Trigonometric Formula Sheet

Definition of the Trig Functions

Right Triangle Definition Unit Circle Definition
Assume that: Assume θ can be any angle.
0 < θ < π2 or 0◦ < θ < 90◦
y

(x, y)

hypotenuse 1
y
opposite θ
x
x
θ
adjacent

opp hyp
sin θ = csc θ = y 1
hyp opp sin θ = csc θ =
1 y
adj hyp x 1
cos θ = sec θ = cos θ = sec θ =
hyp adj 1 x
opp adj y x
tan θ = cot θ = tan θ = cot θ =
adj opp x y

Domains of the Trig Functions

sin θ, ∀ θ ∈ (−∞, ∞) csc θ, ∀ θ 6= nπ, where n ∈ Z
 1
cos θ, ∀ θ ∈ (−∞, ∞) sec θ, ∀ θ 6= n + π, where n ∈ Z
2
 1
tan θ, ∀ θ 6= n + π, where n ∈ Z cot θ, ∀ θ 6= nπ, where n ∈ Z
2

Ranges of the Trig Functions

−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 csc θ ≥ 1 and csc θ ≤ −1
−1 ≤ cos θ ≤ 1 sec θ ≥ 1 and sec θ ≤ −1
−∞ ≤ tan θ ≤ ∞ −∞ ≤ cot θ ≤ ∞

Periods of the Trig Functions

The period of a function is the number, T, such that f (θ +T ) = f (θ ) .
So, if ω is a fixed number and θ is any angle we have the following periods.
2π 2π
sin(ωθ) ⇒ T = csc(ωθ) ⇒ T =
ω ω
2π 2π
cos(ωθ) ⇒ T = sec(ωθ) ⇒ T =
ω ω
π π
tan(ωθ) ⇒ T = cot(ωθ) ⇒ T =
ω ω

1
 Identities and Formulas
Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
r
sin θ cos θ 1 − cos(2θ)
tan θ = cot θ = sin θ = ±
cos θ sin θ 2
r
Reciprocal Identities 1 + cos(2θ)
cos θ = ±
1 1 2
sin θ = csc θ = s
csc θ sin θ 1 − cos(2θ)
1 1 tan θ = ±
cos θ = sec θ = 1 + cos(2θ)
sec θ cos θ
Sum and Difference Formulas
1 1
tan θ = cot θ =
cot θ tan θ sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

Pythagorean Identities cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β

2 2
sin θ + cos θ = 1
tan α ± tan β
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ
Product to Sum Formulas
Even and Odd Formulas
1
sin α sin β = [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
sin(−θ) = − sin θ csc(−θ) = − csc θ 2
cos(−θ) = cos θ sec(−θ) = sec θ 1
cos α cos β = [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)]
tan(−θ) = − tan θ cot(−θ) = − cot θ 2
1
Periodic Formulas sin α cos β = [sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]
2
If n is an integer 1
cos α sin β = [sin(α + β) − sin(α − β)]
sin(θ + 2πn) = sin θ csc(θ + 2πn) = csc θ 2
cos(θ + 2πn) = cos θ sec(θ + 2πn) = sec θ Sum to Product Formulas
tan(θ + πn) = tan θ cot(θ + πn) = cot θ    
α+β α−β
Double Angle Formulas sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
   
α+β α−β
sin(2θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2
   
cos(2θ) = cos2 θ − sin2 θ α+β α−β
cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
= 2 cos2 θ − 1 2 2
   
= 1 − 2 sin2 θ α+β α−β
cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin
2 2
2 tan θ
tan(2θ) = Cofunction Formulas
1 − tan2 θ
π  π 
Degrees to Radians Formulas sin − θ = cos θ cos − θ = sin θ
If x is an angle in degrees and t is an angle in 2 2
π  π 
radians then: csc − θ = sec θ sec − θ = csc θ
2 2
π t πx 180◦ t π  π 
= ⇒ t = and x = tan − θ = cot θ cot − θ = tan θ
180◦ x 180◦ π 2 2

2
 Unit Circle
(0, 1)

√
3 90◦ , π2 √
3
(− 12 , 2
) ( 12 , 2
)
√ √ √ √
2 2 2 2
(− 2
, 2
) ( 2
, 2
)
120◦ , 2π
3
60◦ , π3
√ √
(− 3 1
, ) 135◦ , 3π
4
45◦ , π4 ( 3 1
, )
2 2 2 2

150◦ , 5π
6
30◦ , π6

180◦ , π
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
0◦ , 2π

210◦ , 7π
6
330◦ , 11π
6
√ √
3 3
(− 2
, − 12 ) 225◦ , 5π 315◦ , 7π ( 2
, − 21 )
4 4

√ √
240◦ , 4π
3
300◦ , 5π
3 √ √
2
(− 2
, − 22 ) ( 2
2
, − 2
2
)
√ √
3 3
(− 12 , − 2
) ( 12 , − 2
)
270◦ , 3π
2

(0, −1)

F or any ordered pair on the unit circle (x, y) : cos θ = x and sin θ = y

Example
√
cos ( 7π
6) = − 23 sin ( 7π 1
6 ) = −2

3
 Inverse Trig Functions
Definition Inverse Properties
These properties hold for x in the domain and θ in
θ = sin−1 (x) is equivalent to x = sin θ the range

θ = cos−1 (x) is equivalent to x = cos θ

sin(sin−1 (x)) = x sin−1 (sin(θ)) = θ
θ = tan−1 (x) is equivalent to x = tan θ
cos(cos−1 (x)) = x cos−1 (cos(θ)) = θ

Domain and Range tan(tan−1 (x)) = x tan−1 (tan(θ)) = θ

Function Domain Range

Other Notations
π π
θ = sin−1 (x) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − ≤θ≤
2 2
sin−1 (x) = arcsin(x)
−1
θ = cos (x) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤θ≤π
cos−1 (x) = arccos(x)
−1 π π
θ = tan (x) −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ − <θ<
2 2
tan−1 (x) = arctan(x)

Law of Sines, Cosines, and Tangents

a c

γ α
b

Law of Sines Law of Tangents

sin α sin β sin γ a−b tan 12 (α − β)
= = =
a b c a+b tan 12 (α + β)
Law of Cosines
b−c tan 12 (β − γ)
=
a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc cos α b+c tan 12 (β + γ)

b2 = a2 + c2 − 2ac cos β a−c tan 12 (α − γ)

=
a+c tan 21 (α + γ)
c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ

4
 Complex Numbers
√
i= −1 i2 = −1 i3 = −i i4 = 1
√ √
−a = i a, a ≥ 0 (a + bi)(a − bi) = a2 + b2
√
(a + bi) + (c + di) = a + c + (b + d)i |a + bi| = a2 + b2 Complex Modulus

(a + bi) − (c + di) = a − c + (b − d)i (a + bi) = a − bi Complex Conjugate

(a + bi)(c + di) = ac − bd + (ad + bc)i (a + bi)(a + bi) = |a + bi|2

DeMoivre’s Theorem

Let z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), and let n be a positive integer.

Then:
z n = rn (cos nθ + i sin nθ).

Example: Let z = 1 − i, find z 6 .

Solution: First write z in polar form.

p √
r= (1)2 + (−1)2 = 2
 
−1 −1 π
θ = arg(z) = tan =−
1 4
√   π  π 
Polar Form: z = 2 cos − + i sin −
4 4
Applying DeMoivre’s Theorem gives :
√ 6   π  π 
6
z = 2 cos 6 · − + i sin 6 · −
4 4
    
3π 3π
= 23 cos − + i sin −
2 2
= 8(0 + i(1))

= 8i

5
 More Conic Sections

Hyperbola

Standard F orm f or Horizontal T ransverse Axis :

(x − h)2 (y − k)2
− =1
a2 b2

Standard F orm f or V ertical T ransverse Axis :

(y − k)2 (x − h)2
− =1
a2 b2

Where (h, k)= center

a=distance between center and either vertex

Foci can be found by using b2 = c2 − a2

Where c is the distance between

center and either focus. (b > 0)

Parabola

Vertical axis: y = a(x − h)2 + k

Horizontal axis: x = a(y − k)2 + h

Where (h, k)= vertex

a=scaling factor

8
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Algebra Formulas
Identity
1. Set identities A∪∅ = A
Definitions: A∩ I = A
I: Universal set Set identities involving union, intersection and
A’: Complement complement
Empty set: ∅ complement of intersection and union
Union of sets A ∪ A′ = I
A ∩ A′ = ∅
A ∪ B = { x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
De Morgan’s laws
Intersection of sets
A ∩ B = { x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B} ( A ∪ B )′ = A′ ∩ B ′
Complement ( A ∩ B )′ = A′ ∪ B ′
A′ = { x ∈ I | x ∈ A} Set identities involving difference

Difference of sets B \ A = B ( A ∪ B)

B \ A = { x | x ∈ B and x ∉ A} B \ A = B ∩ A′
A\ A= ∅
Cartesian product
( A \ B) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C) \ (B ∩ C)
A × B = {( x, y ) | x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
A′ = I \ A
Set identities involving union
Commutativity
A∪ B = B∪ A
2. Sets of Numbers
Associativity Definitions:
A ∪ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∪ C N: Natural numbers
No: Whole numbers
Idempotency
Z: Integers
A∪ A = A +
Z : Positive integers
-
Set identities involving intersection Z : Negative integers
commutativity Q: Rational numbers
A∩ B = B∩ A C: Complex numbers
Associativity Natural numbers (counting numbers )
A ∩ (B ∩ C) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C N = {1, 2, 3,... }
Idempotency
Whole numbers ( counting numbers + zero )
A∩ A = A
Set identities involving union and intersection N o = {0, 1, 2, 3,... }
Distributivity Integers
A ∪ (B ∩ C) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C) Z + = N = {1, 2, 3,... }
A ∩ (B ∪ C) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C)
Z − = {..., − 3, − 2, − 1 }
Domination
A∩∅ = ∅ Z = Z − ∪ {0} ∪ Z = .{ .., − 3, − 2, − 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,... }
A∪ I = I
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Roots of complex numbers
Irrational numbers: 1
 θ + 2k π 
1
θ + 2k π
Nonerepeating and nonterminating integers  r ( cos θ + sin θ )  n = r n  cos + sin 
 n n 
Real numbers:
From this the n nth roots can be obtained by putting k = 0,
Union of rational and irrational numbers 1, 2, . . ., n - 1
Complex numbers:
C = { x + iy | x ∈ R and y ∈ R} 4. Factoring and product
N ⊂Z ⊂Q⊂R⊂C Factoring Formulas
a 2 − b 2 = ( a − b )( a + b )

