments. An unsuspecting lady gave a set of gold bangles to him which he dipped
in a particular solution. The bangles sparkled like new but their weight was reduced drastically.
The lady was upset but after a futile argument the man beat a hasty retreat. Can you play the
detective to find out the nature of the solution he had used?
Ans. The solution is aqua regia (1 part of conc. HNO 3 acid and 3 part of conc. HCl acid) is used
by the goldsmith, which dissolves gold.

16. Give reason why copper is used to make hot water tanks and not steel (an alloy of iron).
Ans. Copper is a good conductor of heat as compared to steel. Copper is used to
make hot water tanks and not steel this is because the iron (in steel) is more reactive than
then copper also it react with hot steam to produce iron oxide. Due to which the body of tank will
become weaker and weaker. While copper does not react with hot water.

● VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. A customer approached a newly trained Goldsmith and asked him to make some ornaments.
For this he gave advance money also. The Goldsmith bought a bar of 24-carat gold from the
market and tried to make ornaments from it. He was not successful because the gold was too
soft to handle. He approached a trained Goldsmith who asked him to use 22-carat gold for
this purpose. He was now quite successful and could make the ornaments?

1. What is the difference between 24-carat gold and 22-carat gold ?

2. What was wrong with 24-carat gold ?
3. How did trained Goldsmith help the freshly trained Goldsmith ?
4. What is the value associated with this episode ?

Ans:

1. 24-carat gold is pure gold while 22-carat gold is comparatively less pure.
2. Pure or 24-carat gold is very soft, little malleable and ductile. It is quite difficult to work on it.
But 22 carat gold (alloy) is comparatively hard, more malleable and ductile
3. Freshly trained Goldsmith realised his mistake and could complete the order. Otherwise, he
might have been in trouble.
4. The trained Goldsmith had a big heart and did not bother about the professional jealousy. He
was very sincere in his approach and helped the junior colleague.

2. A student was asked to purify a sample of copper extracted by a suitable method. He

constructed a-cell in which a rod of impure copper was made cathode while that of pure
copper as anode. The electrolyte was aqueous CuSO4 solution. On passing electric current
nothing happened. He realised his mistake and connected the electrodes in the reverse order.
He was now quite successful in his mission.

1. What was his mistake ?

2. How did he rectify it ?
3. Write a chemical equation for the reaction.

Ans:

1. Impure copper cannot be made cathode and pure copper as the anode.
2. He changed over. Pure copper was made cathode while impure copper as the anode.
3. The chemical equations for the process are :

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