Strength of Denture Relining Materials...

Lau M et al Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(2):55-61

Received: 7th September 2013 Accepted: 10th December 2013 Conflict of Interest: None
Original Research
Source of Support: Nil

Tensile and shear bond strength of hard and soft denture relining materials to the
conventional heat cured acrylic denture base resin: An In-vitro study
Mayank Lau1, G S Amarnath2, B C Muddugangadhar3, M U Swetha4, Kopal Anshuraj Ashok Kumar Das4

Contributors: showed a significant difference in the mean tensile bond strength

1
Senior Lecturer, Department of Prosthodontics, Maharana and the mean shear bond strength when the two denture soft
Pratap College of Dentistry & Research Centre, Gwalior, liners were compared as well as when the two denture hard liners
Madhya Pradesh, India; 2Professor & Head, Department of were compared. Hsu’s MCB implied that Ufi gel hard is better
Prosthodontics, M R Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, than its other closest competitors.
Bangalore, Karnataka, India; 3Reader, Department of Conclusion: The Tensile and Shear bond strength values of
Prosthodontics, M R Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, denture soft reliners were significantly lower than denture hard
Bangalore, Karnataka, India; 4Post Graduate Student, reliners.
Department of Prosthodontics, M R Ambedkar Dental College
and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Key Words: G C reline, mollosil, reliners, shear bond strength,
Correspondence: tensile bond strength, ufi gel hard
Dr. Amarnath G S. Department of Prosthodontics, M R
Ambedkar Dental College & Hospital, 1/36, Cline road, Cooke
Town, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Phone: +91 – 9916472790. Introduction
Email: [email protected] Gradual changes of oral tissues require that complete or
How to cite the article: partial dentures be relined to improve their adaptation to
Lau M, Amarnath GS, Muddugangadhar BC, Swetha MU, Das
the supporting tissues. The condition of the denture
KA. Tensile and shear bond strength of hard and soft denture
relining materials to the conventional heat cured acrylic denture bearing tissues may be adversely affected by high stress
base resin: An In-vitro study. J Int Oral Health 2014;6(2):55-61. concentration during function.1 Chairside Denture reliners
Abstract: which are intended for relining removable dentures and
Background: The condition of the denture bearing tissues may
other maxillofacial prostheses are used to distribute forces
be adversely affected by high stress concentration during
function. Chairside Denture (Hard and Soft) reliners are used to applied to soft tissues during function. The tissue
distribute forces applied to soft tissues during function. Tensile contacting surface of prosthesis is covered with the soft
and shear bond strength has been shown to be dependent on liner and this coated structure is expected to have a healing
their chemical composition. A weak bond could harbor bacteria,
promote staining and delamination of the lining material. To
effect on the mucosa as well as giving comfort to the
investigate tensile and shear bond strength of 4 different patient. A reliable bond between denture base and soft
commercially available denture relining materials to liner is required for the denture to function properly.2
conventional heat cured acrylic denture base resin. Denture relining is defined as procedure used to resurface
Materials & Methods: 4 mm sections in the middle of 160
Acrylic cylindrical specimens (20 mm x 8 mm) were removed, the tissue side of denture. It eliminates the need for making
packed with test materials (Mollosil, G C Reline Soft, G C Reline new dentures for the patient when changes are minimal
Hard (Kooliner) and Ufi Gel Hard and polymerized. Specimens and existing denture is in a relatively good condition.
were divided into 8 groups of 20 each. Tensile and shear bond
These chairside reline materials allow dentist to reline
strength to the conventional heat cured acrylic denture base
resin were examined by Instron Universal Tensile Testing removable prostheses directly in mouth. Two types of
Machine using the equation F=N/A (F-maximum force exerted chair side denture relining materials are used: Hard and
on the specimen (Newton) and A-bonding area= 50.24 mm2). Soft reliners. In hard relining materials there are different
One-way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons
sub groups such as heat cured, self cured and light cured.
followed by Bonferroni Test and Hsu’s MCB for multiple
pairwise comparisons to asses any significant differences Soft or resilient liners are preferred for sensitive mucosal
between the groups. tissues. Soft reliners are divided into four groups based on
Results: The highest mean Tensile bond strength value was chemical structures: plasticized acrylic resins (chemical or
obtained for Ufi Gel Hard (6.49+0.08 MPa) and lowest for G C
heat cured), vinyl resins, rubbers (polyurethane and
Reline Soft (0.52+0.01 MPa). The highest mean Shear bond
strength value was obtained for Ufi Gel Hard (16.19+0.1 MPa) polyphosphazine type) and silicone rubbers.1
and lowest for Mollosil (0.59+0.05 MPa). The Benferroni test

