Introduction to

Electrical and Computer

Engineering

Lecture 1
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 1
Introduction

2
3
4
(Positively charged) (Negatively charged)

5
-I < 0

kind of positive
particle

6
 same as

=0
I
6A
I2 is same direction
open
as I
I1 is opposite of I2
circuit
-6A
7
8
 (m)

L: length of conductor (m)  copper  1.68 10 8 [m]

A: cross-sectional area (m2)
L increases  rubber  approx.1013[m]
with A 9
i1 = I = 3A

If R2 = R1, I2 = I1 = 3A
If R2 > R1, I2 < I1
If R2 < R1, I2 > I1
10
𝑸= 𝒊 𝒕 𝒅𝒕

11
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 2
Circuit Signals

12
 Voltage is what makes electric charges move.

Alessandro Volta (1745 – 1827)

(Italian physicist, and chemist)

The voltage, or potential

difference from point A to
point B is the amount of
energy in joules (as a
result of electric field)
required to move 1
coulomb of charge from
point A to point B. (1V = 1J/1C) IV characteristic equation 13
What is the ground?

14
positive sign negative sign

V = VAB = VA - VB

V>0

(e.g. V < 0)
reverse the wires, VBA = VB – VA = -V= -VAB15
 -8V
0V 0-(-8)= 8V
-2V -2-(-8)=6V
3V -8+3=-5V
VAB = VA - VB
-VAB = -(-8) = 8V
 VB = VA - VAB
 VA = VAB + VB

16
 I
1

2 VA – VB = 20V 3 VB = VD = 0V
VA = VAB + VB = 20V
VCD = VAB = 20V
(since VC = VA, and VD = VB) VC = VA = 20V
17
V1= V2= VAB = 20V

18
Remarks:

VAB Ohm’s law

𝑹𝑨𝑩 𝑉𝐴𝐵
𝐼𝐴𝐵 =
(assume 𝑹𝑨𝑩 ≠ 𝟎) 𝑅𝐴𝐵
IAB

A I=0
+
20V 0 < V = VAB < 20V
-
B

19
I

I1 I2 I3
I1= I2= I3= I

A + V1 -
B
 

V1 = V2 = VAB
+ V2 -

(2, 4) (1, 2) (4, 5)

(1, 3) (3, 6) 20
In parallel: (E2, E6)
In series: (E4, E5)

0A
short-circuit
 we need to break
the wire!

21
 0 resistance

∞ resistance

I I
0A
+ 0V -
I
I
22
Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of an electric charge.

Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically

reverses direction.

23
 Definitions
 Peak value: the maximum
value attained by an
alternating quantity during
one cycle.
DC offset AC signal  Peak-to-Peak value of an AC
5 signal is defined as the
7
3 difference between its
0 1 positive peak and its
-7 0 negative peak.
T T  Period is the time required
for one complete cycle of
vibration to pass a given
point.
7 5  Frequency and Period are in
reciprocal relationships and
14 4 can be expressed
𝟐𝝅 𝝎 2 𝝎=𝝅 mathematically as f = 1/T
𝟏  Offset (or DC offset) is an
𝝎 𝟐𝝅 0.5 offsetting of a signal from
𝑻
zero. It is the mean
0 3 amplitude of the waveform.
The average voltage (or
current) of a periodic 4 ms
signals whether it is a sine 0 𝟏 𝟏
∙ 𝟐 ∙ 𝟏𝟎 + ∙ 𝟐 ∙ −𝟏𝟎
wave, square wave or 𝟐 𝟐
𝟒
triangular waveform is =0
defined as: “the quotient
of the area under the 4 ms
𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 + 𝟕. 𝟏
waveform with respect to 𝟒
time”. In other words, the = 5,25A

averaging of all the 0

instantaneous values
along time axis with time 6 ms
𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟑 + −𝟓 ∙ 𝟑
being one full period, (T). 𝟔
= 2,5A
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 0
𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 =
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝
more energy
𝑻
𝟏
𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = 𝑰 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎
25
0A 0A
Definition:
The RMS value is
the effective value
of a varying voltage
or current. It is the
equivalent steady General expression:
DC (constant) value
𝑻
which gives the 𝟏
same effect. 𝑿𝐑𝐌𝐒 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎
For example, a
lamp connected to
a 6V RMS AC
supply will shine
with the same
brightness when
connected to a
steady 6V DC 𝐴2
supply. 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑎 + 𝐴sin 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝑋RMS = 𝑎2 +
2

