“SECTION – A”

THEME – 1: GEOMORPHOLOGY

TOPIC -1 Physical Conditions of the Earth’s Interior;

1. Bring out the relevance of seismic study in determining the structure of the interior of the earth.
15 Marks <2010>

S
TOPIC -2 Fundamentals of Geomagnetism;

IA
1. Write short notes on Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism. 10 Marks <2011>

E
TOPIC -3 Origin and Evolution of the Earth’s crust; Continental Drift; Plate Tectonics;

C
1. The concept of Plate tectonics has been derived from the Isostasy and continental drift theory.
Elaborate citing suitable examples. 20 Marks <2021>

N
2. Write an essay on the evolution of continents and oceans using various theories and models.

A
20 Marks <2020>

D
3. Compare and contrast different types of plate boundaries. 15 Marks <2019>

I
4. Write short notes on the Impact of Pleistocene Ice Age on the crust of Earth. 10 Marks <2013>

U
5. “Offshore Acoustic study helped the development of the concept of sea floor spreading.” Explain.

G
20 Marks <2013>
6. Write short notes on Paleozoic glacial evidence for Continental Drift. 10 Marks <2012>

TOPIC -4 Isostasy;
1. Explain the concept of Isostasy as postulated by Airy and Pratt. 20 Marks <2011>

TOPIC -5 Endogenetic and Exogenetic Forces;

1. Attempt a classification of geomorphic processes from zonal point of view. 10 Marks <2015>
2. Explain weathering and mass wasting, and describe their geomorphic significance. 20 Marks <2014>
3. Name the climatically controlled agents of erosion. Explain how they differ in terms of properties of
matter. Compare the landforms produced by each one of them. 20 Marks <2011>
4. “Weathering is a complex phenomenon involving a number of processes and is influenced by various
factors.” Elaborate. 15 Marks <2010>

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TOPIC -6 Geosynclines;

TOPIC -7 Recent views on Mountain Building;

1. With the help of suitable sketches describe the mountain genesis and mountain types. Give suitable
examples from various mountain system of the world. 15 Marks <2022>
2. Evaluate how far Kober’s geosynclinal theory explains the mountain building process.
20 Marks <2018>
3. State the concept of plate tectonics. How does it help in explaining the formation of the Himalayas

S
and Appalachian Mountains? 20 Marks <2014>

I A
TOPIC -8 Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis;

E
1. Describe the phreatic eruptions and their consequences. 10 Marks <2019>
2. Discuss the methods of measuring the intensity and magnitude of earthquakes. How are seismic

C
zones demarcated? 20 Marks <2019>

N
3. Write a note on pseudovolcanic features. 10 Marks <2017>

D A
TOPIC -9 Concepts of Geomorphic Cycles and Landscape Development;

I
1. Discuss the role of Slope, Altitude and Relief (SAR) in landscape development. Marks 15 <2022>

U
2. Define ‘speleothem’. Discuss the various forms and features of speleothems. 10 Marks <2022>

G
3. Describe the concept of ‘Altiplanation’. 10 Marks <2021>
4. How are sandspits and tombolos formed? 10 Marks <2019>
5. Discuss the concept of Periglacial cycle as propounded by Peltier. 20 Marks <2017>
6. “In explaining the concept of ‘Pediplanation’, King combined the ideas of Davis, Penck and Wood with
his own.” Elaborate. 20 Marks <2016>
7. Describe the “Basket of eggs topography”. 10 Marks <2016>
8. Discuss the contributions of the American School of Subaerial Denudation in geomorphology.
20 Marks <2015>
9. “Present-day landforms bear more complexity than simplicity.” Elucidate. 15 Marks <2015>
10. Define the term ‘meander’ and describe the basic characteristics of entrenched meander and
ingrown meander. 10 Marks <2014>
11. Write short notes on differences between Normal cycle and Arid cycle of Davis. 10 Marks <2013>
12. What is ‘Base level’? Explain types of base level. 15 Marks <2013>
13. Explain the characteristics of the standard epigene cycle of erosion. 20 Marks <2012>
14. Write short notes on Systems approach to landform analysis. 10 Marks <2012>

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15. Write short notes on Essential conditions for the development of karst topography. 10 Marks <2010>
16. Highlight the geomorphic features essentially found in topographies under the Second Cycle of
Erosion. 15 Marks <2009>

TOPIC -10 Erosion Surfaces; Denudation Chronology;

1. Discuss the problems of erosion surfaces and explain the different methods to identify them with
suitable diagrams. 20 Marks <2020>
2. State the concept of erosion surfaces and highlight the factors responsible for their development.
15 Marks <2014>

A S
I
TOPIC -11 Slope Development;
1. “The knowledge of slope analysis has limited field application in the slope management.” Explain.

E
15 Marks <2017>

C
2. Explain how Bosche and Haldenhang lead to the Theory of Slope Replacement. 20 Marks <2012>

N
3. Discuss views on slope development provided by L.C. King. 15 Marks <2009>

A
TOPIC -12 Channel Morphology;

I D
1. Stream basins and drainage divides are important components to delineate a watershed area.
Explain. 15 Marks <2021>

U
2. “Climate, slope gradient and rock structure influence the avulsion of channels.” Explain.

G
15 Marks <2017>
3. Explain with examples as to how channel dynamics has been responsible for the development of
alluvial fans and cones. 15 Marks <2015>

TOPIC -13 Factors Controlling Landform Development;

1. “Landscape is a function of structure, process and stage.” Critique the statement. 10 Marks <2018>
2. “Geological structure has a dominant control on landforms and is reflected on them.” Discuss.
15 Marks <2016>

TOPIC -14 Applied Geomorphology: Geohydrology, Economic Geology and Environment;

1. Explain how various aspects of channel morphology are used in transportation settlement and land
use planning, flood control and flood management? 15 Marks <2022>
2. Why is mapping important for analysing geo-hydrological investigations? 10 Marks <2020>

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 THEME – 2: CLIMATOLOGY

TOPIC -1 Temperature and Pressure Belts of the World; Heat Budget of the Earth;
Atmospheric Stability and Instability; Atmospheric Circulation;
1. Describe how short tern variations in temperature are related to the processes of receiving energy
from the sun to the Earth’s surface and dissipating it to the atmosphere. 15 Marks <2022>
2. Discuss in detail the tri-cellular model of atmospheric circulation. 20 Marks <2019>
3. Discuss the forces which govern the air movement on the Earth’s surface. 20 Marks <2017>

S
4. Differentiate between insolation and temperature and explain anomalous temperature.

