12

Practical Research 2
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Data Collection Instruments
Practical Research 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Data Collection Instruments

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.)
included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been
exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright
owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Stalin S. Baja

Cecille P. Buco

Editors: Arcadio J. Malmis, PhD

Principal III
Cristina N. Apale, PhD
Principal II
Elvira I. Jabonillo, PhD
Principal I

Management Team: Bianito A. Dagatan EdD, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

Casiana P. Caberte PhD

Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Felix C. Galacio Jr. PhD

EPS, Mathematics

Josephine D. Eronico PhD

EPS, LRMDS

Printed in the Philippines by Schools Division of Bohol

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas

Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive Barangay Cogon, Tagbilaran City,
Bohol
Telefax: (038) 501 – 7550
Tel Nos. (038) 412 – 4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501 – 7550
E-mail Address: [email protected]
ii
Learning Competencies: Collect data using appropriate instruments (CS_RS12-IId-g-1).

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

 choose the appropriate research instruments
 differentiate quantitative and qualitative interviews

Lesson 1: Introduction: Data Collection Instruments

What is it

Collecting data is the first step you need to perform before you proceed in writing your data
analysis and interpretation. Data Collection involves obtaining relevant information regarding the specified
research questions or objectives. This can be done by utilizing research instruments that are either
developed or adopted. In collecting the data, the researcher must decide on the following questions: (1)
Which data to collect? (2) How to collect the data? (3) Who will collect the data? (4) When to collect the
data? (Barrot, 2018, p138).
Quantitative research instruments comprise questionnaires, interviews, tests, and observation. On
the other hand, data collection approaches for qualitative research usually involve: (a) direct interaction
with individuals on a one to one basis, (b) and or direct interaction with individuals in a group setting.
When developing and utilizing a research instrument, the following steps are to be considered:
1. Be clear with your research question.
2. Plan how you will conduct the data collection.
3. Use appropriate research instruments.
4. Collect, tabulate, tally, and analyze the data.
5. Verify the validity and reliability of the collected data.
6. Present your findings.
Questionnaires
A questionnaire consists of a series of questions about a research topic to gather data from the
participants. It consists of indicators that is aligned to the research questions. Gathering of information can
be carried out in the following methods: face to face, by telephone, or through e-mail, messenger, social
media post, or using computer programs or forms (Barrot, 2018, p 138).
In quantitative research, questionnaires use the following approaches: (1) scale (usually Likert scale); and
(2) conversion of responses into numerical values, e.g. strongly as 5, agree as 4, neutral as 3, disagree as 2,
and strongly disagree as 1.
The terms survey and questionnaire have different meanings. A questionnaire is an instrument
used to collect data while a survey is a process of collecting, recording, and analyzing data. Questionnaires
can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
There are three structures of making a questionnaire. The first, structured questionnaires employ
closed-ended questions. Unstructured questionnaires, on the other hand, use open-ended questions in
which the research participants can freely answer and put his thoughts into it. Lastly, semi-structured
questionnaires are combinations of both the structured and unstructured ones. Structured type is commonly
used in quantitative studies because it is easier to code, interpret objectively, and, most of all, easier to
standardize.
Advantages of Using Questionnaire
1. Data can be quickly gathered from a big number of participants.
 2. The participants are encouraged to be open to the researchers since their identity
can be made anonymous.
Disadvantages of Using Questionnaire
1. The questions can be interpreted differently by the participants.
2. Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses.
3. Some questionnaires will not be returned on time.
4. Some questionnaires will be lost.
5. The answers from participants may lack depth.

What’s More

Directions: Define briefly the following terms.

1. Questionnaire
2. Survey
3. Data
4. Open-ended questions

Lesson 2: Test & Interviews

What is it

Tests
Tests are used for assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing
some characteristics. There are two types of test used in quantitative research: Standardized test
and Non-standardized test.
Standardized test is scored uniformly across different areas and groups. It is usually
administered by institutions to assess a wide range of groups such as students and test-takers. It is
considered as more reliable and valid. Examples are Achievement test, University Entrance Exam,
Personality Tests, and the likes.
Non-standardized test may not be scored uniformly. It is administered to a certain set of
people.

