PREPARED BY: KIELVIN D.

MOSQUITO
PRINCIPLES AND STRATEGIES IN TEACHING
MATHEMATICS
FLIPPING THE
CLASSROOM
 INTRODUCTION:
IN THIS REPORT, WE DIVE INTO THE CONCEPT
OF FLIPPING THE CLASSROOM, A MODERN
TEACHING METHOD THAT CHALLENGES
TRADITIONAL APPROACHES. OUR FOCUS IS ON
THE INTEGRATION OF BLENDED CLASSROOM
INSTRUCTION AND THE UTILIZATION OF
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES.
ADDITIONALLY, WE PROVIDE SAMPLE
WORKSHEETS SHOWCASING DIFFERENT
WRITING TO LEARN TECHNIQUES.
BLENDED CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONS
 Combines in-class and out-of-class activities. Students engage
with instructional materials, such as video lectures or online
resources, at home. This allows for active learning and
discussion during in-person class time, empowering students to
take ownership of their learning while teachers focus on
fostering deeper understanding and practical application.
BLENDED CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONS
 Online Content  Individualized Learning
 In-Person Session  Homework and
Assessments
 Flipped Classroom
IN-PERSON
BLENDED SESSION INSTRUCTIONS
CLASSROOM
Online Content In-Person Session
 Mathematics resources, such  Students attend regular in-person
as instructional videos, classes with their mathematics
interactive simulations, and teacher. During these sessions,
practice exercises, are made the teacher can provide
available online through a explanations, answer questions,
learning management system and engage students in
(LMS) or educational discussions and problem-solving
platform. activities.
BLENDED CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONS
INDIVIDUALIZED
Flipped Classroom
LEARNING
 The "flipped classroom"  Online resources can be tailored
model is often used, where to individual student needs.
students review the online Some students may progress
content before attending the faster and use online materials
in-person class. This prepares for enrichment, while others may
them to discuss, ask questions, use them for additional practice
and apply what they've and reinforcement.
learned during face-to-face
sessions.
BLENDED CLASSROOM INSTRUCTIONS
Homework and
Assessments
 Homework assignments,
quizzes, and tests can be
assigned online, and students
may receive immediate
feedback. This allows the
teacher to identify areas
where students need further
assistance.
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES
 Descriptive Writing
 Expository Writing
 Cause and Effect Writing
 Exquisite Writing
 Narrative Writing
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES
Descriptive Writing
 Descriptive writing in mathematics helps to convey complex
mathematical concepts and solutions in a way that is easy to understand
for others, and it often includes step-by-step explanations, equations,
diagrams, and examples to make the mathematical content more
accessible. It is a crucial skill in mathematical education and
communication, allowing mathematicians and students to express their
ideas and findings effectively.
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES
Example of Descriptive
Writing
 Consider a right triangle with one leg measuring 5 centimeters and the
other leg measuring 12 centimeters. To find the length of the hypotenuse,
we can apply the Pythagorean Theorem, which states that the square of
the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
In this case, it would be h² = 5² + 12², where 'h' represents the length of
the hypotenuse. Solving for 'h,' we find that the hypotenuse is √(5² + 12²)
= √(25 + 144) = √169 = 13 centimeters.
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES
Expository Writing
 Expository writing in mathematics refers to the practice of presenting
mathematical information, concepts, or ideas in a clear, concise, and organized
manner. It is a form of writing that focuses on explaining mathematical concepts,
theorems, proofs, or problem-solving strategies in a way that is informative and
easy to understand for the reader. Expository writing typically provides a logical
structure, uses appropriate mathematical notation, and may include examples or
diagrams to enhance comprehension.
 This type of writing is common in mathematical textbooks, research papers, and
educational materials, as it helps convey mathematical knowledge and insights to
a broader audience. The goal of expository writing in mathematics is to make
complex mathematical topics more accessible and to facilitate learning and
understanding.
Example of Expository Writing