55
Strength of Denture Relining Materials...Lau M et al Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(2):55-61

Properties such as tensile and shear bond strength has been minutes and heat cured using short curing cycle 740 C for
shown to be dependent on chemical composition of both 90 minutes and an additional 30 minutes at 1000 C. On
reline materials and denture base polymers. A weak bond completion and cooling, the heat cured acrylic cylinders
could harbor bacteria, promote staining and delamination were retrieved. Finishing was done using cherry stone
of the lining material.3 Also, it is suggested that the bond finishing burs and dry emery papers (John Oakey and Sons
strength between the denture reline and denture base limited, Wellington, England). Each finished cylinders (20
resins could affect the mechanical strength of the reline mm x 8 mm) were placed back to their respective moulds
denture base.4 Hence, this study was undertaken to (Figure 1). 4mm in the centre of the cylinders were
investigate the tensile and shear bond strength of different marked using a marker and were sectioned using the disc.
commercially available denture relining materials to Separating medium was applied over the mould containing
conventional heat cured acrylic denture base resin. these specimens (Figure 2).
Materials and Methods Grouping of the samples:
The present study was carried out in the Department of All 160 samples prepared were divided into 8 groups. Each
Prosthodontics including Crown and Bridge and group contained 20 samples.
Implantology, M R Ambedkar Dental College and For Tensile bond strength testing:
Hospital, Bangalore. Group 1: Denture soft reliner: Mollosil

Figure 1: Flasked Aluminium cylinders and heat cured PMMA Cylinders.

160 Cylindrical acrylic specimens were made from moulds

prepared by solid aluminium cylinders of dimension 20
mm length and 8mm diameter (Figure 1). These solid

Figure 3: 4 mm section of PMMA cylinders packed with

Figure 2: 4 mm sectioned PMMA specimens. the test material.
Group 2: Denture soft reliner: G C Reline Soft
aluminium cylinders were flasked conventionally using Group 3: Denture hard reliner: G C Reline Hard
Dental Flask and clamp (Jabbar & Co.) with dental plaster (Kooliner)
type II and dental stone type IV mixed in the ratio 1:1. Group 4: Denture hard reliner: Ufi Gel Hard
Once set, the flasks were opened and cylinders retrieved. For Shear bond strength testing:
Conventional heat cure acrylic denture base resin (Dental Group 5: Denture soft reliner: Mollosil
Products of India, Dentsply) was mixed [ratio 3(polymer): Group 6: Denture soft reliner: G C Reline Soft
1(monomer)] and packed according to manufacturers’
instructions. It was allowed to bench cure for about 30

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Strength of Denture Relining Materials...Lau M et al Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(2):55-61

Group 7: Denture hard reliner: G C Reline Hard F=N/A

(Kooliner) Where F is the tensile bond strength (MPa), N is the vertical
Group 8: Denture hard reliner: Ufi Gel Hard uniaxial load exerted on the specimen (in Newton) and A is
Each reliner to be tested was mixed according to the the size of bonding area that is 56.26 mm2.
manufacturer’s instructions and packed in the 4 mm empty
mid portion of the cylinders (8mm x 8mm). The flasks All the 80 specimens (20 samples for each group) were
were closed and allowed to cure. Once cured, the cylinders tested similarly and data was collected by the same
with the test materials were retrieved from the flasks and operator.
finished with the scissors and diamond burs (Figure 3).
To compare the differences between the groups, obtained
Each cylinders with the reliners interposed were tested
results were statistically analyzed. One-way ANOVA was
individually for tensile and shear bond strength with the
used for multiple group comparisons followed by
help of INSTRON Universal testing machine (5582
Bonferroni Test and Hsu’s MCB for multiple pairwise
model, UK) made which is digitally controlled and has a
comparisons to asses any significant differences between
software for test control and data acquisition. The vertical
the groups.
uniaxial tensile load (100 kN) was applied to the ends of
Results