3. Complex numbers (
a 3 − b3 = ( a − b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 )
Definitions: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2
− ab + b )
2

A complex nuber is written as a + bi where a and b are

real numbers an i, called the imaginary unit, has the a 4 − b 4 = ( a − b)( a + b)( a 2 + b 2 )
2
property that i =-1.
The complex numbers a+bi and a-bi are called complex
conjugate of each other.
(
a 5 − b5 = ( a − b ) a 4 + a 3b + a 2 b 2 + ab3 + b 4 )
Equality of complex numbers Product Formulas
a + bi = c + di if and only if a = c and b = d ( a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
Addition of complex numbers ( a − b) 2 = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a 2b + 3ab2 + b3
Subtraction of complex numbers (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a 2b + 3ab 2 − b3
(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i 4
(a + b) = a 4 + 4a 3 b + 6 a 2 b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4
Multiplication of complex numbers
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac - bd) + (ad + bc)i ( a − b )4 = a 4 − 4a3b + 6a 2 b2 − 4ab3 + b4
Division of complex numbers (a + b + c)2 = a 2 + b2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc
a + bi a + bi c − di ac + bd  bc − ad  (a + b + c + ...) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ...2(ab + ac + bc + ...)
= ⋅ = + i
c + di c + di c − di c 2 + d 2  c 2 + d 2 
Polar form of complex numbers
x + iy = r ( cosθ + i sinθ ) r − modulus, θ − amplitude
5. Algebric equations
Multiplication and division in polar form Quadric Eqation: ax2 + bx + c = 0
 r1 ( cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) ⋅  r2 ( cos θ 2 + i sin θ 2 )  = Solutions (roots):
= r1r2 cos (θ1 + θ 2 ) + i sin (θ1 + θ 2 ) −b ± b2 − 4ac
x1,2 =
r1 ( cosθ1 + sinθ1 ) r 2a
⋅ = 1 cos (θ1 − θ2 ) + sin (θ1 − θ2 )  2
if D=b -4ac is the discriminant, then the roots are
r2 ( cosθ2 + sin θ2 ) r2
(i) real and unique if D > 0
De Moivre’s theorem (ii) real and equal if D = 0
n
(iii) complex conjugate if D < 0
 r ( cos θ + sin θ )  = r n ( cos nθ + sin nθ )
 Formulae For Trigonometric Functions &
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 Trigonometric Formulae:
Relation between trigonometric ratios
sin  1
a) tan   b) tan   c) tan  .cot   1
cos  cot 
cos  1 1
d) cot   e) cosec  f) sec  
sin  sin  cos 

Trigonometric identities Multiple angle formulae involving 2A and 3A

2 2
a) sin   cos   1
a) sin 2 A  2sin A cos A
2 2
b) 1  tan   sec 
b) sin A  2sin
A A
2 2
cos
c) 1  cot   cosec  2 2
Addition / subtraction formulae & some related results c) cos2 A  cos2 A  sin 2 A

a) sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B A A

d) cos A  cos2  sin 2
b) cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B
2 2

2 2 2 2
e) cos 2 A  2cos2 A  1
c) cos  A  B  cos  A  B   cos A  sin B  cos B  sin A
f) 2cos2 A  1  cos2 A
d) sin  A  B  sin  A  B   sin 2 A  sin 2 B  cos2 B  cos2 A

tan A  tan B g) cos 2 A  1  2sin 2 A

e) tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B
h) 2sin 2 A  1  cos 2 A
cot B cot A  1
f) cot  A  B  
cot B  cot A 2 tan A
i) sin 2 A 
Transformation of sums / differences into products & vice-versa 1  tan 2 A

a) sin C  sin D  2sin

CD CD 1  tan 2 A
cos j) cos 2 A 
2 2 1  tan 2 A
b) sin C  sin D  2cos
CD C  D
sin 2 tan A
2 2 k) tan 2 A 
c) cos C  cos D  2 cos
CD CD 1  tan 2 A
cos
2 2
CD CD l) sin 3 A  3sin A  4sin 3 A
d) cos C  cos D  2sin sin
2 2
e) 2sin A cos B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B  m) cos 3 A  4cos3 A  3cos A
f) 2 cos A sin B  sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
3tan A  tan 3 A
g) 2cos Acos B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B  n) tan 3 A 
1  3tan 2 A
h) 2sin Asin B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B 

Relations in Different Measures of Angle


 Angle in Radian Measure =  Angle in Degree Measure ×
180
180
 Angle in Degree Measure =  Angle in Radian Measure ×

l
  (in radian measure) 
r
Also followings are of importance as well:

 1Right angle  90 o  1 o = 60 , 1 = 60 

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 List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (Electronics & Communications Engineering)

o 
1 = = 0.01745 radians  approximately   1 radian = 57 o17 45 or 206265 seconds .
180

General Solutions
a) sin x  sin y  x  n  ( 1 ) n y , where n  Z .
b) cos x  cos y  x  2n  y , where n Z .
c) tan x  tan y  x  n  y , where n  Z .