Types of Test Questions

1. Recall Questions. It requires participants to retrieve information from memory (e.g. fill
in-the blank test, identification test, enumeration test, etc.)
2. Recognition Questions. It provides respondents to select from given choices the best or
correct choice (e.g. multiple-choice test, true or false test, yes or no test, etc.)
3. Open-ended Questions. It allows the respondents more freedom in their responses,
expressing their thoughts and insights (e.g. essay writing tests and other performance
based tests.

2
The following table shows the types of test and examples

Type Subtype What the Participant will Do Example

Recall Close test Supply words or phrases that Questionnaires can be

have been deleted/removed from structured, semi-
a test. structured, or
_____________.
Identification Provide an answer to the given What type of
question using pure recall. questionnaire employs
close-ended questions?
Enumeration List down the answers, whether List the steps in
chronologically or not. conducting quantitative
research.
Recognition Multiple choice Choose the best/ correct answer Which of the following
from three to five options. does NOT belong to the
group?
A. Tabulating data
B. Collecting data
C. Interpreting data
D. Differing data
Matching Match the items in Column A with Match the terminologies in
the items in Column B. Column A with their
synonyms in Column B.
Column A Column B

__1. Data A. Participant

s __2. Respondents B.Representative

__3. Sample C. Information

Dichotomous Choose an answer from two options Write TRUE on the space
either True or False or Modified before each number if the
True or False. statement is correct and
FALSE if it is incorrect.
_____1. Data collection is
the first step in conducting
quantitative research.

Open-Ended Non-performance Provide a lengthy answer in writing Explain the process of

based or orally. obtaining the sample size
from the population.
Performance Perform a task where they are Present a role play about
based expected to prepare a presentation conducting an interview on
or written work. study habits among
students.
Source: (Barrot, 2018, p 146)

Interview
A quantitative interview is a method of collecting data about an individual’s behaviors, opinions,
values, emotions, and demographic characteristics using numerical data.
Difference between Quantitative and Qualitative Interviews
Quantitative Interviews Qualitative Interviews
It uses closed-ended questions. It uses open-ended questions.
It contains a rating scale or rubric. No rating scale or rubric needed.
Responses are numerical. Responses are non-numerical.

3
 A large sample size is used. Small sample size is used.
Structured type is used to minimize “interviewer Unstructured, semi-structured, informal
effect”, which means that the responses of the interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD)
participants may be affected by the behavior are used.
displayed by the researcher on the manner that the
questions are presented.

The questionnaire and quantitative interview are both highly structured, but here’s a distinction
between the two:
Quantitative Interviews Questionnaires
Items are read to the participants. Participants answer on their own.
Researchers may ask follow-up questions. Researchers may not ask follow-up questions.
Useful when the target participants cant answer a Not applicable for blind and uneducated (no
printed or encoded questionnaire (blind or read, no write) participants.
uneducated).

What’s More

Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

1. Standardized test is scored uniformly across different areas and groups.
2. Cloze test provides an answer to the given question using pure recall.
3. Quantitative interviews uses open-ended questions.
4. Test are used in assessing various skills and types of behavior as well as for describing some
characteristics.

Lesson 3: Observation

What is it

Observation
Observation is another method of collecting data that is frequently used in qualitative research.
However, it can be used in quantitative research when the observable characteristics are quantitative in
nature (e.g. length, width, height, weight, volume, area, temperature, cost, level, age, time, and speed)
Observation allows the researcher to observe the actual event or phenomenon. It has greater
flexibility in the observation method. However, observation may lack participant validity and may be prone
to the Hawthorne effect phenomenon. Furthermore, it is more exhausting and time-consuming especially
when observations need to be conducted for many years).