6VRMS
~
same brightness

+
6VDC
- 26
27
 𝑻
𝟏 𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟐 ∙ 𝟐 + 𝟕 ∙ 𝟏
𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = 𝑰 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 =
𝑻 𝟒
𝟎
= 𝟓, 𝟐𝟓 A
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 =
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝

5,25 A

𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∙ 𝟏 + 𝟒 ∙ 𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗 ∙ 𝟏
𝑰𝐑𝐌𝐒 =
100 𝟒
𝑻
𝟏 49
𝑿𝐑𝐌𝐒 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝑻 = = 𝟔, 𝟐𝟔
𝟎 4 𝟒

6,26 A
28
 𝑻
𝟏
𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = 𝑰 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎
0
𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚
𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞 =
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝
𝟏𝟎 ∙ 𝟑 + −𝟓 ∙ 𝟑
2,5 A 𝑰𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 =
𝟔
= 𝟐, 𝟓 A

100
𝟏𝟎𝟎 ∙ 𝟑 + 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝟑
𝑻 𝑰𝐑𝐌𝐒 = = 𝟕, 𝟗𝟏
𝟏 𝟔
𝑿𝐑𝐌𝐒 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 25
𝑻
𝟎
0

7,91 A
29
30
Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) (email: [email protected])
https://engineering.illinois.edu/directory/profile/brunet

Handout 3
Power & Energy

31
 𝐼𝐵𝐴
𝐼𝐴𝐵

+ 𝑉𝐴𝐵 -
- 𝑉𝐵𝐴 +
𝑉𝐴𝐵 , 𝐼𝐴𝐵
or 𝑉𝐵𝐴 , 𝐼𝐵𝐴
32
YES
Remarks: in SRS
• Do not care about the
numerical values of V and I.
• Care about the polarity of V
YES and direction of I.

- 8v +
NO E4 YES
-5A 33
𝐈

34
(or absorbs)

35
+
- I <? 0 PSRS < 0: PSRS = VAB.I < 0
36
 (always!)

PSRS >? 0

VAB and 𝑰𝑨⟶𝑩 MUST have the same sign

Assume that
VAB = VA - VB
= -15V < 0
+ VAB -
𝑽𝑨𝑩 𝑽𝑨 − 𝑽𝑩
I <? 0 Ohm’s law: 𝑰=
𝑹
=
𝑹
(R > 0) 37
 The power rating of component is the highest power input allowed to
flow through particular component.
Pm

power input

38
 load

I2 load I4 load
V2
I3
V1 V3 V4
I1

(V1.I1)

15W 39
 𝑃𝐷
or 𝜂 =
𝑃𝐺

Lost 20% = 30W 40

Source: M. -C. Brunet (UIUC) Instructor: Lê Chí Thông 41
 NO!!!

0V

0A
V  10 sin t ; I  7 sin t
𝟐𝝅
P  VI  70 sin t 2
𝑻=
P = Vx I 𝝎
T 
1 1
Vaver x Iaver = 0 Pave   P(t )dt   70 sin 2 tdt
T o 0

1   t sin 2t  70
Pave  70     35W
  2 4  0 2
 𝑇
P=VxI 1
𝑃aver = 𝑃 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0
3 6
t 1 3 6
= −15𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑑𝑡
6 0 3

-15
= −7.5𝑊

43
Remark: 44
 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡

𝑽𝒑 𝑰𝒑
×
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
𝑽𝒑 × 𝑰𝒑
𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
𝑷𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫 = 𝑽𝒑 × 𝑰𝒑 = 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝑾
? 𝟐 𝟐
45
 The right solution is given by
P=VxI 𝑇
1
𝑃aver = 𝑃 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
3 6 𝑇
0
In this example NO!!! t
3 6
Because 1
= −15𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑑𝑡
V is not equal to I.R!!! 6 0 3
-15
= −𝟕. 𝟓𝑾

46
47
 𝑃
Hint: 𝜂 = 𝑃𝐷
𝐺

Hint: E = P.t

48
 2
𝑉RMS 1 𝑉𝑝2
Hint: 𝑃aver = =
𝑅 2 𝑅

49