I A
10 Marks <2016>
5. Explain the meridional circulation of the atmosphere and its importance in world climate.

E
15 Marks <2015>

C
6. Write short notes on Inversion of temperature. 10 Marks <2010>
7. Write short notes on Tropical atmospheric instability. 10 Marks <2009>

TOPIC -2 Planetary and Local Winds;

A N
I D
1. Write a geographical note on Halloween Storm. 10 Marks <2020> (ambiguity is there regarding this
question, it can also be a geomorphology related question if geomagnetic storm meaning is assigned

U
to Halloween Storm)

G
2. Discuss the salient features of ‘sirocco’ and ‘mistral’. 10 Marks <2014>
3. With suitable examples, bring out the impact of local winds on the climate of an area.
20 Marks <2013>

TOPIC -3 Monsoons and Jet Streams;

1. Explain how various factors influence the origin and development of the Indian monsoon system.
20 Marks <2020>
2. Explain the origin, progress and retreat of Indian monsoon and discuss its impact on the Indian
economy. 20 Marks <2018>
3. Discuss the nature and origin of Indian monsoon and recent techniques of its prediction.
20 Marks <2014>
4. Write short notes on Rossby waves and Jet Stream. 10 Marks <2011>

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TOPIC -4 Air Masses and Frontogenesis,
1. With suitable examples describe the impacts of movement of airmasses on weather and winds in
different parts of the continents. 15 Marks <2022>
2. What are the important factors responsible for airmass modifications? 10 Marks <2021>
3. Explain the characteristic features of Frontogenesis and Frontolysis. 15 Marks <2020>
4. Discuss as to how frontogenesis contributes to weather instability. 10 Marks <2015>
5. Classify airmasses and explain how ‘cP’ airmass affects global climate. 20 Marks <2012>

S
TOPIC -5 Types and Distribution of Precipitation;

A
1. Examine major influencing factors for varied patterns of precipitations on the continents.

I
20 Marks <2021>

E
2. Discuss Dew point and the various forms of condensation. 15 Marks <2013>
3. Give an account of global distribution of precipitation. 20 Marks <2011>

C
4. Examine the various kinds of atmospheric humidity and their associated forms. 20 Marks <2010>

A
TOPIC -6 Temperate and Tropical Cyclones;
N
I D
1. Compare the origin and weather conditions associated with the tropical and temperate cyclones.
15 Marks <2016>

U
2. Describe the origin and development of thunderstorms with examples. 15 Marks <2014>

G
3. Compare and contrast tropical cyclone and temperate cyclone. 10 Marks <2012>
4. What is polar front and how does cyclone develop along this front? Describe the weather conditions
associated with it. 20 Marks <2010>

TOPIC -7 Hydrological Cycle;

1. Explain the role of evaporation in the hydrological cycle. 10 Marks <2018>

TOPIC -8 Koppen’s, Thornthwaite’s and Trewartha’s Classification of World Climates;

1. Explain the techniques to calculate potential evapotranspiration suggested by Thornthwaite.
10 Marks <2019>
2. Critically examine the basis and scheme of climatic classification proposed by G.T. Trewartha.
15 Marks <2018>
3. Discuss the basis of Koppen’s climatic classification. Bring out the salient characteristics of ‘Cs’ type of
climate. 20 Marks <2015>
4. What is potential evapotranspiration? Explain how it is used in assessing the water balance in an
area. 15 Marks <2015>

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TOPIC -9 Weather and Climate; Global Climatic Change and role and response of man in
Climatic Changes;
1. Rise of surface temperature brings severe consequences. Elaborate the potential changes and threats
associated with it in the world. 20 Marks <2022>
2. Explaining the concept of carbon neutrality, describe the measures taken by carbon positive and
negative nations. 15 Marks <2021>
3. “Climate Change is a reality.” Explain with suitable examples. 20 Marks <2017>
4. Give a reasoned account on how the impact of Global Warming differs from one part of the Earth to
the other. 15 Marks <2016>

S
5. Discuss the significance of World Climate Research Programme and its core projects in the

A
understanding of climate change. 20 Marks <2016>

I
6. Write about Impact of Cryosphere on global climate. 15 Marks <2012>

E
7. “Contemporary global climate change is an anthropogenic phenomenon.” Discuss. 20 Marks <2011>

C
8. Explain the factors contributing to the global climate change. 15 Marks <2009>
9. 4. Discuss the consequences of Climate Change on agriculture and food security, and on the Coastal

N
Zones of the World. 15 Marks <2009>

D A
TOPIC -10 Applied Climatology and Urban Climate.

I
1. Explain the nature of urban climates and their impact on global environmental change.

U
15 Marks <2019>

G
2. How does Climate Change affect urban areas? 15 Marks <2009>

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 THEME – 3: OCEANOGRAPHY

TOPIC-1: Bottom topography of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans;

1. Give a detailed account of bottom topography of the Pacific Ocean. 15 Marks <2021>
2. Describe the configuration of the Pacific Ocean Floor. 15 Marks <2017>
3. Explain the scientifically sound methods of bathymetry and give an account of the bottom
topography of the Atlantic Ocean20 Marks <2010>

TOPIC-2 Temperature and salinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets;

A S
I
1. Discuss the hazards associated with rise of sea-surface temperature. 10 Marks <2021>

E
2. Write short notes on Different layers of ocean water above abyssal plain. 10 Marks <2012>
3. Write short notes on Salinity patterns in Indian Ocean. 10 Marks <2011>

C
4. Temperature, salinity and density differences in ocean water are the prime causes of ocean water

N
circulation. Elaborate. 20 Marks <2011>

A
5. Comment on marine heat budget and the oceanic circulation system. 15 Marks <2009>

I
TOPIC-3 Ocean deposits;
D
U
1. Describe the characteristics of different types of pelagic deposits. 10 Marks <2015>

