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The document discusses how the IC 555 timer can be used in astable mode to generate a continuous train of pulses. It explains the basic principles of an astable multivibrator including how the timing is determined by external resistor and capacitor values. A circuit diagram is also included showing a typical astable multivibrator configuration using the IC 555 with a duty cycle of less than 50%.

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suraj tarapure
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12 views

C

The document discusses how the IC 555 timer can be used in astable mode to generate a continuous train of pulses. It explains the basic principles of an astable multivibrator including how the timing is determined by external resistor and capacitor values. A circuit diagram is also included showing a typical astable multivibrator configuration using the IC 555 with a duty cycle of less than 50%.

Uploaded by

suraj tarapure
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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However, if the threshold input (pin 6) is now raised above +(2/3)VCC, the output will return to

ground and the discharge transistor will be turned on again. When the threshold input returns to
ground, the IC will remain in this state, which was the original state when we started this analysis.
The easiest way to allow the threshold voltage (pin 6) to gradually rise to +(2/3)VCC is to connect it
externally to a capacitor being allowed to charge through a resistor. In this way we can adjust the R
and C values for almost any time interval we might want. IC 555 Timer as Multivibrator The 555 can
operate in either mono/bi-stable or astable mode, depending on the connections to and the
arrangement of the external components. Thus, it can either produce a single pulse when triggered,
or it can produce a continuous pulse train as long as it remains powered. Astable multivibrator These
circuits are not stable in any state and switch outputs after predetermined time periods. The result
of this is that the output is a continuous square/rectangular wave with the properties depending on
values of external resistors and capacitors. Thus, while designing these circuits following parameters
need to be determined: 1. Frequency (or the time period) of the wave. 2. The duty cycle of the wave.
Figure 1: A rectangular waveform Referring to the above figure of a rectangular waveform, the time
period of the pulse is defined as T and duration of the pulse (ON time) is τ. Duty cycle can be defined
as the On time/Period that is, τ/T in the above figure. Obviously, a duty cycle of 50% will yield a
square wave. The key external component of the astable timer is the capacitor. An astable
multivibrator can be designed as shown in the circuit diagram (with typical component values) using
IC 555, for a duty cycle of more than 50%. The corresponding voltage across the capacitor and
voltage at output is also shown. The astable function is achieved by charging/discharging a capacitor
through resistors connected, respectively, either to VCC or GND. Switching between the charging
and discharging modes is handled by 5 resistor divider R1-R3, two Comparators, and an RS Flip-Flop
in IC 555. The upper or lower comparator simply generates a positive pulse if VC goes above 2/3 VCC
or below 1/3 VCC. And these positive pulses either SET or RESET the Q output. The time for charging
C from 1/3 to 2/3 Vcc, i.e, ON Time = 0.693 (RA + RB). C The time for discharging C from 2/3 to 1/3
Vcc, i.e. OFF Time = 0.693 RB. C To get the total oscillation period, just add the two: Tosc =
0.693∙(RA+RB)∙C + 0.693∙(RB)∙C = 0.693 ∙ (RA + 2∙RB) ∙ C Thus, fosc = 1/ Tosc = 1.44/( RA + 2∙RB).C
Duty cycle = RA+RB/ RA + 2∙RB Circuit Diagram: Astable multivibrator with duty cycle less than 50%:
Generally astable mode of IC 555 is used to obtain the duty cycb

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