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Earth Processes Notes

The document provides information about the layers of the Earth and earthquakes. It includes definitions of key terms and links to online resources about the structure of the Earth and earthquakes. The layers of the Earth from outer to inner are: crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, inner core. Earthquakes occur along faults in the crust and upper mantle due to the movement of tectonic plates. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale and indicates its size and severity, with each whole number step representing a tenfold increase in measured amplitude.

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caleb
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18 views

Earth Processes Notes

The document provides information about the layers of the Earth and earthquakes. It includes definitions of key terms and links to online resources about the structure of the Earth and earthquakes. The layers of the Earth from outer to inner are: crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, inner core. Earthquakes occur along faults in the crust and upper mantle due to the movement of tectonic plates. The magnitude of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale and indicates its size and severity, with each whole number step representing a tenfold increase in measured amplitude.

Uploaded by

caleb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‭Earth Processes Notes‬

‭The Layers of the Earth‬


‭Vocabulary‬
‭Crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, inner core, density, lithosphere, convection,‬
‭tectonic plates‬

‭The goal today is for you to gain a deeper understanding of the structure of the Earth.‬
‭Step #1:‬‭Search for an image of the interior of the‬‭Earth (find one that has the layers and their‬
‭names). Copy and paste it below:‬

‭Step #2: Go to‬‭https://www.cpalms.org/PreviewResourceStudentTutorial/Preview/188036‬


‭This is a pretty good tutorial about the structure of the Earth.‬‭Go through the tutorial and take‬
‭notes about each of the different layers. Record your notes in the table below. At the end of the‬
‭tutorial, you will get a Certificate of Completion. Paste a screenshot of your certificate below‬
‭the table.‬
‭NOTE: Either wear headphones or have the volume down low.‬

‭Layer‬ ‭Notes‬
‭(‬‭composition, density, properties, etc.)‬
‭Crust‬ ‭Made of tectonic plates‬

‭Upper Mantle‬ ‭Below moho discontinuity‬

‭Lower Mantle‬ ‭Hotter and more dense than upper mantle‬

‭Outer Core‬ ‭ 500-6000 degrees C‬


4
‭Malleable like putty‬

‭Core‬ ‭Around 6000 degrees C, extreme pressure‬

‭Certificate of Completion Screenshot:‬


‭Questions:‬
‭1.‬ ‭What is the lithosphere and where is it located?‬

‭2.‬ ‭What are the two kinds of crust and how are they different from each other?‬
‭Oceanic and continental.‬
‭3.‬ ‭What is density?‬
‭How much mass is compressed into a small space, (caused by pressure)‬

‭4.‬ ‭Why do the plates move?‬


‭convection currents‬

‭5.‬ ‭What are convection currents and wear do they occur in the Earth?‬
‭Caused by differential heating found in the mantle.‬

‭Earthquakes‬
‭Vocabulary‬
‭Earthquake. fault, hypocenter, epicenter, primary wave (P wave), secondary wave (S wave),‬
‭surface waves, aftershock, seismic waves, seismogram, richter scale, magnitude‬

‭USGS Site: The Science of Earthquakes‬


‭https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/science-earthquakes‬
‭BGS Site: Earthquakes (NOTE: Watch the Anatomy of an Earthquake Video)‬
‭https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/earth-hazards/earthquakes/‬

‭1.‬ ‭Define each of the terms in the table below (add as much detail as possible):‬

‭Term‬ ‭ efinition/Information‬
D
‭(‬‭the more details, the better)‬
‭Earthquake‬ ‭An earthquake is what happens when two‬
b‭ locks of the earth suddenly slip past one‬
‭another.‬

‭Fault‬ ‭ he surface where two blocks slip is‬


T
‭called the fault or fault plane.‬

‭Hypocenter‬ ‭ here the earthquake starts is called the‬


w
‭hypocenter‬

‭Epicenter‬ t‭he location directly above a earthquake‬


‭on the surface of the earth is called the‬
‭epicenter.‬

‭Primary (P) Wave‬ ‭ he P waves travel faster and shake the‬


T
‭ground where you are first‬
‭If you are close to the earthquake, the P‬
‭and S wave will come one right after the‬
‭other, but if you are far away, there will be‬
‭more time between the two.‬

‭Secondary (S) Wave‬ ‭ hen the S waves follow and shake the‬
T
‭ground also.‬
‭If you are close to the earthquake, the P‬
‭and S wave will come one right after the‬
‭other, but if you are far away, there will be‬
‭more time between the two.‬

‭Surface Wave‬ ‭The waves that radiate from the rupture‬

‭Aftershock‬ ‭ ainshocks always have aftershocks that‬


M
‭follow. These are smaller earthquakes that‬
o‭ ccur afterwards in the same place as the‬
‭mainshock. Depending on the size of the‬
‭mainshock, aftershocks can continue for‬
‭weeks, months, and even years after the‬
‭mainshock!‬

‭Seismic Waves‬ ‭ hen the force of the moving blocks‬


W
‭finally overcomes the friction of the‬
‭jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks,‬
‭all that stored up energy is released. The‬
‭energy radiates outward from the fault in‬
‭all directions in the form of seismic waves‬
‭like ripples on a pond. The seismic waves‬
‭shake the earth as they move through it,‬
‭and when the waves reach the earth’s‬
‭surface, they shake the ground and‬
‭anything on it, like our houses and us!‬

‭Seismogram‬ ‭ arthquakes are recorded by instruments‬


E
‭called seismographs. The recording they‬
‭make is called a seismogram.‬

‭Richter Scale‬ ‭Scale for the magnitude of the earthquake‬

‭Magnitude‬ ‭Size, and severity.‬

‭2.‬ ‭What is an earthquake?‬


‭An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one‬
‭another.‬
‭3.‬ ‭Where do earthquakes occur? (I want more of an Earth Layer answer instead of an actual‬
‭location on Earth)‬
‭crust/ upper mantle‬
‭4.‬ ‭Why do earthquakes happen?‬
‭An earthquake happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another.‬
‭5.‬ ‭How are Primary (P) waves different from Secondary (S) waves?‬
‭The P waves travel faster and shake the ground where you are first‬
‭If you are close to the earthquake, the P and S wave will come one right after the other,‬
‭but if you are far away, there will be more time between the two.‬
‭6.‬ ‭Describe the sequence of events for an earthquake.‬
‭the large event the mainshock, and the events that follow are called aftershocks.‬
‭Occasionally, the mainshock is preceded by an event or events that we call a foreshock‬
‭7.‬ ‭Using the Richter Scale, what is the difference between an earthquake with a magnitude‬
‭of 5 and one with a magnitude of 6?‬
‭a level 6 earthquake is 10 times greater than in a level 5‬
‭8.‬ ‭What type of plate boundary has the most earthquakes?‬
‭convergent boundaries‬
‭9.‬ ‭What type of plate boundary is the San Andreas Fault?‬
‭transform plate boundary‬
‭10.‬‭Do a search for a large magnitude earthquake that actually happened (either historical or‬
‭current). Give me the details of the quake (location, magnitude, damage total, etc.) below‬
‭AND attach some pictures showing some of the destruction.‬
‭May 22, 1960 near Valdivia‬
‭magnitude of 9.5‬

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