Figure 4: Tensile and Shear bond strength testing of the specimens.

the cylinder with a cross head speed of 1mm/min until G C Reline soft (0.72+0.02 MPa) had higher values of
debonding of the test material occurred with respect to shear bond strength than Mollosil (0.60+0.05 MPa)
conventional heat cured acrylic denture base resin. This whereas Mollosil (0.68+0.01 MPa) showed higher values
force in Newton was recorded by the system (Figure 4). of tensile bond strength when compared to G C Reline soft
Typically bond strength was calculated in Megapascals, (0.54+0.01 MPa). Ufi-Gel-Hard showed higher values of
taking into account the surface area of the adhesive both shear (16.22+0.1 MPa) and tensile bond strength
interface. Since the test area was in circular (8 mm x 8 mm) Table 1: Mean Tensile Bond Strength and Standard
2
in shape, the area had to be considered as π /4, where 8 Deviation among different groups (MPa)
Ufi
mm was taken as diameter of the cylindrical acrylic GC Reline GC Reline
Mollosil Gel
specimens. The area of the cross section was calculated Soft Hard
Hard
approximately as 56.26 mm2. Mean 0.67 0.52 4.85 6.49
The following equation was used to calculate the tensile bond Standard
0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02
strength: Deviation

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Strength of Denture Relining Materials...Lau M et al Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(2):55-61

Table 2: Multiple Group Comparisons: One-Way ANOVA.

Source of Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean sum of Squares Variance
P value
Variation (SS) (V) (MS) ratio (F)
Between
542.71 3.00 180.90 472119.10 0.0000
Groups
Within Groups 0.03 76.00 0.00038 0.006409 <0.001
Total 542.74 79.00 14.4586 0.006409 0.0000
P-value less than 0.05 indicates significant difference between the groups with respect to the mean load
(6.53+0.08 MPa) as compared to G C Reline Hard tensile bond strength and the mean shear bond strength
(7.80+0.3 MPa), (4.88+0.03 MPa) respectively (Table 1, when the two denture soft liners were compared as well as
5; Figure 5, 6). According to the one way ANOVA test, a when the two denture hard liners were compared. Hsu’s
highly significant difference was seen between and within MCB (Table 4, 8) implied that Ufi gel hard is better than
the tensile and shear bond strength of the groups with its other closest competitors.
respect to the mean loads (Table 2, 6). The Benferroni test Discussion
(Table 3, 7) showed a significant difference in the mean According to the current literature, there is no general

Tensile Strength of different

Tensile (N per mm square)

Relining materials
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
GC Reline GC Reline
Mollosil Ufi Gel Hard
Soft Hard
Maximum 0.69 0.54 4.89 6.53
Mean 0.67 0.52 4.85 6.49
Minimum 0.65 0.48 4.79 6.44

Figure 5: Maximum, Mean and Minimum values of Tensile Bond Strength.

(Comparative Evaluation of Mean Tensile Bond Strength)

Shear Strength of different Relining

Shear (N per mm square)

materials
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
GC Reline GC Reline
Mollosil Ufi Gel Hard
Soft Hard
Maximum 0.65 0.75 7.83 16.25
Mean 0.59 0.72 7.76 16.19
Minimum 0.54 0.68 7.68 16.14

Figure 6: Maximum, Mean and Minimum values of Shear Bond Strength.

(Comparative Evaluation of Mean Shear Bond Strength)

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Strength of Denture Relining Materials...Lau M et al Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(2):55-61

agreement about a test method to be used for evaluating lining materials in this study is compared with the above
the bond strength of denture relining materials. studies, Mollosil (0.68+0.01 MPa), G C Reline soft
In the present study, a tensile & shear test method was (0.54+0.01 MPa), Ufi-Gel-Hard (6.53+0.08 MPa), G C
preferred because it applies a simple load to the joint, Reline Hard (4.88+0.03 MPa) were found to be adequate
which allows for comparison among different materials. for clinical use.
Table 3: Pair-wise comparisons: Bonferroni Test. The mechanisms for adhesion of hard relining materials to
STATISTIC P-value PMMA denture base materials are dependent on swelling
Soft Reliners 24.92 0.0000 of the surface by monomer or solvent, diffusion of
Hard Reliners 265.48 0.0000 monomers into the swollen PMMA denture base material,
P-value less than 0.05 indicates significant difference
polymerization, and formation of IPN (interprismatic
between the groups with respect to the mean load
Dependent Variable: Load (Newton) network).3-5,10-13 This process is reported to be dependent
Denture relining materials were polymerized on dry, fresh on time, temperature, type of solvent, polymeric structure
conventional heat cure acrylic denture base resin and and glass transition of the polymer.10,14,15
tested under dry conditions. This is similar to the study Specimens of PMMA denture base were used 24 hours
done by Mutluay et al.5 Shear test method was also taken in after polymerization. The result of a recent study suggested
this study as it simulates the masticatory load intraorally.6 that bond strength of autopolymerizing resin to denture

Table 4: Hsu’s MCB (Multiple Comparisons with the Table 5: Mean Shear Bond Strength and Standard
Best) Deviation among different groups (MPa)
Comparison Confidence interval P-value Ufi
GC Reline GC Reline
Mollosil v/s Ufi Mollosil Gel
-5.84 0.00 Soft Hard
Gel Hard Hard
GC Reline Soft v/s Mean 0.59 0.72 7.76 16.19
-5.99 0.02
Ufi Gel Hard Standard
0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03
GC Reline Hard Deviation
-1.66 0.00
v/s Ufi Gel Hard base polymer is not significantly influenced by water
Since upper limit is zero, there is significant difference
content of the denture base polymer.10,16
between the material and the 'best' mean
However, the bond strength is influenced by resin type,
The test of such bond strength has been performed most
thermal cycling and surface treatment. The same study also
commonly with a transverse method.7-9
Table 6: Multiple Group Comparisons: One-Way ANOVA.
Source of Sum of Squares Degree of Freedom Mean sum of Squares Variance
P value
Variation (SS) (V) (MS) ratio (F)
Between Groups 3254.12 3.00 1084.71 1444.59 0.0000
Within Groups 57.07 76.00 0.75 0.004584 <0.001
Total 3311.18 79.00 17.5105 0.004584 0.0000
P-value less than 0.05 indicates significant difference between the groups with respect to the mean load
Craig and Gibbons and Khan et al. evaluated the bond found that bond strength to a water-saturated, solvent-
strength of resilient lining materials and claimed that 10 psi treated PMMA surface was not different from bond
(4.5 kg/cm2/ 0.45MPa) is an adequate adhesive value for strength to a desiccated solvent-treated PMMA surface.14,16
an optimal bond. But Kawano et al. suggested that the
force for failure was at least (9.6 kg/cm2 or 0.96MPa) or Table 8: Hsu’s MCB (Multiple Comparisons with the Best)
Comparison Confidence interval P-value
higher for all materials tested. If the tensile strength of
Mollosil v/s Ufi Gel
-16.33 0.00
Table 7: Pair-wise comparisons: Bonferroni Test Hard
STATISTIC P-value G C Reline Soft v/s Ufi
-16.20 0.00
Soft Reliners -0.46 0.3224 Gel Hard
Hard Reliners 32.20 0.0000 G C Reline Hard v/s Ufi
-9.55 0.00
P-value less than 0.05 indicates significant difference between Gel Hard
the groups with respect to the mean load Dependent Variable: Since upper limit is zero, there is significant difference between
Load (Newton) the material and the 'best' mean

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Strength of Denture Relining Materials...Lau M et al Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(2):55-61

Generally new denture relining resins have monomers with Contamination, humidity and surface structure of denture
larger molecules (molecular weight larger than 100) which base polymer all negatively affect the bond strength.2
act slower with respect to swelling PMMA and penetrating For PMMA denture polymer, the higher bond strength
the PMMA surface. For the purpose of swelling PMMA, was reported with MMA-based resin than non-MMA
monomers such as MMA and 2-HEMA or solvents such as based material. For the interpretation of bond strength
dichloromethane, acetone and chloroform are used in the results, a good understanding of the failure mechanisms is
bonding liquids or primers.3,5,11,16 essential.
Dibutyl phthalate in the monomer liquid and diethyl In this study, failure was observed at or very near to the
phthalate in the powder have been used for increasing the interface involving adhesive failure in the interfacial region.
solubility of the PMMA beads of the denture base powder This suggests that even though good interpenetration is
while the resin dough is prepared.17 A disadvantage of the obtained by the use of different monomers, stress
use of this system is the possibility of MMA coming in concentrations and the possible lower cohesive strength of
contact with the oral mucosa which has the potential of the relining material that existed near the interface caused
sensitizing or causing allergic and toxic reactions. failure. Despite not being able to produce stronger bonds
Monomer liquid of Kooliner is IBMA (Isobutyl than the PMMA denture base material when bonded to
methacrylate) and does not contain primers and bonding itself, there are relining materials with relatively high and
agent. This material softens the denture base. IBMA is weak bond strengths. The resins that show
bigger in size and does not penetrate the denture base. interpenetration with a low molecular weight monomer
Hence, Kooliner showed less tensile and shear bond proved to perform better than the others.
strengths than Ufi Gel Hard.3 MMA and HEMA were observed to be good bonding
Bonding between reline acrylic resin and denture base agents, initially providing high bond strength results and
resin is established at the interface where the two materials deeper swollen layer formations. Even though a relining
intermix. Primers that consist of solvents may dissolve the material has good mechanical properties that could match
surface of the denture base and promote penetration of PMMA denture base materials, a delaminating of the
reline acrylic resin into the denture base resin. These material combination will still cause the reline to fail and
reactions may result in the formation of a mixed layer of require replacement of the lining. Such failure may result in
reline acrylic resin and denture base resin.3 midline fractures. A clinician must consider using a
Kooliner has MMA in the recommended bonding agent, material with good bonding properties, as well as good
which has good swelling properties and also the ability to flexural properties combined with good handling
introduce the small MMA molecules penetrating into the properties.
denture base polymer for good bonding.14 The bonding Hard reliners are recommended in high stress bearing
agent for Kooliner also has small molecules such as acetone areas which require high strength. On the other hand, soft
for swelling and 2-HEMA for swelling and penetrating. reliners should be used in areas of injury, trauma, healing
Amongst the soft relining materials, Mollosil showed more and low stress bearing areas which require good resilient
tensile bond strength due to its adhesive component. GC support.
Reline soft had more shear bond strength. It contains Conclusion
poly(organosiloxane) which gives good handling In order to achieve success in the relining process in
properties and highest bond strength as also approved by complete and partial dentures, the same type of heat-cured
different studies, which can be also used as a tissue lining material should be used because of the need for
conditioner. similar tensile strength and bonding properties. Most
G C reline soft does not chemically bond with denture bonds established between the materials tested appeared
base resins. Therefore, change in denture base to be adequate but delamination of the material will still
composition does not affect bonding properties. Bonding cause the reline to fail and require replacement of the
occurs by treatment of surface layer by solvent and partially lining. A clinician must consider using a material with good
impregnating the surface layer with polymer solution. bonding properties, as well as good flexural properties
combined with good handling properties.

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Strength of Denture Relining Materials...Lau M et al Journal of International Oral Health 2014; 6(2):55-61

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