Relation in Degree & Radian Measures

Angles in Degree 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360
c c c c c
        c  3  c
Angles in Radian 0c
             2 
6 4  3 2  2 

 In actual practice, we omit the exponent ‘c’ and instead of writing  c we simply write  and similarly for others.

Trigonometric Ratio of Standard Angles

Degree /Radian    0 30 45 60 90

T – Ratios  0
   
6 4 3 2
0 1 1 3 1
sin
2 2 2
cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
tan 0 1 1 
3
3
cosec  2 2 1
2
3
sec 1 2 2 
2
3
cot  1 1 0
3
3

Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

Angles    3 3
        2   2  
T- Ratios  2 2 2 2 OR 
sin cos  cos  sin   sin   cos   cos   sin  sin 

cos sin   sin   cos   cos   sin  sin  cos  cos 

tan cot   cot   tan  tan  cot   cot   tan  tan 

cot tan   tan   cot  cot  tan   tan   cot  cot 

sec cosec cosec  sec   sec  cosec cosec sec sec

cosec sec sec cosec cosec  sec   sec  cosec cosec

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 MATHEMATICS – List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (+91-9650350480)

 Inverse Trigonometric Formulae:

1 1
01. a) sin 1  x   cosec 1   , x   1,1 b) cosec 1  x   sin 1   , x   , 1  1,  
x x
1 1
c) cos 1  x   sec 1   , x   1,1 d) sec 1  x   cos1   , x   , 1  1,  
x x
 1  1   1  1 
 cot  x  , x  0  tan  x  , x  0
     
e) tan 1  x    f) cot 1  x   
  π  cot 1  1  , x  0  π  tan 1  1  , x  0
     
x x
02. a) sin 1   x    sin 1 x, x   1,1 b) cos 1   x   π  cos1 x, x   1,1
c) tan 1   x    tan 1 x, x  R d) cosec 1   x   cosec 1x, | x |  1
e) sec 1   x   π  sec 1 x, | x |  1 f) cot 1   x   π  cot 1 x, x  R
π π
03. a) sin 1  sin x   x,   x  b) cos 1  cos x   x, 0  x  π
2 2
π π π π
c) tan 1  tan x   x,   x  d) cosec 1  cosec x   x,   x  ,x  0
2 2 2 2
π
e) sec1  sec x   x, 0  x  π, x  f) cot 1  cot x   x, 0  x  π
2
π
04. a) sin 1 x  cos1 x  , x   1,1
2
1 1 π
b) tan x  cot x  , x  R
2
π
c) cosec 1 x  sec1 x  , | x | 1 i.e., x  1 or x  1
2
05. a) sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2 
 

b) cos 1 x  cos1 y  cos1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2 

 

  x y 
 tan 1   , xy  1
  1  xy 
  x y 

c) tan 1 x  tan 1 y   π  tan 1   , x  0, y  0, xy  1
  1  xy 

  π  tan 1  x  y  , x  0, y  0, xy  1
 
  1  xy 

  x y 
 tan 1   , xy  1
  1  xy 
  x y 

d) tan 1 x  tan 1 y   π  tan 1   , x  0, y  0, xy  1
  1  xy 

 π  tan 1  x  y  , x  0, y  0, xy  1
 
  1  xy 

 x  y  z  xyz 
e) tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 z  tan 1  
 1  xy  yz  zx 

List Of Formulae By OP Gupta Page - [3] www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com

 List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (Electronics & Communications Engineering)

 2x 
06. a) 2 tan 1 x  sin 1  2 
, | x | 1
1 x 
 1  x2 
b) 2 tan 1 x  cos 1  2 
, x0
1 x 
 2x 
c) 2 tan 1 x  tan 1  2 
, 1  x  1
1 x 

07. Principal Value: Numerically smallest angle is known as the principal value.
Finding the principal value: For finding the principal value, following algorithm can be followed–
STEP1– Firstly, draw a trigonometric circle and mark the quadrant in which the angle may lie.
STEP2– Select anticlockwise direction for 1st and 2nd quadrants and clockwise direction for 3rd and
4th quadrants.
STEP3– Find the angles in the first rotation.
STEP4– Select the numerically least (magnitude wise) angle among these two values. The angle
thus found will be the principal value.
STEP5– In case, two angles one with positive sign and the other with the negative sign qualify for
the numerically least angle then, it is the convention to select the angle with positive sign as
principal value.
The principal value is never numerically greater than  .

