Date: 20/05/2020

SLIDE NO. 01

Lecture-02

Introduction to Earthquake Loads and

Terminologies used in Earthquake Analysis

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 02

Types of Loads TYPES OF

LOADS

SPECIAL
DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD SNOW LOAD SEISMDIC LOAD WIND LOAD
LOAD

Erection load

Soil and fluid

load

Flood load

Thermal load

Settlement
load

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

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SLIDE NO. 03

Live Load

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 04

What is Earthquake?
• Earthquake is the Shaking, Rolling, and Rumbling of the Earth’s Surface.

Types of Earthquakes
• Tectonic
• Volcanic
• Explosive
• Collapse

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 05

Tectonic Earthquake
The earth crust is made up of unevenly shaped
slab of rocks called tectonic plates. The energy
stored underneath causes the tectonic
plates to move towards away or push against
each other. With time the stored energy and
the movement of the tectonic plates build up
the enormous pressure within the region
between two plates.
Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 06

Earthquake Waves
Earthquake vibrations originate from the point of initiation of rupture and propagates in all
directions. These vibrations travel through the rocks in the form of elastic waves.

Types of Waves
Mainly there are three types of waves associated
with propagation of an elastic stress wave
generated by an earthquake. These are

• primary (P) waves,

• secondary (S) waves and

Figure: Sequence of seismic wave generation.
• surface waves.
Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad
Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 07

Earthquakes Recording (Ground Motion)

• The vibratory motion produced during an
earthquake could be measured in terms of
displacement, velocity or acceleration.

• The instruments measure the ground

displacements are called seismographs. The
record obtained from a seismograph is
called a seismogram.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 08

Intensity of Earthquakes in Seismic Code

In general, most earthquake code provisions implicity require that structures be able
to resist following intensity levels
1. Minor earthquakes without any damage.
2.Moderate earthquakes with negligible structural damage and some nonstructural
damage.
3.Major earthquakes with some structural and nonstructural damage but without
structure collapse. The structure is expected to undergo fairly large deformations by
yielding in some structural members.

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SLIDE NO. 09

Degree of Freedom
The degree-of-freedom (DOF) of a structure refers to the freedom of movement of the structure in
which direction it can move freely.

In the structural modeling, the DOF of a structure is the number of independent response
components that define its motion.

For example, 6 DOFs are needed to depict the translational and rotational motion of a rigid body in
the 3 dimensional space, that has 3 translational and 3 rotational components in the x, y, and z axes.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 10

SDOF and MDOF Systems

The structures modeled with only 1 DOF and with more than 1 DOF are called a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF)
and a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems respectively.

SDOF System
An SDOF System is a simple oscillator represented by a single lumped mass on the upper end of a vertically
cantilevered pole or by a mass supported by two columns, as shown in Fig.

Idealized Single-degree of freedom system

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 11

SDOF System
Examples of SDOF Structures

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 11

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SLIDE NO. 12

MDOF System
Multi-story buildings can be idealized and analyzed as multidegree-of-freedom systems. Linear response can be
viewed in terms of individual modal responses. (For example, 3 story frame with 3DOFs)

Multistory Shear Building Possible number of modes Equal to

number of masses

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 12

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SLIDE NO. 13

MDOF System
Another example of MDOF system
(5 story frame with 5DOFs)

= = + + + +

Multistory Shear Building Possible number of modes, Equal to number of masses

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 13

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SLIDE NO. 14

Fundamental Period (T)

For SDOF System

K = Lateral Stiffness
W = Total dead load

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 14

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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 15

PERIODS OF VIBRATION OF COMMON STRUCTURES

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 16

What is Base Shear (V)

Base shear is an earthquake force supposed to be acting at the base of the building and calculated as equal to
seismic horizontal coefficient (pseudo coefficient representing seismic zone, importance of the structure, response
reduction factor and seismic acceleration parameter) multiplied by the seismic weight of building.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 16

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SLIDE NO. 17

Seismic Dead Load W

The dead load W, used for calculating the base shear, includes the self-weight, finishes, masonry and other
superimposed permanent load. In self-weight of the structure, slab, beam, stair cases, shear walls and tributary
self-weight of the column at particular floor level need to be considered. Tributary self-weight means, at first
floor level half of the column self-weight from below the 1st floor level and half above the 1st floor level should
be considered.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 18

Building Drift
Drift is generally defined as the lateral displacement of one floor relative to the floor below. Drift control is necessary to

limit damage to interior partitions, elevator and stair enclosures, glass, and cladding systems. The story drift can also be

converted into drift ratio by dividing story drift with story height. The limiting value of drift ratio as per UBC-97 is 2% or

2.5% depends upon the fundamental period of the structure.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 18

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SLIDE NO. 19

What is material Ductility?.. and Constitutive model for a

material or also known as material model

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 19

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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 20

What is Curvature Ductility?..

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 20

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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 21

Methods of Analysis/Design
Mü + cù+ ku = F(t)
Based on above equation there are four types of analyses,

1. Linear Static Analysis (Equivalent Static Approach)

2. Linear Dynamic Analysis (Response Spectrum Analysis)

3. Non-linear Static Analysis (Also known as Pushover Analysis)

4. Non-linear Time History Analysis (Also known as Response History Analysis)

In this course we will discuss in detail linear static approach. It is applicable to regular building structure with

structure height not more than 240ft.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad 21

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 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 22

Structural Systems

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 23

Structural System in Buildings

(a) steel moment-resisting (b) Reinforced concrete
frame; moment-resisting frame;

(c) braced steel frame; (d) reinforced concrete

shear walls;

(e) steel frame building (f) steel frame building with in-
with cast-in-place concrete filled walls of non-reinforced
shear walls; masonry.

Structural Design and Drawing (CE-422), Dr. Aslam Faqeer Mohammad

Copyrights Protected – Department of Civil Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi
 Date: 20/05/2020
SLIDE NO. 24

Seismic Codes
US Codes Euro Codes

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