 Title: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is a central concept in the field of
calculus, bridging the gap between differentiation and integration. It consists of
two parts, each with its own significance.
 Part I:
 Suppose (f(x)) is a continuous function defined on the closed interval ([a, b]).
The first part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus states that if we define a
new function (F(x)) as the integral of (f(t)) from (a) to (x):
 [F(x) = \int_{a}^{x} f(t) dt]
 Then, (F(x)) is continuous on ([a, b]), differentiable on ((a, b)), and its
derivative (F'(x)) at any point (x) within ((a, b)) is equal to (f(x)):
 [F'(x) = f(x) \text{ for } a < x < b.]
 This part of the theorem establishes the connection between integration and
differentiation.
 Part II:
 The second part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus deals with definite
integrals. It states that if (f(x)) is a continuous function on the interval ([a, b]), then
the integral of (f(x)) over that interval can be calculated as the difference in values
of an antiderivative of (f(x)) evaluated at the endpoints:
 [\int_{a}^{b} f(x) dx = F(b) - F(a)]
 Where (F(x)) is any antiderivative of (f(x)).
 This second part of the theorem simplifies the evaluation of definite integrals and is
a fundamental tool in calculus and various areas of science and engineering.
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES
Cause and Effect Writing
 involves explaining the relationship between different mathematical
elements, processes, or actions in terms of how one leads to the other. It
focuses on identifying and describing the cause (the action, operation, or
concept) and the resulting effect (the outcome, consequence, or
mathematical relationship) in a mathematical context.
 For example, in probability theory, you might use cause and effect writing
to explain how the multiplication rule for independent events works. You
would describe the cause (independent events occurring simultaneously)
and the effect (the rule that allows you to calculate the probability of both
events happening).
Example of Cause and Effect Writing

 Cause and Effect: The Distributive Property in Algebra

 Cause (Action): In algebra, the distributive property is a fundamental
mathematical rule. It states that for any real numbers (a), (b), and (c), the
product of (a) and the sum of (b) and (c) is equal to the sum of the
products of (a) and (b) and (a) and (c). This can be expressed as (a \cdot (b
+ c) = a \cdot b + a \cdot c).
 Effect (Result): The distributive property is a crucial tool for simplifying
algebraic expressions and solving equations. It allows us to break down
complex expressions into simpler, more manageable parts. For example,
when expanding an expression like (2(x + 3)), we use the distributive
property to distribute the (2) to both (x) and (3), resulting in (2x + 6).
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES
Exquisite Writing
 The term "exquisite writing" is not commonly used in the context of
mathematics. However, in a broader sense, exquisite writing could refer to
exceptionally well-crafted, clear, and precise mathematical explanations or
proofs. It emphasizes the importance of communicating mathematical ideas with
elegance, precision, and clarity, which is a crucial aspect of mathematical
exposition and proof writing.
 In mathematics, writing should be precise, logical, and well-structured to convey
complex ideas effectively. "Exquisite writing" in this context would mean that
the mathematical content is presented in a way that is not only accurate but also
aesthetically pleasing and easy to understananized mathematical arguments.
Example of Exquisite Writing

 Title: An Exquisite Proof of the Infinitude of Primes

 Proof:
 Consider the statement: "There are infinitely many prime numbers."
 To prove this, we'll use a classical technique known as a proof by contradiction, which adds
a layer of elegance to the argument. Suppose, for the sake of contradiction, that there are
only finitely many prime numbers, say (p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_n).
 Now, let's construct a new number, (N), defined as the product of all these primes plus one:
 [N = (p_1 \cdot p_2 \cdot \ldots \cdot p_n) + 1]
 Now, (N) is not divisible by any of the primes (p_1, p_2, \ldots, p_n) because it leaves a
remainder of 1 when divided by any of them. But (N) must be either prime itself or divisible
by a prime not in our list. In either case, it leads to a contradiction because either way, we've
found a prime number that's not in our original finite list.
 This contradiction proves that our initial assumption, that there are only finitely many prime
numbers, must be false. Therefore, there must be infinitely many prime numbers.
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES
Narrative Writing
 involves presenting mathematical concepts, problems, or ideas in a
storytelling or narrative style. It seeks to create a coherent and engaging
mathematical narrative that guides the reader through the problem-
solving process or the exploration of mathematical concepts.
 Narrative writing in mathematics often includes context, real-world
applications, and a chronological or logical progression of mathematical
events. It can be used to make mathematics more relatable and
accessible, especially when explaining mathematical discoveries,
historical developments, or the practical use of mathematical concepts.
Narrative writing can help students and readers connect with
mathematics on a more intuitive level.
 EXAMPLE OF NARRATIVE WRITING
 Title: The Story of Euler's Formula
 Once upon a time in the world of mathematics, a brilliant Swiss mathematician named Leonhard Euler was pondering a seemingly
unrelated trio of mathematical concepts: complex numbers, trigonometry, and exponential growth.
 Euler was intrigued by the idea of representing complex numbers, those with both a real and imaginary part, in a way that would
provide a deeper understanding of their behavior. To achieve this, he embarked on a mathematical journey, weaving these concepts
together.
 Euler imagined a unit circle, a circle with a radius of one, centered at the origin of the complex plane. Then, he placed a point on this
circle and let it move around the circumference while keeping track of its position as it traveled. He used the angle formed by this
point's movement as a key element.
 In this narrative, Euler's journey was one of exploration and discovery. He found that the movement of this point traced a path through
the complex plane, and the key to this path's description was a fascinating formula:
 [e^{i\theta} = \cos(\theta) + i\sin(\theta)]
 Euler had discovered what is now known as Euler's formula. This formula beautifully connects complex exponentials with
trigonometric functions and provides a powerful tool for solving a wide range of problems in mathematics and physics. It was a
breakthrough moment in the history of mathematics, and Euler's journey of exploration had led to a mathematical treasure that
continues to be celebrated and used in many branches of science and engineering to this day.
 This narrative style of writing in mathematics not only explains the concept but also adds a storytelling element, making it more
engaging and relatable for readers. It helps convey the historical context and the sense of discovery that often accompanies
mathematical breakthroughs.
CONSTRUCTION OF SAMPLE OF THE DIFFERENT
WRITING TO LEARN STRATEGIES.