08. Table demonstrating domains and ranges of Inverse Trigonometric functions:

Inverse Trigonometric Functions i.e., f ( x ) Domain/ Values of x Range/ Values of f ( x )
sin 1 x [ 1, 1]  π π
  2 , 2 

cos 1 x [ 1, 1] [0, π]

cosec 1 x R  ( 1, 1)  π π
  2 , 2   {0}

sec 1 x R  ( 1, 1) π

[0, π]   
2
tan 1 x R  π π
 , 
 2 2
cot 1 x R (0, π)

Discussion about the range of inverse circular functions

other than their respective principal value branch
We know that the domain of sine function is the set of real numbers and
 3π π 
range is the closed interval [–1, 1]. If we restrict its domain to   ,   ,
 2 2
 π π   π 3π 
  2 , 2  ,  2 , 2  etc. then, it becomes bijective with the range [–1, 1].
So, we can define the inverse of sine function in each of these intervals.
Hence, all the intervals of sin–1 function, except principal value branch
 π π
(here except of   ,  for sin–1 function) are known as the range of sin–1
 2 2
other than its principal value branch. The same discussion can be
extended for other inverse circular functions.

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 MATHEMATICS – List Of Formulae for Class XII By OP Gupta (+91-9650350480)
09. To simplify inverse trigonometrical expressions, following substitutions can be considered:

Expression Substitution

a 2  x 2 or a2  x2 x  a tan θ or x  a cot θ

a 2  x 2 or a2  x2 x  a sin θ or x  a cosθ

x 2  a 2 or x2  a2 x  a sec θ or x  a cosec θ

ax ax x  a cos 2θ

or
ax ax
a2  x2 a2  x2 x 2  a 2 cos 2θ
or
a2  x2 a2  x2
x ax x  a sin 2 θ or x  a cos2 θ
or
ax x
x ax x  a tan 2 θ or x  a cot 2 θ
or
ax x

Note the followings and keep them in mind:

 The symbol sin 1 x is used to denote the smallest angle whether positive or negative, the sine
of this angle will give us x. Similarly cos 1 x, tan 1 x, cosec 1 x, sec 1 x, and cot 1 x are defined.
 You should note that sin 1 x can be written as arcsinx . Similarly other Inverse Trigonometric
Functions can also be written as arccosx, arctanx, arcsecx etc.
 Also note that sin 1 x (and similarly other Inverse Trigonometric Functions) is entirely
different from ( sin x ) 1 . In fact, sin 1 x is the measure of an angle in Radians whose sine is x
1
whereas ( sin x ) 1 is (which is obvious as per the laws of exponents).
sin x
 Keep in mind that these inverse trigonometric relations are true only in their domains i.e.,
they are valid only for some values of ‘x’ for which inverse trigonometric functions are well
defined!

Hii, All!
I hope this texture may have proved beneficial for you.
While going through this material, if you noticed any error(s) or, something which doesn’t make
sense to you, please bring it in my notice through SMS or Call at +91-9650 350 480 or Email at
[email protected].
With lots of Love & Blessings!
- OP Gupta [+91-9650 350 480]
Electronics & Communications Engineering, Indira Award Winner
www.theOPGupta.WordPress.com

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 www.mathportal.org

Functions Formulas
1. Exponents 3. Roots
p
a = a ⋅ a ⋅ ... ⋅ a if p ∈ N p > 0, a ∈ R Definitions:

 
p a,b: bases ( a, b ≥ 0 if n = 2 k )
0
a = 1 if a ≠ 0 n,m: powers

ar ⋅ as = ar+s Formulas:
ar n
ab = n a n b
= a r −s
as
s
n
a m b = nm a m bn
(a ) r
=a r ⋅s
a n
a
r
n = ,b≠0
(a ⋅b) = a ⋅b r r
b n
b

a ar
r n
a am
= nm ,b≠0
  = r m
b bn
b b
p
1
a−r = r
a
( ) n
am = n a mp
r n
a = a
s s r ( a)n
=a
n np
am = a mp
2. Logarithms m n
a = mn a
Definition: m
( a)n
= n am
y = log a x ⇔ a = x y
( a, x > 0, y ∈ R ) n
1 a n −1
Formulas: n
= ,a≠0
a a
log a 1 = 0
a + a2 − b a − a2 − b
log a a = 1 a± b = ±
2 2
log a mn = log a m + log a n
1 a∓ b
m =
log a = log a m − log a n a± b a−b
n
log a m n = n log a m

log a m = log b m ⋅ log a b

logb m
log a m =
logb a
1
l og a b =
logb a
ln x
l og a x = = ( l og a e ) ln x
ln a
 www.mathportal.org