G
2. Write short notes on Ocean deposits. 10 Marks <2010>
3. Discuss the different bases for classifying the ocean deposits and give a detailed account of pelagic
deposits of the oceans. 20 Marks <2007>

TOPIC-4 Marine resources: biotic, mineral and energy resources;

1. Marine resources are economically very significant. Discus citing suitable examples. 10 Marks <2020>
2. Describe the potential marine energy resources with reference to their benefits, harvestability,
environmental impacts. 20 Marks <2018>
3. Bring out the various ecological problems associated with the exploitation and use of oceans and
their resources. 20 Marks <2016>
4. Analyse the reasons for a comparatively poorer development of fishing grounds in tropical areas.
15 Marks <2013>
5. Examine economic significance of the resources of the Continental Shelf of the Indian Ocean.
15 Marks <2009>

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TOPIC-5 Waves, currents and tides;
1. What is the relationship between ocean currents and global surface wind systems? Explain with
examples how does the gyre in the Northern Hemisphere differ from the one in the Southern
Hemisphere. 15 Marks <2022>
2. Explain the currents of the North Atlantic Ocean and their significant role in the climate of Western
Europe. 15 Marks <2020>
3. How are ocean waves formed? Distinguish between a wave of oscillation and wave of translation.
15 Marks <2019>
4. Distinguish between low energy coasts and coral coasts. 10 Marks <2017>

S
5. Discuss the impacts of ocean currents on air mass behaviour. 10 Marks <2017>

A
6. “The relationship between the winds and the currents is best seen in the Indian Ocean.” Justify.

I
15 Marks <2016>

E
7. Illustrate the origin and nature of Sargasso Sea and Lagoon. 10 Marks <2014>
8. Differentiate Storm Surges and Seiches. 10 Marks <2013>

TOPIC-6 Coral reefs, coral bleaching;

N C
A
1. When corals are affected by stress it causes them to turn completely white. Explain the reasons of

D
such an occurrence. 10 Marks <2020>

I
2. Discuss the concept of coral bleaching, its recovery and macro-algal regime shifts due to this process.

U
15 Marks <2020>

G
3. Give an account of recent observations on coral bleaching with reference to Clive Wilkinson’s Report.
15 Marks <2014>
4. Compare the Subsidence and Glacial control theories on the formation of coral reefs.
20 Marks <2013>
5. “Atolls present the most challenging explanation in the evolution of coral reefs.” Discuss.
15 Marks <2012>

TOPIC-7 Sea-level changes;

1. Describe the causes and consequences of sea level changes. 10 Marks <2018>

TOPIC-8 law of the sea and marine pollution

1 Maritime security is being neglected. Indicate the major challenges and suggest solutions in the
context of Law of the Sea. 15 Marks <2021>
2 Discuss Maritime Zones. 10 Marks <2016>
3 Give a critical account of reasons and consequences of marine pollution. 15 Marks <2014>

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 THEME – 4: BIOGEOGRAPHY

TOPIC-1 Genesis of soils; Soil profile;

1. Well-developed soils typically exhibit district layers in their soil profile. Elaborate. 10 Marks <2022>
2. How are soil acidity and soil alkalinity related to soil fertility? 15 Marks <2019>

TOPIC-2 Classification and distribution of soils;

1. Distinguish between intrazonal and azonal soils. Describe in brief the characteristics and importance

S
of azonal soils. 10 Marks <2018>

A
3. Distinguish between the characteristics of Chernozem and Seirozem soils. 15 Marks <2017>

I
4. Classify soils based on their zonal distribution and describe the characteristics of pedocals.
15 Marks <2015>

E
5. Write short notes on Soil profile in Zonal and Azonal soils. 10 Marks <2011>

C
6. Write short notes on Zonal and Azonal soils. 10 Marks <2009>

N
TOPIC-3 Soil erosion, Degradation and conservation;

A
1. Soil erosion and soil degradation are threat to food supply. Discuss. 15 Marks <2021>

I D
2. “Land degradation is a threat to productivity and sustainable resource management.” Explain with
suitable examples from India. 15 Marks <2020>

1.

G U
TOPIC-4 Factors influencing world distribution of plants and animals; Wild life;
Plants and animals that exist in a particular ecosystem are those that have been successful in
adjusting to their habitat and environmental conditions. Elucidate with examples. 20 Marks <2022>
2. Which factors influence the growth of wild plants in India? Discuss their economic significance.
10 Marks <2020>
3. Land use/Land cover and soil types influence forage quantity and quality in semi-arid regions of the
world. Discuss with relevant examples. 15 Marks <2020>
4. Amensalism is a biotic factor that determines the geographic limits of the species. Explain.
10 Marks <2019>
5. Give a classification of plants based on the amount of water requirement. 15 Marks <2017>
6. Describe the characteristics of biological deserts. 10 Marks <2017>
7. Bring out the ecological significance of Tropical Rainforest Biome. 10 Marks <2016>
8. Describe Newbigin’s scheme of Floristic regions of the world and explain the Mediterranean Floristic
Region. 15 Marks <2016>
9. State the uniqueness of the Eurasian Steppe Biome. 10 Marks <2014>
10. Define zoogeographic region. Also describe the basic faunal makeup of the Neo-Arctic zoogeographic
region. 15 Marks <2014>

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11. Write short notes on the Types of endemic plants and their degree of vulnerability to extinction.
10 Marks <2013>
12. Bring out the relationship between climate and vegetation in the mountain biome. 15 Marks <2013>
13. Write short notes on the Uniqueness of fauna in the Notogean realm. 10 Marks <2013>
14. Write about Adaptation and distribution of animals in the Ethiopian realm. 15 Marks <2012>
15. Define the term biome. List the terrestrial biomes and describe the characteristics of Savanna biome.
20 Marks <2011>
16. Write short notes on Floristic kingdoms, based on their global distribution. 15 Marks <2010>
17. Give a brief account of the principal land biomes and their latitudinal distribution. 15 Marks <2009>

TOPIC-5 Problems of deforestation and conservation measures; Social forestry; agro-

A S
I
forestry;
1. Explain the effects and causes of deforestation, and its impact on the pattern of agriculture in India.

E
15 Marks <2020>

C
2. Discuss the causes of degradation of tropical rainforests and suggest remedial measures for their
prevention, conservation and development. 15 Marks <2018>

TOPIC-6 Major gene pool centers.

A N
D
1. Gene pool centers are ‘Good Hope’ for biodiversity conservation. Elucidate. 10 Marks <2021>

UI
G

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 THEME – 5: ENVIORNMENT
TOPIC-1 Principle of Ecology;
1. “Human ecology is the study of mutual relationship of people and their environment both natural
and social.” Discuss in detail using ecological concepts. 15 Marks <2020>
2. Explain the characteristics of ecological succession. 10 Marks <2015>
3. Give an account of the nature of biosphere as an ecosystem. 10 Marks <2014>
4. Give an account of the structure of ecosystem and describe its functional aspects. 20 Marks <2010>

S
TOPIC-2 Human Ecological Adaptations;

I A
1. With suitable examples, elaborate human ecological adaptations. Explain its impacts on ecology and
environment in various parts of the world. 20 Marks <2021>

E
2. Explain the different stages of ecological adaptation of man and bring out the changing balance
between man and development. 20 Marks <2015>

N C
TOPIC-3 Influence of man on Ecology and Environment; Global and Regional Ecological

A
Changes and Imbalances;

D
1. Write a critical note on the tendency of “use and throw” in the context of economic status and

I
environment. 15 Marks <2016>

U
2. “Food productivity with purity of ecosystem is the need of the hour.” Elaborate. 15 Marks <2014>

G
3. Write about Programmes initiated by the International Council of Science on Earth System studies.
20 Marks <2012>
4. Write short notes on Major components of IGBP. 10 Marks <2012>

TOPIC-4 Ecosystem their Management and Conservation; Environmental Degradation,

Management and Conservation;
1. What is pollution dome? Discuss its formation and impacts. 10 Marks <2022>
2. Sequential changes inland use and land cover have brought global and regional ecological changes
and imbalances. Elucidate. 20 Marks <2022>
3. Describe how ecosystem services of Himalaya are essential for Highland-Lowland sustainability in
Asia. 10 Marks <2021>
4. How do mountaineers constitute a threat to Mount Everest? 10 Marks <2019>
5. “The web of life is seamless and the consequences of disruption to one part of the ecosystem ripple
through the whole”. Elaborate. 15 Marks <2019>
6. Explain the ecosystem approach to environmental management and highlight its advantages and
disadvantages. 15 Marks <2018>

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7. Explain the concept of micro carbon sink and its relevance. 10 Marks <2017>
8. Discuss the Perception, Attitude, Value and Emotion (PAVE) Theory of environmental management.
15 Marks <2017>
9. Enumerate the major causes of increasing degradation of environment in hills and hillslopes, and
state its down-valley impact. 15 Marks <2014>
10. What are the characteristics that make CHC a serious threat to the ecosystem? Give examples.
15 Marks <2013>
11. Discuss how different types of mining lead to different types of environmental problems.
15 Marks <2012>

S
12. Write short notes on Marine Ecosystem. 10 Marks <2011>

TOPIC-5 Biodiversity and Sustainable Development;

I A
E
1. Why is it necessary to conserve genetic diversity of species? Do protected areas serve any useful
purpose in this context? 20 Marks <2019>

C
2. Discuss the methods of conserving biodiversity for sustainable development. 15 Marks <2015>

A N
TOPIC-6 Environmental Hazards and Remedial Measures;

I D
1. What are the high altitude environmental hazards? Explain with suitable examples. 15 Marks <2022>
2. Indicating the causes of lightning, describe the threats associated with it. 15 Marks <2021>

U
3. Discuss the human response to and management of hazards and disasters in India. 15 Marks <2020>

G
4. The impact of floods on life and property can be most effectively reduced by hazard mapping.
Comment. 15 Marks <2019>
5. Explain the natural and anthropogenic causes and mitigation measures of frequent flooding in
Mumbai. 10 Marks <2018>
6. “Geomorphological changes are largely responsible for environmental hazards in the Himalayan
region.” Comment with relevant examples. 15 Marks <2018>
7. Explain the hydro- meteorological hazards in the Himalayas. 10 Marks <2016>
8. Explain the levels of Noise pollution and the legislative measures to control it. 15 Marks <2013>

TOPIC-7 Environmental Policy; Environmental Education and Legislation.

1. “Controlling population growth is the sustainable solution to environmental problems.” Express your
views with suitable arguments. 15 Marks <2018>
2. Discuss the objectives and principles of environmental education. Describe the basic concerns of
formal and non-formal environmental education in India. 15 Marks <2018>
3. Comment on the impact of environmental education on quality of life. 10 Marks <2015>

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 “SECTION – B”
THEME – 6: POPULATION

Topic-1: Growth and distribution of world population; demographic attributes; world

population problems and policies;
1. Ageing population has adverse social and economic consequences. Explain with examples.
15 Marks <2021>

S
2. Explain the relationship between net reproductive rate (NRR) and true replacement level of

I A
population. 10 Marks <2019>
3. Assess the challenges for countries with largest shares of aged populations. 15 Marks <2019>

E
4. Citing examples from Asia and Europe, comment upon the contexts within which pronatalist

C
population policies advanced. What could be the implications of these policies on women’s

N
workforce participation? 15 Marks <2018>

A
5. “There are considerable demographic similarities between West European nations and Japan.”
Explain. 15 marks <2017>

I D
6. Describe the regional pattern of Life Expectancy in the world and bring out the challenges faced by
developing countries due to increasing life expectancy. 20 Marks <2016>

U
7. What is Geriatrics? What are the problems associated with Geriatric population? 20 Marks <2013>

G
8. Write short notes on Similarities in the population distribution of southern continents and reasons for
the same. 10 Marks <2012>
9. Write short notes on Status of infant mortality rate in the world. 10 Marks <2012>
10. Discuss the impact of changing fertility ratio on world population distribution. 15 Marks <2012>
11. “Huge populations of developing countries are not a curse. These may be and also are an asset, if
situations are properly managed.” Elaborate on this assertion. 20 Marks <2010>

Topic-2: Concepts of over, under-and optimum population; Population theories;

1. Provide an account of world population transition in the context of fertility decline and socio-
economic development. 15 Marks <2020>
2. Compare and contrast the Malthusian and Neo-Malthusian perspectives in the context of population
growth, resource use and environmental impact. 20 Marks <2020>
3. Write short explanatory notes on Optimum population. 10 Marks <2010>

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Topic-3: Causes and consequences of migration;
1. How migration is affected by push and pull factors? Explain how these factors play a role in
understanding new settlement patterns.
2. Distinguish between mobility and migration. What are the causes and consequences of rural to urban
migration in India? 10 Marks <2020>
3. What do you mean by ‘climate migrants’? Suggest appropriate policies and programmes for their
resettlement. 15 Marks <2019>
4. Examine the causes and consequences of forced migration of population in the present context.

S
15 Marks <2017>

A
5. Discuss the application of Gravity model in Geographical studies. 10 Marks <2016>

I
6. Critically examine the theories on population migration. 15 Marks <2015>

E
7. Write short notes on Impact of migration on urban demography. 10 Marks <2012>

N C
Topic-4: Social wellbeing and quality of life; Population as social capital.

A
1. Define the quality of life and explain its parameters with adequate examples. 15 Marks <2017>

D
2. Explain the concept of social capital in relation to India. 15 Marks <2017>

UI
“NOTE: For Every Theme, a detailed Topic wise Question Categorization will
be given, as shown above.”

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 THEME – 7: PERSPECTIVES IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

TOPIC – 1 Contributions to the development of geographical thought (not mentioned

directly in the present syllabus);

TOPIC – 2 Dichotomy and dualism; Environmentalism;

1. Discuss the relevance of ‘Stop and Go Determinism’ in the present-day context. 15 Marks <2016>

S
2. “There is a rejuvenation of environmentalism as a paradigm in geographical studies.” Comment.
20 Marks <2015>

I A
3. “Ellen Churchill Semple is an ardent supporter of Determinism”. Explain. 10 Marks <2013>
4. Write short explanatory notes on Neo-determinism. 10 Marks <2010>

TOPIC – 3 Areal differentiation; regional synthesis;

CE
N
1. “Areal differentiation has provided the theoretical justification for studying ‘regions’ and ‘regional

A
geography’.” Comment. 20 Marks <2018>

D
2. “Areal differentiation forms the core theme in geography.” Explain. 10 Marks <2016>

I
3. “Regional synthesis is the crux of geographical studies.” Elaborate. 20 Marks <2015>

U
4. Critically examine the changing perspectives on the concept of areal differentiation. 15 Marks <2010>

2.
G
TOPIC – 4 Quantitative revolution and locational analysis;
1. Critically examine the significance of the Quantitative Revolution and its influences in the
development of Geography. (Marks 15) <2022>
Discuss critically the manner in which quantitative revolution provided the methodological
foundation for models and modelling in geography. 15 Marks <2018>
3. Trace the origin and progress of Quantitative Revolution in Geography and bring out its merits and
demerits. 20 Marks <2016>
4. ‘Quantitative Revolution and model building provided an empirical basis for geographical research’-
Elaborate. 15 Marks <2009>

TOPIC – 5 Radical, behavioural, human and welfare approaches;

1. Why radicalism seen as a major paradigm shift in geography? Explain its causes, approaches and
criticism. 20 Marks <2021>
2. Elaborate upon the influence of Marxist philosophy on geographical research, outline the key themes
addressed by Marxist geographers since the 1970’s. 15 Marks <2018>

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3. Provide a brief outline of ideas related to “sense of place” as propounded by Yi- Fu Tuan and Relph in
the humanistic geography that emerged in the 1970’s. 15 Marks <2018>
4. Comment upon the contributions of D.M. Smith in outlining ‘welfare’ as a key focus in the
geographies of social well-being. 15 Marks <2018>
5. “Welfare geography emphasizes spatial inequality and territorial justice”. Comment with reference
the main ideas and scope of the subfield. 20 Marks <2018>
6. Discuss the contemporary paradigms of Geography. 20 Marks <2017>
7. Discuss the approaches to the study of behavioural geography. 15 Marks <2015>
8. “The welfare face of geography makes it an inter-disciplinary subject.” Elaborate. 10 Marks <2015>

S
9. Discuss the contribution of geographers in the development of radical geography. 15 Marks <2014>

I A
10. Elaborate the concept of mental map. 10 Marks <2014>
11. Write short explanatory notes on Welfare Approach in Human Geography. 10 Marks <2011>

CE
TOPIC – 6 Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world;

N
1. “Culture is a dynamic concept”. Elucidate with examples. 20 Marks <2022>

A
2. Analyse the effects of Globalisation on languages. 10 Marks <2022>

D
3. Globalisation can often subsume folk culture. What are its positive and negative effects? 15 Marks

I
<2019>
4. “A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other location through the migration of its

U
speakers.” Examine this statement in the context of language hot spots and endangered language hot

G
spots. 10 Marks <2019>
5. “The traditional cultural identities are at loss with the growth of global connectivity.” Explain.
10 Marks <2017>
6. “Cultural regions are most suited units to study the diversity of an area.” Comment. 15 Marks <2015>
7. “Indo-Gangetic hearth is considered to be one of the world’s richest cultural realms.” Examine.
15 Marks <2014>
8. Write short explanatory notes on Occidental cultural realm. 10 Marks <2010>
9. Provide a broad classification of world cultural regions. 20 Marks <2009>

TOPIC – 7 Human Development Index:

1. HDI has brought about a paradigm shift in the way people think about the development process.
Critically examine the inherent limitations of HDI. 20 Marks <2019>
2. Explain the parameters for assessment and the spatial pattern of Human Development Index in the
World. 15 Marks <2013>
3. Critically examine the method of deriving Human Development Index. 20 Marks <2010>

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TOPIC – 8 Miscellaneous
1. The interrelationships between social and spatial structure are complex. Explain in the context of
socio-spatial dialectic. 10 Marks <2021>
2. Explain the concept of Time – Geography. 10 Marks <2017>

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 THEME - 8: ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY

TOPIC – 1 World economic development: measurement and problems;

1. Explain in detail the impact of regional disparities on economic development. (Marks 15) <2022>
2. Write an essay on gender equity and equality in India in the context of balanced human
development. 15 Marks <2020>

S
TOPIC – 2 World resources and their distribution;

IA
1. Discuss the environmental and economic problems associated with coal production.
15 Marks <2014>
3. “World is passing through a global resource dilemma.” Comment. 15 Marks <2014>

E
4. Write short notes on role of Venezuela in the production and the export of oil. 10 Marks <2013>

TOPIC – 3 Energy Crisis;

N C
A
1. How is energy transition seen as an instrument for achieving zero carbon by 2050? 10 Marks <2021>

D
2. Identify the causes and effects of energy crisis, and suggest suitable measures to solve the problem.

I
10 Marks <2020>

U
3. “The intensity of energy crisis varies regionally.” Explain. 15 Marks <2017>

G
4. “Energy mix is a step towards sustainability.” Discuss. 10 Marks <2015>
5. Write short notes on the countries most affected in case of shutdown of Nuclear power.
10 Marks <2013>

TOPIC – 4 The limits to growth;

1. Discuss in brief the main thesis in “Limits to Growth” (1972) and also provide a critique of the same.
15 Marks <2018>
2. Write short notes on ‘Limits to Growth’ model. 10 Marks <2009>

TOPIC – 5 World agriculture: agricultural inputs and productivity; Typology of

agricultural regions;
1. Protected cultivation assists in healthier and a large produce. Justify with examples. 10 Marks <2021>
2. “Whittlesey’s agricultural regions are relevant even today.” Discuss. 10 Marks <2017>
3. Elaborate the idea of ‘Compage’. 10 Marks <2016>
4. Write about impact of failure of Monsoon on Gujarat Agro-climatic zone. 15 Marks <2012>

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5. Mention the agricultural regions as classified by Whittlesey and discuss their relevance.
20 Marks <2011>

TOPIC – 6 Food and nutrition problems; Food security; famine: causes, effects and
remedies;
1. Describe the role of accessibility and affordability in food security of developing world.
15 Marks <2021>
2. Analyse India’s food security in the context of population growth. 10 Marks <2020>
3. Define stunting and wasting. Why are these more prevalent among children in developing countries?

S
10 Marks <2019>

IA
4. “Famine is a social phenomenon rooted in institutional and political economic arrangements, which
determine access to food by different classes and strata.” Comment. 20 Marks <2018>

E
5. “Man-induced famines are becoming more common than nature induced ones.” Comment.
15 Marks <2015>

C
6. Give an account of food security issues in developing countries. 10 Marks <2014>

N
7. Write short explanatory notes on Population and Food Security. 10 Marks <2011>

A
8. “Famine, to considerable extent, is a man-made hazard.” Elaborate. 15 Marks <2010>

D
9. Provide a geographical account of global production and distribution of food. 20 Marks <2009>

UI
TOPIC – 7 World industries: locational patterns and problems;

G
1. Analyse the dynamics of industrial location in the metropolitan cities of India. 15 Marks <2020>
2. “A large-scale global shift in manufacturing is the outcome of deindustrialization in the developed
world matched by industrialization in the developing world.” Analyse this statement. 15 Marks
<2019>
3. Discuss the degree of importance of transportation costs as a factor of industrial location with
respect to “footloose industries”. 10 Marks <2018>
4. Write about Locational significance of Rotterdam in European economy. 15 Marks <2012>
5. Write short notes on Problems faced by industries which developed due to inertia. 10 Marks <2012>

TOPIC – 8 Patterns of world trade.

1. “Shifting global trade patterns create new opportunities”. Examine this statement. 10 Marks <2022>
2. “Automation is rapidly changing the economies of labour and will affect trade pattern in significant
ways”. Clarity. (Marks 15) <2022>
3. “Linkages between resources endowed regions and resource utilizing regions determine the pattern
of international trade.” Elaborate with suitable examples. 15 Marks <2016>
4. Analyse the causes for changes in the pattern of World trade. 20 Marks <2013>

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5. Discuss the changing pattern of production and export of Coffee in the world. 10 Marks <2013>
6. Discuss the role of World Trade Organization in determining the pattern of world trade.
15 Marks <2010>

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 THEME – 9: SETTLEMENT GEOGRAPHY

TOPIC – 1 Types and patterns of rural settlements; Environmental issues in rural

settlements;
1. Discuss the role of site in determining the types and patterns of rural settlements. 15 Marks <2016>

TOPIC – 2 Hierarchy of urban settlements; urban morphology: Concepts of primate city

and rank-size rule; Functional classification of towns;
1.

A S
Discuss the concept of ‘Rank-Size-Rule’ given by G.K. Zipf. Is this rule relevant in Indian

I
context? 15 Marks <2022>
2. Small numbers of mega cities are playing a key role in organisation of global economics and culture.

E
Explain. 15 Marks <2021>

C
3. Explain the concepts of “megapolis” and “exopolis” with regard to the growth of cities indicating
whether the two can and do overlap. 10 Marks <2018>

N
4. Discuss the major characteristics of ‘CBD’. 10 Marks <2016>

A
5. Discuss Nelson’s method of functional classification of towns. 10 Marks <2015>

I D
6. “Urban Geography is nothing but city “in” area and city “as” area.” Elaborate. 20 Marks <2013>
7. Write short notes on Relevance of distance decay principle in Indian cities. 10 Marks <2012>

U
8. Evaluate the various models on population density distribution in urban centers. 20 Marks <2012>

G
9. Bring out the sequential improvements in models of city structure by E.W. Burgess, Homer Hoyt, and
Harris and Ullman. 20 Marks <2010>
10. Elaborate the concept of Megapolis and discuss the characteristics and problems related to such
regions selecting one each from North America and Europe. 20 Marks <2009>

TOPIC – 3 Sphere of urban influence; Rural - urban fringe; Satellite towns;

1. Examine the morphological factors that influence the origin and growth of towns. 10 Marks <2022>
2. Explain the qualitative and quantitative methods of delineation of the sphere of urban influence.
20 Marks <2014>
3. Write short notes on the Misra’s theoretical stages of Rural- Urban process. 10 Marks <2013>
4. Write short explanatory notes on Secondary cities in the context of urbanization in developing world.
10 Marks <2011>

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TOPIC – 4 Problems and remedies of urbanization; Sustainable development of cities.
1. “Overcrowding leads to chronic problem of shortage of housing in Indian cities”. Explain
citing relevant examples. 15 Marks <2022>
2. Discuss the problems associated with the living environment in million plus cities in India. How can
these be managed? 10 Marks <2020>
3. Discuss the concept of urban resilience in the context of planning for sustainable development with
reference to towns and cities of India. 20 Marks <2020>
4. What changes in the current planning, management and governance of the human settlements are
needed to face the changing environment including climate change and disaster vulnerabilities in

S
cities? 20 Marks <2019>

A
5. Discuss the factors responsible for counter urbanization. 10 Marks <2014>

I
6. “Urban Solid Waste Management poses the greatest challenge in metropolitan planning”. Elaborate.
20 Marks <2013>

E
7. “Though 70% of Indian population is rural, urban planning is crucial to the development of India.”

C
Discuss. 15 Marks <2012>

N
8. Write about Regional shifts in the world urbanization after 1950 and the varied characteristics of
urban process. 20 Marks <2012>

A
9. “Colonial forces resulted in the primate pattern of urban process in most Southeast Asian countries.”

D
Discuss. 20 Marks <2012>

UI
G

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 THEME – 10: MODELS, THEORIES AND
LAWS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

TOPIC – 1 Systems analysis in Human geography;

1. Write an explanatory note on geographical systems. 10 Marks <2017>
2. Giving suitable examples, describe the importance of system analysis in geographical studies.
15 Marks <2014>

S
3. Critically analyse the application of models in Geography. 10 Marks <2014>

IA
4. Discuss Systems Approach and its applicability in Geography. 20 Marks <2011>

E
TOPIC – 2 Malthusian, Marxian and demographic transition models;

1.

N C
TOPIC – 3 Central Place theories of Christaller and Losch;
Examine the relevance of Central Place Theory of Christaller in the present context. 10 Marks <2021>

A
2. Discuss the applicability of Christaller’s Central Place Theory. 20 Marks <2017>

I D
3. Give a critical account of Losch’s theory of central places. 20 Marks <2016>

U
4. What are the basic postulates in the Central Place Model of Christaller? 20 Marks <2013>
5. Critically examine the salient features of Central Place Theory propounded by Christaller and Losch.

G
20 Marks <2011>

TOPIC – 4 Perroux and Boudeville (Also Covered under Regional Planning Chapter);
1. “Growth is not uniform in different places”. Critically examine this statement in the context of growth
pole theory. 15 Marks <2019>
2. Write a note on “forward and backward linkages” in Perroux’s thesis of economic growth and
regional development. 10 Marks <2018>

TOPIC – 5 Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location;

1. Explain the relevance and applicability of Von Thunen theory of Agriculture-location in today’s world.
15 Marks <2022>
2. Write a note on the relevance of von Thunen’s agricultural location theory in the present context.
10 Marks <2020>
3. Discuss the relevance of Von Thunen’s model on agricultural location in the contemporary context.
20 Marks <2015>
4. Write short explanatory notes on von Thunen’s concept of economic rent. 10 Marks <2010>
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TOPIC – 6 Weber’s model of industrial location;
1. Present a critical account of Alfred Weber Theory of industrial location. 15 Marks <2021>
2. Distinguish between ‘isodapanes’ and ‘isotims’. Critically examine the least cost theory of industrial
location given by Alfred Weber. 20 Marks <2019>
3. Explain ‘Isodapane’. 10 Marks <2016>
4. Write short explanatory notes on Isodapane in the Theory of Industrial Location. 10 Marks <2011>
5. Write short notes on Weight Triangle. 10 Marks <2009>

S
TOPIC – 7 Rostov’s model of stages of growth;

IA
1. Outline briefly the “age of mass consumption” as described by Rostov in his ‘multi stage theory of
growth’. 10 Marks <2018>

E
2. Explain the necessary conditions of Take-off and subsequent stages of development of a nation as
propounded by Rostov. 20 Marks <2014>

C
3. Critically examine the stages of Economic Growth Model propounded by Rostov. Illustrate your

N
answer with suitable examples. 20 Marks <2003>

A
TOPIC – 8 Heartland and Rimland theories;

I D
1. Discuss how and why Mackinder modified his concept of Pivot Area after the World Wars.
20 Marks <2020>

U
2. Examine the relevance of the ‘Rimland Theory’ in the contemporary world. 15 Marks <2019>

G
3. “The Heartland Theory is gaining importance once again.” Comment. 20 Marks <2017>
4. Write short notes on the Relevance of Heartland theory in Contemporary world. 10 Marks <2013>

TOPIC – 9 Laws of international boundaries and frontiers

1. Explain the geometrical boundaries with examples. 10 Marks <2022>
2. Boundaries are important in geopolitics. Explain. What issues develop from the inclusionary and
exclusionary aspects of borders? 15 Marks <2021>
3. In the modern world, most of the frontiers have been replaced by boundaries. Explain the reasons.
15 Marks <2020>
4. Discuss the genetic classification of boundaries suggested by Hartshorne. 10 Marks <2019>
5. Define and differentiate between boundaries and frontiers. Describe the geometrical boundaries
with suitable examples. 15 Marks <2016>
6. Distinguish between boundaries and frontiers. Identify different types of boundaries.
20 Marks <2011>

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 THEME – 11: REGIONAL PLANNING

TOPIC – 1 Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation;

1. Suggest criteria, indicators and techniques for delimitation of formal regions. 20 Marks <2021>
2. What are natural regions? How are they different from planning regions? 10 Marks <2019>
3. What is a ‘region’? Describe ‘Thiessen’ polygon method of regional delimitation. 15 Marks <2016>

S
TOPIC – 2 Growth centres and growth poles;

A
1. Write short explanatory notes on Growth poles. 10 Marks <2010>

TOPIC – 3 Regional imbalances; regional development strategies;

I
E
1. Discuss the role of transportation accessibility in regional development. 10 Marks <2022>

C
2. Explain the processes of contagion and hierarchical diffusion in addressing regional imbalances.

N
10 Marks <2021>

A
3. “Where economic growth is sustained over long time periods, its incidence works towards a
progressive integration of the space economy.” Elucidate. 10 Marks <2020>

I D
4. Examine the role of small towns in the regional development process. 15 Marks <2017>

U
5. “Vital statistics are necessary ingredients for development planning.” Elaborate. 15 Marks <2015>
6. “Geographical traits lead to regional imbalances.” Examine. 15 Marks <2015>

G
7. Explain the relevance of bottom-up and top-down approaches in the development of agrarian
economy. 10 Marks <2014>
8. Write about Salient features of watershed planning and its advantages and disadvantages. 20 Marks
<2012>
9. Enumerate alternative strategies of planning for backward regions. 20 Marks <2011>

TOPIC – 4 Environmental issues in regional planning; Planning for sustainable

development.
1. The environmental issues are not adequately addressed in the regional planning. Comment.
15 Marks <2021>
2. Development-induced displacement poses serious challenges. Mention its causes, consequences and
solutions. 20 Marks <2021>
3. Give an account on sustainable development and its components. 10 Marks <2017>
4. In what ways can geographers contribute towards optimal land use planning in a region?
15 Marks <2016>

25 | P a g e
5. “Development planning has a component of environmental cost.” Discuss. 10 Marks <2015>
6. Write short explanatory notes on Ingredients of Sustainable development. 10 Marks <2011>
7. Highlight the significance of environmental issues in Regional Planning. 15 Marks <2009>

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S.No.
"UPSC Prep. Diagnosis"
Diagnose yourself before UPSC declares you Incompetent !

Below is a Self-Awareness Sheet to help you assess your UPSC Preparation. ALERT !
Beware of various
Please do a BRUTALLY HONEST assessment of yourself vis-a-vis UPSC Exam.
Mentorship &
Don't FOOL Yourself, as you might be doing all this Long!
Test Series Scams
Time: Every Saturday & Sunday UPSC Fitness Check in the UPSC field.
from 10:00am to 6:00pm
A. Who Am I (from Outside)!
1. Name (BLOCK LETTERS):

2. Father/Guardian’s Name:

3. Date of Birth:

4. Qualification:

5. Courses:

6. Medium:

7. Correspondence Address:

Email ID: Mobile No.

8. Optional Subject:
9. Sex Male Female

10. Category GEN OBC SC ST Others

11. UPSC Roll No. (If any):

Mains
12. No. of Attemps = Cleared Interview
Overall
Prelims Score
Marks
13. How old are your in UPSC? Fresher Intermediate Veteran / BaBa

From Director's Desk... Prelims - 2023

Dear CSE Aspiratns [Not TVF Aspirants] COUNT DOWN = 260 days

We live in a Hyper-stimulated world, burdened with plethora of PDF's, YT video's, leaked

Telegram video's, etc. In such a scenario, a student finds himself/herself at CROSSROAD!
This requires a change in the way we see our Preparation Horizon & thus calls for a
renewed strategy.

You all are requested to give a Truthful check to your strengths & weaknesses. Be Mindful!!!
HIMANSHU SIR
 B. Who Am I (from Inside) !

1. I am a: Morning Persons or Night Owl

2. How my Typical day looks like?

04:00 am 05:00 pm
05:00 am 06:00 pm
06:00 am 07:00 pm
07:00 am 08:00 pm
08:00 am 09:00 pm
09:00 am 10:00 pm
10:00 am 11:00 pm
11:00 am 12:00 am
12:00 pm 01:00 am
01:00 pm 02:00 am
02:00 pm 03:00 am
03:00 pm 04:00 am
04:00 pm 05:00 am

3. No. of Hours, I devote daily (on an average):

4. Do you have a Because Dreams Make yearly GOALS,

without GOALS Monthly GOALS,
scientific/doable Time Table. Weekly GOALS,
are often
Daily GOALS,
5. Are you following just DREAMS
Hourly GOALS
& they will
it religiously, if not why? ultimately give or even Goals to stop
you FRUSTATION [Negative Thinking]
(Yes or No)
6. Do I have an Yearly Plan.
(Yes or No)
7. Time devoted to: G.S. & Optionals.
8. No. of Hours devoted to Revision everyday?
9. Any Revision Plan: (Yes or No)
10. Do you write Answers on Daily Basis, if not
11. Habits UPSC

.. ..
Why: Strength Weakness

.. ..
12. Is the UPSC syllabus on your Tips? Yes No
Prelims Mains Interview
13. Which is the most Difficult Nut to Crack:

14. What are your Sources for Preparation:

Paper - I Paper - II

Paper - III Paper - IV

15. What is your experience with respect to UPSC Coaching Market?

a) Did any Coaching, if Yes Name: your Experience:

b) Test Series: if Yes your Experience:

c) Mentorship: if Yes your Experience:

16. What is you level of Procastination on a Scale of 10? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

.
(Rating)
Waking up:

. Revision:

. Making Short Notes:

. Daily Answer Writing:

. Memorization:

. Solving CSAT Questions:

. Reading Newspapers:

. Up to date with Current Affairs:

. Solving PYQ’s
The last Q. (cliched one), But perhaps the most important: Why UPSC?

Where we can Help?

With Competition just getting harder & trickier. It’s time to Re-strategize & Re-orient your Preparation. However,
it is time to not lose your Nerves, to hold your ground with conviction and courage. And not to succumb to the
Negativity and Helplessness prevailing, around in such a Mis & Dis-Information Age.

Come to GUIDANCE IAS Institute with this detailed Introspection of your Personality with respect to the UPSC
Exam. We will explore Pathways to make this effort of yours to clear UPSC a Winning
Scan & Join
Face to Face Our Telegram
Venue:3-B, 3rd floor, Croma Building,
Pusa Road, Opp. Pillar No. 108, Analysis of your Preparation @
Karol Bagh Metro Station New Delhi - 05

Time: Every Saturday & Sunday

Pathway with HIMANSHU SIR
& Team 21
Especially important for

from 10:00am to 6:00pm freshers & people who have

Gaps in their Preparations
Only for serious
Aspirants