 Strategies encourage students to actively engage with mathematical

concepts, promote deeper understanding, and improve their ability to
communicate mathematical ideas effectively through writing.
 These strategies aim to enhance mathematical understanding, critical
thinking, and communication skills through writing. They encourage
students to think deeply about mathematical concepts and develop a
stronger connection with the subject matter.
CONSTRUCTION OF SAMPLE OF THE
DIFFERENT WRITING TO LEARN
STRATEGIES.
 Math Journals
 Error Analysis
 Word Problem Narratives
 Math Reflection Prompts
 Think-Aloud in Writing
 Mathematical Modeling
 Explaining Mathematical Concepts
 Math Lab Reports
 Math Problem PuzzlesMath in the Real World
 DIFFERENT WRITING TO LEARN
STRATEGIES.
Math Journals ERROR ANALYSIS
 Students maintain math journals  After completing math
where they write about the problems, students are asked to
mathematical concepts they are identify and explain any errors
learning. They can summarize
they made. They can write about
lessons, explain problem-solving
why they initially chose a
strategies, and reflect on their
understanding. particular approach and what
they learned from the mistake.
 This journaling process encourages
students to articulate their thoughts  This encourages self-correction
and build a deeper comprehension of and a deeper understanding of
mathematical concepts. problem-solving techniques.
DIFFERENT WRITING TO LEARN
STRATEGIES.
MATH REFLECTION
Word Problem Narratives
PROMPTS
 Students are given a word  At the end of a lesson or unit,
problem and asked to write a students respond to reflective
narrative or story that explains prompts about what they found
the problem-solving process challenging, what they've
step by step. learned, and how they plan to
apply these concepts in real life.
 This approach helps them
understand how to translate  This encourages metacognition
real-world situations into and helps students connect math
mathematical equations. to their daily experiences.
DIFFERENT WRITING TO LEARN
STRATEGIES.
MATHEMATICAL
Think-Aloud in Writing
MODELING
 Students solve math problems  Students create mathematical
and write out the thought models or equations to represent
process behind each step. real-world scenarios. They can
write explanations of their
 This helps them understand
models, discussing how the
their problem-solving
variables relate to the problem
strategies and allows teachers
they are trying to solve.
to identify misconceptions or
areas where students need  This strategy helps students
more support. apply math in practical contexts.
DIFFERENT WRITING TO LEARN
STRATEGIES.
Explaining Mathematical
MATH LAB REPORTS
Concepts
 Students are asked to explain a  In a math lab or project-based
mathematical concept in their learning context, students write
own words. lab reports that describe the
problem they were trying to
 This forces them to
solve, their methods, data, and
understand the idea deeply
conclusions.
enough to teach it to someone
else.  This writing strategy combines
math and scientific inquiry.
DIFFERENT WRITING TO LEARN
STRATEGIES.
MATH IN THE REAL
Math Problem Puzzles
WORLD
 Students write their own math  Students explore a real-world
problems and then swap with application of mathematics and
a peer for solving. write about it.
 This not only encourages  For example, they could research
creative thinking but also how mathematical principles are
requires a deep understanding used in architecture, finance, or
of the concept they are physics, and then reflect on what
creating problems about. they've learned.
THESE STRATEGIES ENCOURAGE
STUDENTS TO ACTIVELY
ENGAGE WITH MATHEMATICAL
CONCEPTS, PROMOTE DEEPER
UNDERSTANDING, AND IMPROVE
THEIR ABILITY TO
COMMUNICATE MATHEMATICAL
IDEAS EFFECTIVELY THROUGH
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING