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An Empirical Model for the Performance of a

Photovoltaic Power System (PVPS)
a
A. K. M. ZAKZOUK
a
EE Dept , College of Eng., King Saud University , P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
Published online: 15 Mar 2007.

To cite this article: A. K. M. ZAKZOUK (1988) An Empirical Model for the Performance of a Photovoltaic Power System (PVPS),
International Journal of Solar Energy, 6:1, 15-32, DOI: 10.1080/01425918808914218

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 Inr. I. Solar Energy, 1988, Vol. 6 , pp. 15-32
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An Empirical Model for the

Performance of a Photovoltaic
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Power System (PVPS)

A. K. M. ZAKZOUK
EE Dept., College of Eng., King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 7 1427,
Saudi Arabia

(Received April 22, 1987)

An investigation of the modelling of the photovoltaic power system performance is

described. Analysis of the experimental results is carried out to obtain an empirical
model for the photovoltaic power system performance. The model equations and
curves have been tested and compared with the experimental results to add validity
to the model.

KEY WORDS: Modelling, Photovoltaic, Performance

1 INTRODUCTION

The photovoltaic power system (PVPS) under consideration was

designed to deliver a minimum of 350KW dc power for the
following standard conditions: 800 Wm-2 direct normal insolation at
air mass 1.5 spectrum, 40°C ambient air temperature, l.Oms-'
wind speed, and without dust accumulation. These ambient condi-
tions equate to a cell temperature of 86 "C.
The PVPS is located on a hilltop site about 50Km northwest of
the Saudi Arabian capital of Riyadh [1,2]. The system consists of
160 single pedestal concentrator arrays which have an effective area
of 3807.28 m2. Each array consists of 64 modules, each containing 4
circular n/p silicon solar cells, 2.25 inch in diameter. Each module
contains 4 square point focussing Fresnel lenses, for a sunlight
 16 A . K. M. ZAKZOUK

concentration of about 33 times on the silicon solar cells. The arrays

are passively cooled and track the sun in two axes. Each 2.5 arrays
are series-connected, forming a branch of 640 cells, in groups to
obtain the correct system operating voltage. These 64 branch
circuits are connected in parallel to provide the 350 K W dc of peak
power.
Beside the photovoltaic array field, the facility includes a
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1100 K W H lead acid batteries, a 300 KVA inverter, a solar weather

data monitoring station, and the instrumentation and data record-
ing subsystem. The PVPS is capable of completely automatic
operation. It is designed to operate in stand-alone and cogeneration
modes of operation. System operating programs and data are
maintained in the computer memory. The computer controls data
acquisition, provides limited processing; and controls the data
logging. The computer CRT display provides onsite readout of
system performance.
The details of the system design, installation, initial performance,
and the instrumentation are found in several references [3-61.
The performance of photovoltaic silicon cells under concentrated
sunlight was investigated in [7]. Dust accumulation effects on the
performance of concentrated photovoltaic solar cells were discussed
in [8,9]. A comprehensive experimental study of the effects of the
environmental factors on the performance of the described PVPS is
published in [lo].
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the modelling of the
photovoltaic power system performance to obtain a valid empirical
model.

2 ANALYSIS OF COLLECTED DATA

A large number of sets of measured data were collected for the

dust-free photovoltaic power system (PVPS). Each set of the
collected measured data (for 160 arrays) includes the total input
plane-of-array direct normal insolation, the total output maximum
DC power, the plane-of-array direct normal insolation (e),
the
ambient air temperature (T), the average array temperature (heat
sink temperature), and the wind speed (V). The calculated
conversion efficiency and the calculated cell temperature are also
 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 17

given for each set of data. The conversion efficiency is simply

calculated as the ratio between the total output DC power and the
total input plane-of-array direct normal insolation. The cell tem-
perature (T,) is calculated from the following model equation:

where V,, is the open-circuit voltage of n, series cells. Practically the

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open-circuit voltage (Vm) of one branch ( 2 3 arrays) is measured

and substituted in Eq. (1) where n, is equal to 640 series cells. The
measured output DC power differs from one subfield (8 branches in
parallel) to another at the same ambient conditions because they
are not very similar. Therefore, the open-circuit voltage and
consequently the cell temperature are not constants for all branches
at the same ambient conditions. Also, it is difficult to measure the
cell temperature directly for a photovoltaic field consists of 40960
solar cells. This means that the given cell temperature for each set
of data is not convenient for the purposes of modelling. It is more
convenient for such large scale photovoltaic power system to
consider it as a black box and to coirelate its output parameters to
its input (ambient) parameters.
According to the above point of view, the variations of the system
output power density, P,(wm-'), and its conversion efficiency,
q ( % ) , with the ambient parameters ( P , , T , and V) are carefully
studied in [lo].

3 THE OUTPUT POWER DENSITY MODEL

For constant ambient temperature and constant wind speed, the

output power density (Po) increases linearly with increasing the
direct normal insolation ( P ; ) until a certain value of the direct
normal insolation (P;,) is reached beyond which the increase is
slower and no longer linear [Figure 11. The value of P;, is dependent
upon each of the ambient air temperature (T) and the wind speed
(V) [Figure 21. The initial rate of increase of Po with P; (for P; S P1,)
is independent upon P; and dependent upon each of T and V , but
for P; 2 &, the rate of change of Po with P; is dependent upon each
of P;, T, and V [Figure 21. These results can be expressed as:
 18 A . K. M. ZAKZOUK
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7.3 OlRECl NORMAL INML4TION.Pi ,WG'

FIGURE 1 The output power density (Po) versus the direct normal insolation (4)
for different values of ambient air temperature ( T ) and wind speed ( V ) . The solid
lines for the proposed model and the corresponding measured points are indicated
for each curve. Curve a: T = 5.0°C, V = 10111s-'; Curve b : T = 12.5 "C, V = 6ms-';
Curve c: T = 12.5 T , V = 2 ms-'; Curve d: T = 37.5'C, V = 2 ms-'; Curve e:
T = 45.0°C, V = 0 ms-'.

and
BPo13pi = C l ( T , V ) - C 2 [ e -
. &(T, V ) ] for pi 3 P;., (3)
where C1(T, V ) is a function of T and V , and C2 is a constant.
Integration of Eqs. (2) and ( 3 ) gives:
Po = C,(T, V ) ( e - PI,) for pi s pi, (4)
and
Po = C,(T, V)(P;.- pi,) - 4 C2[pi- &(T, V)IZ for pi 3 pi, (5)
where pi, is the input direct normal insolation for zero output
power. Figure 1 shows that the value of pi, is independent upon
each of T and V , and equals to 25 ~ m - 'for this photovoltaic power
 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 19
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FIGURE 2 The percentage rate of change of Po w.r.t. P. versus for different

values of T and V . Curves a, b , c, d, and e for the same corresponding measured
data of Figure 1.

system. Equations (4) and (5) still have C,(T, V ) , C,, and E.=(T,V )
as unknowns.
Figure 2 shows the variation of the percentage rate of change of
Po with respect to P; at different values of T and V . From which we
conclude that the constant C2 is equal to 2.8 x (Wm-')-I.
The value of the input direct normal insolation at which the
output density deviates from the initial linearity (P;,) is drawn as a
function of T for different values of V in Figure 3. It is clear that the
value of P1, decreases linearly with increasing ambient air tempera-
ture ( T ) at constant wind speed ( V ) . It increases linearly with
increasing wind speed (V) for constant ambient air temperature (T)
as shown in Figure 4. The results of Figures 3 and 4 suggest the
following expression for PI, ( T , V ) ;
 A. K. M. ZAKZOUK
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FIGURE 3 The value of P,(T, V) versus T for different values of V.

The initial rate of increase of Po with e,

C,(T, V), is drawn in
Figure 5 as a function of T a t different values of V and in Figure 6 as
a function of V at different values of T. It is obvious that C,(T, V)
decreases linearly with T for constant V and increases linearly with
V for constant T. The results of Figures 5 and 6 suggest the

V. m i '

FIGURE 4 The value of e c ( T , V) versus V for different values of T.

 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 21

10.6
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8.9 -

8.5 I I I I
0 10 20 30 40 50
T . Oc

FIGURE 5 The percentage value of C,(T, V) versus T for different values of V.

following expression for C,(T, V):

Substituting the values of &, C, and the expressions of &(T,

V ) and C,(T, V ) from Eqs. (6) and ( 7 ) in Eqs. ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) we get:
Po = x (965 - 1.2T + 5 V ) ( E - 25), for 8 S e, '(8)
10.5

10.1 -

8.9 -

8.6. t I
0 2 I 6 8 10
V , rns-'

FIGURE 6 The percentage value of C,(T, V) versus V for different values of T.

 22 A . K. M. ZAKZOUK

and

- 1.4 x - 600 + 2T - 1 2 . 5 ~ ) ' , for P; 3 & ( 9 )

where & is given by Eq. (6). Equations ( 6 ) , ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) give a
complete model for the output power density.
The output power density reaches its maximum value (Po,,,) for
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certain ambient air temperature and certain wind speed at a direct

normal insolation (eO,) given by equating i3Po/3t: [Eq. (3)]to zero.
The final expression of Eom is given by:

and the corresponding maximum output power density (Po,) is

given by:

Equations (10) and (11) give the coordinates of the point of the
maximum output power density on the Po - 8 characteristics shown
in Figure 1 for any values of T and V.
Figure 7 shows the loci of the points of the maximum output
power density for both cases of constant wind speed-variable
ambient air temperature and constant ambient air temperature-
variable wind speed. The straight lines a, b , and c represent the loci
for the points of Po, for constant wind speed values of 14, 6 , and
zero ms-' respectively, and variable ambient air temperature from
zero to 60°C in each case. It is clear that the maximum output
power density decreases with increasing the ambient air tempera-
ture for constant wind speed, and the direct normal insolation value
at which the maximum output is obtained also decreases with
increasing the ambient air temperature for constant wind speed.
The straight lines d and e represent the loci for the points of Po, for
constant ambient air temperature values of zero and 60°C
respectively, and variable wind speed from zero to 14 ms-' in each
case. It is clear that both the maximum output power density and
the corresponding direct normal insolation increase with increasing
the wind speed for constant ambient air temperature. The area
bounded by the four straight lines a, c, d, and e in Figure 7 is the
domain in which all the points of the maximum output power
density must be present for any pair of values from (0, 0 ) to (60,
 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 23
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FIGURE 7 The maximum output power density (P,) versus the corresponding
direct normal insolation (P,,) for constant V-variable T, and constant T-variable V.
Curve a: V = 14111s-l,T =0-60°C; Curve b: V = 6 m s - l , T =0-60°C; Curve c:
V = 0 ms-'. T = 0-60 "C; Curve d: V = 0-14 ms-', T = 0°C; Curve e: V = 0-
14 ms-', T = 60 "C.

14), where the first coordinate represent the ambient air tempera-
ture (range 0-60°C) and the second coordinate represent the wind
speed (range 0-14ms-'). If these ranges are considered as the
practical ranges in Riyadh city, Figure 7 suggests that the minimum
value of the maximum output power density is equal to
54.87 Wm-2 and is obtained at direct normal insolation equals to
800 Wm-2 when the ambient air temperature and wind speed values
 24 A. K. M. Z A K Z O U K

are 60°C and zero ms-', respectively. Also, the maximum value of
the maximum output power density is equal to 96.76 Wm-2 and is
obtained at direct normal insolation equal to 1145 Wm-2 when the
ambient air temperature and the wind speed values are zero "C and
14 ms-', respectively.
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4 THE CONVERSION EFFICIENCY MODEL

By definition, the conversion efficiency (7) is calculated as the ratio

between the output power density (Po) and the direct normal
insolation ( P , ) . Therefore, the percentage conversion efficiency can
be calculated as:

By applying the definition of Eq. (12) for the output power

density model, Eqs. (8) and ( 9 ) , we get:

11 = (9.65 - 0.012T + 0.05V) % for P, P,, (13)

and

(600-2T+12.5V
- 1.4 x l 0 - ~ ~ [ 1 -
P,
]% for 3 P, (14)

where P;, is given by Eq. ( 6 ) . Equations ( 6 ) , (13) and (14) give a

complete model for the conversion efficiency.
For constant values of ambient air temperature ( T ) and wind
speed (V), the conversion efficiency ( 9 ) increases with increasing
the direct normal insolation ( P , ) until q (eta) reaches its maximum
value ( q , ) at a certain value of direct normal insolation (P;,,)
which is dependent upon T and V . Beyond the direct normal
insolation value of e,,, the conversion efficiency decreases with
increasing the direct normal insolation [Figure 81. The conversion
efficiency model equations give an expression for fie,,,as:
 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 25
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FIGURE 8 The percentage conversion efficiency ( q ) versus direct normal

insolation (P,) for different values of T and V. The solid lines for the proposed model
and the corresponding measured points are indicated. Curves a , h , c, d, and e for the
same corresponding data of Figure 1 .

The value of P,,,, is little higher than the value given by Eq. (6)
for P1,. Equation (15) can be written as:

The corresponding maximum conversion efficiency (qm) can be

calculated as:

Equations (16) and (17) give theycoordinates of the point of the

maximum conversion efficiency on the q - characteristics for any
values of T and V [Figure 81.
 A. K. M. ZAKZOUK
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D
DIRECT NORMAL INSOLAllON , Phm. W 6 '

FIGURE 9 The maximum percentage conversion efficiency (7,) versus the

corresponding direct normal insolation for constant V-variable T, and constant
T-variable V . Curve a: V = 14ms-I, T =0-60°C; Curve b : V = 6 m s - I , T = O -
60°C; Curve c: V = 0 ms-', T = 0-60 "C; Curve d: V = 0-14 ms-', T = 0 "C; Curve
e: V = 0-14 ms-', T = 60°C.

The domain in which all the points of the maximum conversion

efficiency must be present for the ambient air temperature range of
0-60 "C and the wind speed range of 0-14 ms-' is shown in Figure
9. It is the area bounded by the four straight lines a, c, d, and e.
The straight lines a, b, and c are the loci of the points of q, for
constant wind speed values of 14,6, and zero ms-I respectively, and
variable ambient air temperature from zero to 60°C in each case.
The straight lines d and e are the loci of the points of q , for
constant ambient air temperature values of zero and 60 "C respec-
tively, and variable wind speed from zero to 14 ms-' in each case.
For these ranges of ambient air temperature and wind speed, the
maximum value of the maximum conversion efficiency is equal to
10.02% a n d is obtained at direct normal insolation equals to
786.8 Wm-2 for ambient air temperature and wind speed values of
zero "C and 14 ms-I, respectively. Also the minimum value of the
 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 27

maximum conversion efficiency is equal to 8.47% and is obtained at

direct normal insolation equals to 496.3 Wm-Z for ambient air
temperature and wind speed values of 60°C and zero ms-',
respectively.

5 THE VALIDITY OF THE PROPOSED MODEL

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The complete proposed model for the photovoltaic power system

output power density and conversion efficiency is described by Eqs.
(6), ( a ) , ( 9 ) , (13) and (14). Equation ( 6 ) gives the value of the
direct normal insolation P;,, beyond which the output power density
is no longer linear, as a function of both the ambient air
temperature and the wind speed. Equations ( 8 ) and ( 9 ) give the
system output power density (Po) as functions of P;, T , and V for
P; s P;= and P; 3 &, respectively. Equations (13) and (14) give the
system percentage conversion efficiency ( q ) as functions of P;, T,
and V for P; < P), and P; P;,, respectively.
The system output power density (Po) and conversion efficiency
( 9 ) model equations are drawn as a continuous lines in Figure I and
Figure 8, respectively, as functions of the direct normal insolation
for different pairs of values of the ambient air temperature ( T ) and

FIGURE 10 The output power density (Po) versus the ambient air temperature
(T) for constant wind speed ( V = 2ms-') and different values of direct normal
insolat~on( P , ) .
 A. K. M. ZAKZOUK
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FIGURE 11 The percentage conversion efficienc (11 versus the ambient air
temperature (T) for constant wind speed (V = 2 mr- 4' ) and) d~fferent
. values of direct
normal insolation (Pi).

the wind speed (V). In both Figures 1 and 8, curves a , b, c, d, and e

are for the following pairs of values of the ambient air temperature
(T) and the wind speed (V): (5 "C, 10ms-I), (12.5 "C, 6 ms-I),
(12.5 "C, 2 ms-I), (37.5 "C, 2 ms-I), and (45 "C, 0 ms-I), respec-
tively. The corresponding experimental data points for each curve
are also indicated in Figures 1 and 8.
Figures 10 and 11 show the variations of the output power
density and the conversion efficiency with the ambient air tempera-
ture at constant wind speed and different values of direct normal
insolation, respectively. The variations of the output power density
and the conversion efficiency with the wind speed at constant
ambient air temperature and different values of direct normal
insolation are shown in Figures 12 and 13, respectively. In all figures
the solid lines represent the predicted values according to the
proposed model and the corresponding measured data points are
indicated. The results show that the proposed model is in good
agreement with the experimental data. The maximum percentage
error is within the range of f1%.
Finally, Figures 14 and 15 show the proposed model shape and
limits of the output power density and conversion efficiency
variations, respectively. In both figures, curves a, b, c, d, and e are
for the following values of ambient air temperature and wind
 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 29
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I -

- nodel
~..,+.XExperimental
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
WIND 5 P E E D . V . mi'

FIGURE 12 The output power density (Po) versus the wind speed (V) for constant
ambient air temperature (T = 25 "C) and different values of direct normal insolation
(4).

5.01 , !
0 2 I 6 8 10 12
WIND SPEED v mi'

FIGURE 13 The percentage conversion efficiency ( 7 ) versus the wind speed (V)
for constant ambient air temperature (T = 25 "C) and different direct normal
insolation(c).
 A. K. M . ZAKZOUK

loo 7
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DIRECT NORMALINSOLATION,Pi .w;

e.
FIGURE 14 The proposed model for Po versus for different values of T and V.
a(O0C, 14 ms-I), b(OQC,6 ms-I), c(O0C, 0 ms-I), d(30aC, 0 ms-I), and e(60°C,
0 ms-I).

speed: (0 "C, 14 ms-I), (0 "C, 6 ms-I), (0 "C, 0 ms-'), (30 "C,

0 ms-'), and (60 "C, 0 ms-I), respectively. Curves a, b, and c show
the variations of Po [Figure 141 and q [Figure 1.51 for zero ambient
air temperature and variable wind speed from 14 to zero ms-', and
curves c, d, and e show the variations of Po [Figure 141 and rl
[Figure 151 for zero wind speed and variable ambient air tempera-
ture from zero to 60 "C. Curves a and e may be considered as the
maximum limits and the minimum limits, respectively.
 PERFORMANCE OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM 31
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FIGURE 15 The proposed model for q versus P, for different values of T and V.
a(O°C, 14 ms-I), b(O°C, 6 ms-'), c(O0C, Oms-'), d(30°C, O ms-'), and e(60°C,
O ms-').

6 CONCLUSIONS

The field test data of the Saudi solar village photovoltaic power
system have been analyzed and modeled. An empirical model for
the PVPS performance has been obtained and its validity is proved.
 32 A. K. M. ZAKZOUK

References
1. J. L. Watkins, "Photovoltaic Village Power System for Saudi Arabia",
International Power Generation Magazine, May 1980, Great Britain.
2. M. S. Imamura el al., "470-KW Photovoltaic Power System for Saudi Arabia
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Francisco, August 1980.
3. B. H. Khoshaim, "Performance Characteristics of 350-KW Photovoltaic Power
System for Saudi Arabian Villages",
- -.
International Journal of Solar Enerav.
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VOI. 1, p. 91, 1982.

4. F. S. Huraib el a/., "Design, Installation, and Initial Performance of 350-KW
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Conference, Los Angeles, California, 8-13 August 1982.
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7. A. K. M. Zakzouk, A. Mujahid and M. S. El-Shobokshy, "Performance
Evaluation of Photovoltaic Si Cells under Concentrated Sunlight", IEE
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