4. Trigonometry

Right-Triangle Definitions Sum and Difference Formulas

Opposite sin (α + β ) = sin α ⋅ cos β + sin β ⋅ cos α
sin α =
Hypotenuse sin (α − β ) = sin α ⋅ cos β − sin β ⋅ cos α
Adjacent
cos α = cos (α + β ) = cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β
Hypotenuse
Opposite cos (α − β ) = cos α ⋅ cos β + sin α ⋅ sin β
tgα =
Adjacent tan α + tan β
tan (α + β ) =
1 Hypotenuse 1 − tan α ⋅ tan β
csc α = =
sin α Opposite tan α − tan β
tan (α − β ) =
1 Adjacent 1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
cot α = =
tgα Opposite
1 Hypotenuse Double Angle and Half Angle Formulas
sec α = =
cos α Adjacent
sin ( 2α ) = 2sin α ⋅ cos α
cos ( 2α ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 α
Reduction Formulas
2tgα
sin(− x) = − sin x tan ( 2α ) =
1 − tg 2α
cos(− x) = cos x
α 1 − cos α
π sin =±
sin( − x) = cos x 2 2
2
π α 1 + cos α
cos( − x) = sin x cos =±
2 2 2
π α 1 − cos α sin α
sin( + x) = cos x tan = =
2 2 sin α 1 + cos α
π
cos( − x) = − sin x
2 Other Useful Trig Formulae
sin(π − x) = sin x Law of sines
cos(π − x) = − cos x sin α sin β sin γ
= =
sin(π + x) = − sin x a b c
Law of cosines
cos(π + x) = − cos x
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos γ
Area of triangle
Identities 1
2 2 K= ab sin γ
sin x + cos x = 1 2
1
tg 2 x + 1 =
cos 2 x
1
cot 2 x + 1 =
sin 2 x
 www.mathportal.org

5. Hyperbolic functions

Inverse Hyperbolic functions

Definitions:

sinh x =
e x − e− x (
sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 ) x ∈ ( −∞, ∞ )

x = ln ( x + x −1)
2
cosh −1 2
x ∈ [1, ∞)
x −x
e +e
cosh x = 1  1+ x 
2 tanh −1 x = ln  x ∈ ( −1,1)

e −e x −x
sinh x 2  1− x 
tanh x = =
x
e +e −x
cosh x 1  x +1
coth −1 x = ln   x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
2 1 2  x −1 
csch x = x − x =
e −e sinh x  1 + 1 − x2 
2 1 sech −1 x = ln   x ∈ (0,1]
sech x = x − x =  x 
e +e cosh x  

e x + e− x cosh x 1 1 − x2 
coth x = = csch −1 x = ln  +  x ∈ ( −∞,0 ) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
e x − e − x sinh x x x 
 
Derivates
d
sinh x = cosh x Inverse Hyperbolic derivates
dx
d 1
d sinh −1 x =
cosh x = sinh x dx x2 + 1
dx
d d 1
tanh x = sech 2 x cosh −1 x =
dx dx x2 − 1
d d 1
csch x = −cschx ⋅ coth x tanh −1 x =
dx dx 1 − x2
d d 1
sech x = −sech x ⋅ tanh x csch x = −
dx dx x 1 + x2
d
coth x = − csch 2 x d 1
dx sech −1 x = −
dx x 1 − x2
d 1
Hyperbolic identities coth −1 x =
dx 1 − x2
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1
tanh 2 x + sech 2 x = 1
coth 2 x − csch 2 x = 1
sinh( x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
sinh( x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x
cosh 2 x = cosh 2 x + sinh 2 x
−1 + cosh 2 x
sinh 2 x =
2
1 + cosh 2 x
cosh 2 x =
2
 www.mathportal.org

Limits and Derivatives Formulas

1. Limits Power rule
Properties d n
if lim f ( x) = l and lim g ( x) = m , then dx
( )
x = nx n −1
x→a x→a
Chain rule
lim [ f ( x ) ± g ( x)] = l ± m d
x→a
dx
( )
f ( g ( x ) ) = f ′ ( g ( x) ) g ′( x)
lim [ f ( x) ⋅ g ( x) ] = l ⋅ m
x→a
Common Derivatives
f ( x) l
lim = where m ≠ 0 d
x →a g ( x) m (c) = 0
dx
lim c ⋅ f ( x) = c ⋅ l
x →a d
( x) = 1
1 1 dx
lim = where l ≠ 0
x →a f ( x) l d
( sin x ) = cos x
dx
Formulas
d
 1
n ( cos x ) = − sin x
lim 1 +  = e dx
x →∞
 n d 1
1 ( tan x ) = 2 = sec2 x
dx cos x
lim (1 + n ) n = e
x →∞
d
sin x ( sec x ) = sec x tan x
lim =1 dx
x→ 0 x d
tan x ( csc x ) = − csc cot x
lim =1 dx
x→ 0 x d 1
cos x − 1 ( cot x ) = − 2 = − csc2 x
lim =0 dx sin x
x→ 0 x d 1
x −a n n
dx
(
sin −1 x = )
lim = na n −1 1 − x2
x→a x − a
d 1
an −1 dx
( )
cos −1 x = −
lim = ln a 1 − x2
x→ 0 x
d 1
dx
( )
tan −1 x =
1 + x2
2. Common Derivatives
d x
Basic Properties and Formulas dx
( )
a = a x ln a

( cf )′ = cf ′( x) d x
( )
e = ex
dx
(f ± g )′ = f ′( x) + g ′( x) d 1
( ln x ) = , x > 0
Product rule dx x
d 1
( f ⋅ g )′ = f ′ ⋅ g + f ⋅ g′ ( ln x ) = , x ≠ 0
dx x
Quotient rule
d 1
 f ′ f ′ ⋅ g − f ⋅ g ′
( log a x ) = , x>0
dx x ln a
  =
g  g2
 www.mathportal.org

3. Higher-order Derivatives
Definitions and properties
Second derivative
d  dy  d 2 y
f ′′ =  −
dx  dx  dx 2
Higher-Order derivative

f( ) = f(
n
( n −1)
)′
( n)
= f ( ) + g(
n n)
(f + g)
(n)
= f ( ) − g(
n n)
(f − g)
Leibniz’s Formulas

( f ⋅ g )′′ = f ′′ ⋅ g + 2 f ′ ⋅ g ′ + f .g ′′

( f ⋅ g )′′′ = f ′′′ ⋅ g + 3 f ′′ ⋅ g ′ + 3 f ′ ⋅ g ′′ + f ⋅ g ′′′

n ( n − 1)
( f ⋅ g )(
n)
= f ( ) g + nf (
n −1)
f(
n − 2)
g ′′ + ... + fg (
n n)
g+
1⋅ 2
Important Formulas
(n) m!
(x ) m
=
( m − n )!
x m−n

(n)
(x ) n
= n!
n −1
(n) ( −1) ( n − 1)!
( log a x ) =
x n ⋅ ln a
n −1
(n) ( −1) ( n − 1)!
( ln x ) =
xn
( n)
( a ) = a ln a
x x n

( ) n
(e ) = e
x x

( ) n
( a ) = m a ln
mx n mx n
a

 nπ 
( sin x )( )
n
= sin  x + 
 2 
 nπ 
( cos x )( )
n
= cos  x + 
 2 
1|Page

Mathematics Notes for Class 12 chapter 5.

Continuity and Differentiability
Derivative

The rate of change of a quantity y with respect to another quantity x is called the derivative or
differential coefficient of y with respect to x .

Differentiation of a Function

Let f(x) is a function differentiable in an interval [a, b]. That is, at every point of the interval,
the derivative of the function exists finitely and is unique. Hence, we may define a new
function g: [a, b] → R, such that, ∀ x ∈ [a, b], g(x) = f'(x).

This new function is said to be differentiation (differential coefficient) of the function f(x) with
respect to x and it is denoted by df(x) / d(x) or Df(x) or f'(x).

Differentiation ‘from First Principle

Let f(x) is a function finitely differentiable at every point on the real number line. Then, its
derivative is given by

Standard Differentiations

1. d / d(x) (xn) = nxn – 1, x ∈ R, n ∈ R

2. d / d(x) (k) = 0, where k is constant.

3. d / d(x) (ex) = ex

4. d / d(x) (ax) = ax loge a > 0, a ≠ 1

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Fundamental Rules for Differentiation

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(v) if d / d(x) f(x) = φ(x), then d / d(x) f(ax + b) = a φ(ax + b)

(vi) Differentiation of a constant function is zero i.e., d / d(x) (c) = 0.

Geometrically Meaning of Derivative at a Point

Geometrically derivative of a function at a point x = c is the slope of the tangent to the curve y
= f(x) at the point {c, f(c)}.

Slope of tangent at P = lim x → c f(x) – f(c) / x – c = {df(x) / d(x)} x = c or f’ (c).

Different Types of Differentiable Function

1. Differentiation of Composite Function (Chain Rule)

If f and g are differentiable functions in their domain, then fog is also differentiable and

(fog)’ (x) = f’ {g(x)} g’ (x)

More easily, if y = f(u) and u = g(x), then dy / dx = dy / du * du / dx.

If y is a function of u, u is a function of v and v is a function of x. Then,

dy / dx = dy / du * du / dv * dv / dx.

2. Differentiation Using Substitution

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In order to find differential coefficients of complicated expression involving inverse

trigonometric functions some substitutions are very helpful, which are listed below .

3. Differentiation of Implicit Functions

If f(x, y) = 0, differentiate with respect to x and collect the terms containing dy / dx at one side
and find dy / dx.

Shortcut for Implicit Functions For Implicit function, put d /dx {f(x, y)} = – ∂f / ∂x / ∂f / ∂y,
where ∂f / ∂x is a partial differential of given function with respect to x and ∂f / ∂y means
Partial differential of given function with respect to y.

4. Differentiation of Parametric Functions

If x = f(t), y = g(t), where t is parameter, then

dy / dx = (dy / dt) / (dx / dt) = d / dt g(t) / d / dt f(t) = g’ (t) / f’ (t)

5. Differential Coefficient Using Inverse Trigonometrical Substitutions

Sometimes the given function can be deducted with the help of inverse Trigonometrical
substitution and then to find the differential coefficient is very easy.

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Logarithmic Differentiation Function

(i) If a function is the product and quotient of functions such as y = f1(x) f2(x) f3(x)… / g1(x)
g2(x) g3(x)… , we first take algorithm and then differentiate.