Different Roles of a Researcher during a Participant Observation

Observational role Description

Complete observer Observe the spontaneous natural behavior of the participants with as few
external factors affecting it as possible. The observer is neither seen nor noticed
by the participants. The participants are less prone to the Hawthorne effect.

4
 Observer as participant Researcher does not prioritize recording spontaneous or natural behavior with
as few external factors affecting it as possible. The observer is known and
recognized by the participants as part of their group or community but has
limited interaction with them.

Participant as observer Researcher does not primarily aim to capture spontaneous or natural behavior.
The observer is considered a researcher and not a member of the group or
community which is being investigated. However, the observer is fully
engaged with the participants.

Complete participant Researcher is to observe the spontaneity or natural behavior of the participant
with as few external factors affecting it as possible. Taking this role raises
ethical issues about possible deception. He acts like an “undercover” member
of the community. He fully involved with the participants who are unaware
that they are being observed.

What’s More

Direction: Compare and contrast

1. “Observer as Participant” & “Participant as Observer”. (4pts.)

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the given choices.

1. What is a questionnaire?
A. It is a tool for data interpretation. B. It is a tool for data evaluation.
C. It is a tool for data collection. D. It is a tool for data analysis.

2. What observational role is evident if an observer is known and recognized by the participants as
part of their group or community but has limited interaction with them?
A. Observer as participant B. Participant as observer
C. Complete observer D. Complete participant

3. Which of these is not a method of data collection?

A. Questionnaires B. Observations C. Experiments D. Interviews

4. Which one of the following is an advantage of using questionnaire?

A. It can encourage the participants to be open to the researchers since their identity can be made
anonymous.
B. Some participants will not be able to complete the required responses
C. Questionnaires may lack depth of answers from participants.
D. Some will not be able to return the questionnaire on time.

5. What data collection method involves tracking of changes during specified time period?
A. Questionnaire B. Observation C. Interview D. Test

6. Which of the following is defined as an action that the researcher will do to obtain appropriate
data?
A. Data Interpretation B. Data Manipulation C. Data Collection D. Data Analysis
5
7. The following are guidelines before conducting an interview, EXCEPT
A. Check if your recording device worked well throughout the interview.
B. Choose a comfortable venue with the least amount of distractions.
C. Prepare and rehearse your interview guide.
D. Decide on the duration of the interview.

8. Participant observation can be performed covertly. What does it imply?

A. Participants are not aware of the purpose of the observation.
B. Participants are aware of the purpose of the observation.
C. Participants are unmindful of the result of the research.
D. Participants are aware of the result of the research.

9. A type of questions that requires participants to retrieve information from memory.

A. Recall Questions B. Recognition Questions
C. Open-ended Questions D. Dichotomous

10. A data collection method that allows the researcher to observe the actual event or phenomenon.
A. Questionnaire B. Observation C. Interview D. Test

6
 Answer Sheet

Name: __________________________________________________________
Grade & Section: ________________ Score: _______

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Quarter 2 – Module 4

Lesson 1: What’s More

1)

2)

3)

4)

Lesson 2: What’s More

1)
2)
3)
4)

Lesson 3: What’s More

1)

Assessment
1) 2)
3) 4)
5) 6)
7) 8)
9) 10)

“Trust in the Lord with all of your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways submit to him, and he will make
your paths straight.”
Proverbs 3:5-6
Congratulations! You made it! 😊 Keep it up!

7
 Answer Key

5. B 10. B
4. A 9. A
3. C 8. A
2. A 7. A Answer may vary
1. C 6. C What’s More
Assessment Lesson 3

4. True
3. False
2. False
1. True
What’s More
Lesson 2

4. Answers may vary

3. Answers may vary
2. Answers may vary
1. Answers may vary
What’s More
Lesson 1

Quarter 2 - Module 4

References

Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing,
Inc., 2017.

Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. Asia: Mc-
Graw Hill Companies, Inc., 2006.

Fraenkel, Jack R. and Wallen, Norman E. 2020. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. 6th
ed., McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Accessed June 3, 2020. https://bit.ly/3eBIVrs