more ayramiel STs ‘the translator is: Maced with more _ interesting: ‘challenges and literal translation: imay | no longer be an option’ — } 31- The extent to which translators prioritize stable or dynamic elements can vary depending on the purpose of the translation. For formal or technical texts, stability may be prioritized, while creative or literary texts may require more dynamic adaptation. 30 OO —————*Balancing Stable and Dynamic Elements:* - Translators face the challenge of balancing stable and dynamic elements to produce a text that is both linguistically accurate and contextually appropriate. This requires making strategic choices while considering the lingulstic and cultural constraints of both the source and target languages. 29° Cee ar SEP CELE CATE Loe ee g ‘*Cultural Gradations:* Cultural elements, | i ‘including custms, norms, and references, | : sare inherently dynamic. Translators need to | jadapt these cultural shades to make them! ‘relevant and relatable to the target; ‘audience. This often involves replacing ‘culture-specific references with equivalent! ‘ones in the target culture.*Pragmatic Considerations:* Pragmatic aspects, such as politeness levels, speech acts, and contextual implicatures, can vary significantly between languages. Translators must adjust these elements to maintain effective communication in the target language and culture. 27 1*Rhetorical Devices:* Stylistic and rhetorical devices, such as metaphors, similes, and figurative language, are dynamic elements. Translators may need to use different rhetorical devices in the target language to achieve similar persuasive or expressive effects. 282. *Dynamic Elements:* - *Linguistic Variation:* Dynamic elements encompass linguistic features that vary significantly between languages. This Includes differences In vocabulary, idiomatic expressions, wordplay, and cultural references. Translators must address these variations by making dynamic choices to ensure the target text is contextually relevant and understandable. 25 }*General Style:* Some aspects of the overall writing style, such as clarity and coherence, are often viewed as stable elements. Maintaining the intended style ensures that the translated text remains faithful to the communicative intent of the source text. R24“Core Meaning:* The core meaning of a message, concept, or Idea is also considered stable. Translators strive to Preserve the essential meaning and message of the source text, even if they need to adapt the linguistic forms. 23,Basel Hatim's concepts of “stable" and "dynamic" elements in translation are fundamental to his discourse-centered approach to translation studies, These concepts help translators and scholars | understand how to navigate the challenges of | transferring meaning from a source text (ST) to a target text (TT) while considering both linguistic and contextual factors, Here's a detailed account of these concepts: i EQ EEE1. *Stable Elements:* - *Linguistic Universals:* Stable elements are linguistic features that tend to remain consistent across languages, often referred to as linguistic universals. These elements are more likely to stay unchanged during translation. Examples include basic grammatical rules and syntactic structures that are common to many languages. 21*Content:* Content-related elements, such as factual information, are generally considered stable. Translators aim to convey the same information and Ideas present in the source text accurately In the target text. QR 22In summary, Basel Hatim's concept of translation shifts is a comprehensive framework for understanding the dynamic and strategic nature of translation. It recognizes that translation involves more than a direct word-for-word replacement and highlights the need for thoughtful adjustments at various lingulstic and cultural levels to produce accurate and contextually appropriate target texts. 194. *Shift Analysis:* Hatim's approach Involves analyzing these shifts systematically to understand how translation choices are made. By Identifying and categorizing shifts, translators and scholars can_ gain insights into the challenges and strategies Involved in the translation process. 183. *Purpose of Shifts:* Hatim argues that shifts in translation are not errors but strategic choices made by the translator to ensure that the translated text is contextually appropriate and effective in the target language. Translators must consider the constraints and possibilities of the target language while making oe ghitts. a I- *Cultural Level:* Cultural shifts pertain to differences in cultural references, norms, and expressions. Translators often need to replace cultural references from the source culture with those that are more familiar or relevant to the target culture, This ensures that the target audience can relate to and understand the text. 13*Class Shifts:* Class shifts refer to changes in the grammatical class or part of speech of words. For example, a noun in the source text may need to be translated as a verb in the target text to convey the same meaning. 15- *Unit Shifts:* Unit shifts involve changes in the length or complexity of linguistic units, such as phrases or clauses. Translators may need to expand or condense units to fit the target language. 16- *Syntactic Level:* Syntactic shifts involve changes in sentence structure and word order. These shifts are necessary to maintain the fluency and naturalness of the target language. For instance, a sentence structured differently in the source text may need to be rearranged in the target text for clarity and readability. 12- *Grammatical Level:* Shifts at the grammatical level involve changes in grammatical structures. This includes alterations in verb tense, mood, voice, and agreement between subject and verb. Translators may make these shifts to ensure that the translated text follows the grammatical rules and conventions of the target language. 11- *Linguistic Level:* At this level, shifts involve changes in lexical items or vocabulary choices. For example, a translator may replace a word in the source language with a different word in the target language if a direct translation isnot possible or if the target word conveys the intended meaning more effectively. 103. Contextual Cohesion: The book delves into the concept of contextual cohesion, emphasizing that translated texts should maintain cohesion within thelr new communicative context. Translators = are encouraged to consider the cultural, situational, and sodal factors that influence the interpretation of a text. : 75. Pragmatic Considerations: Hatim highlights the significance of pragmatics in translation, discussing how context and speaker intentions play a crucial role in producing accurate and effective translations. I 81. “Linguistic Levels of Shifts:* Hatim identifies several linguistic levels at which shifts can occur during translation: I| 2. Shift Theory: Hatim expands upon his concept} of “shifts” in translation, which he introduced in! searlier works. He discusses how shifts occur at! various linguistic levels (lexical, grarr}natical,’ ! syntactic) when moving from the source text to! ‘the target text. These shifts are crudal for! understanding the challenges of translation. iconsider idiolect within the analysis of Tenor and Register,shifts in modality the interpersonal function RBasel Hatim's book "Discourse and the Translator" is a significant work in the field of translation studies. Published in 2001, it explores the role of discourse analysis inI translation and provides valuable insights into the complexities of translating texts within their communicative context.1. Discourse-Centered Approach: Hatim's book introduces a discourse-centered approach to translation, emphasizing the importance of analyzing texts as Instances of discourse rather than Isolated linguistic units. He argues that translation should consider the larger context, Including social, cultural, and pragmatic factors.transitivity structure shift in the ideational function