(ii) If a function is in the form of exponent of a function over another function such as
[f(x)]g(x) , we first take logarithm and then differentiate.

Differentiation of a Function with Respect to Another Function

Let y = f(x) and z = g(x), then the differentiation of y with respect to z is

dy / dz = dy / dx / dz / dx = f’ (x) / g’ (x)

Successive Differentiations

If the function y = f(x) be differentiated with respect to x, then the result dy / dx or f’ (x), so
obtained is a function of x (may be a constant).

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Hence, dy / dx can again be differentiated with respect of x.

The differential coefficient of dy / dx with respect to x is written as d /dx (dy / dx) = d2y /
dx2 or f’ (x). Again, the differential coefficient of d2y / dx2 with respect to x is written as

d / dx (d2y / dx2) = d3y / dx3 or f”'(x)……

Here, dy / dx, d2y / dx2, d3y / dx3,… are respectively known as first, second, third, … order
differential coefficients of y with respect to x. These alternatively denoted by f’ (x), f” (x), f”’
(x), … or y1, y2, y3…., respectively.

Note dy / dx = (dy / dθ) / (dx / dθ) but d2y / dx2 ≠ (d2y / dθ2) / (d2x / dθ2)

Leibnitz Theorem

If u and v are functions of x such that their nth derivative exist, then

nth Derivative of Some Functions

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Derivatives of Special Types of Functions

(vii) Differentiation of a Determinant

(viii) Differentiation of Integrable Functions If g1 (x) and g2 (x) are defined in [a, b],
Differentiable at x ∈ [a, b] and f(t) is continuous for g1(a) ≤ f(t) ≤ g2(b), then

Partial Differentiation

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 Trig Cheat Sheet

Formulas and Identities

Tangent and Cotangent Identities Half Angle Formulas
sin(θ) cos(θ)  
θ
r
1 − cos(θ)
tan(θ) = cot(θ) = sin =±
cos(θ) sin(θ) 2 2
Reciprocal Identities   r
θ 1 + cos(θ)
1 1 cos =±
csc(θ) = sin(θ) = 2 2
sin(θ) csc(θ) s
 
1 1 θ 1 − cos(θ)
sec(θ) = cos(θ) = tan =±
cos(θ) sec(θ) 2 1 + cos(θ)
1 1
cot(θ) = tan(θ) = Half Angle Formulas (alternate form)
tan(θ) cot(θ)
Pythagorean Identities sin2 (θ) = 1
2 (1 − cos(2θ)) 1 − cos(2θ)
tan2 (θ) =
cos2 (θ) = 12 (1 + cos(2θ)) 1 + cos(2θ)
sin2 (θ) + cos2 (θ) = 1
tan2 (θ) + 1 = sec2 (θ) Sum and Difference Formulas
2
1 + cot (θ) = csc2 (θ) sin(α ± β) = sin(α) cos(β) ± cos(α) sin(β)

Even/Odd Formulas cos(α ± β) = cos(α) cos(β) ∓ sin(α) sin(β)

sin(−θ) = − sin(θ) csc(−θ) = − csc(θ) tan(α) ± tan(β)
tan(α ± β) =
cos(−θ) = cos(θ) sec(−θ) = sec(θ) 1 ∓ tan(α) tan(β)

tan(−θ) = − tan(θ) cot(−θ) = − cot(θ) Product to Sum Formulas

1
Periodic Formulas sin(α) sin(β) = 2 [cos(α − β) − cos(α + β)]
1
If n is an integer then, cos(α) cos(β) = 2 [cos(α − β) + cos(α + β)]
1
sin(θ + 2πn) = sin(θ) csc(θ + 2πn) = csc(θ) sin(α) cos(β) = 2 [sin(α + β) + sin(α − β)]
1
cos(θ + 2πn) = cos(θ) sec(θ + 2πn) = sec(θ) cos(α) sin(β) = 2 [sin(α + β) − sin(α − β)]

tan(θ + πn) = tan(θ) cot(θ + πn) = cot(θ) Sum to Product Formulas

   
α+β α−β
Degrees to Radians Formulas sin(α) + sin(β) = 2 sin cos
2 2
If x is an angle in degrees and t is an angle in 
α+β
 
α−β

radians then sin(α) − sin(β) = 2 cos sin
2 2
π t πx 180t
= ⇒ t= and x=
   
180 x 180 π α+β α−β
cos(α) + cos(β) = 2 cos cos
2 2
Double Angle Formulas 
α+β
 
α−β

cos(α)−cos(β) = −2 sin sin
sin(2θ) = 2 sin(θ) cos(θ) 2 2
cos(2θ) = cos2 (θ) − sin2 (θ) Cofunction Formulas
π  π 
2
= 2 cos (θ) − 1 sin − θ = cos(θ) cos − θ = sin(θ)
2π  π 2 
= 1 − 2 sin2 (θ) csc − θ = sec(θ) sec − θ = csc(θ)
2 tan(θ)  π2   π2 
tan(2θ) = tan − θ = cot(θ) cot − θ = tan(θ)
1 − tan2 (θ) 2 2

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