YR 4 SCL UNIT 3: FORCES & ENERGY 3.1) Density Ly Mow compact a material’s mass is Ly How much mass fits itp a certain Space (volume) : : B Massie (aul ovalitelican ie Ly Formula : Density i alamo 3 Paes] ee = [4/em?] or Teg /u® IE a eer tle) use) this ZN cover akicbese fasts ion quantity the question asks you te find bt measure Rensity : We can’t Ly We must measure mass and volume, then use the formula Ly To measure mass: Use an electronic scale /scale 7EE balance > Displacement Methed Mea sucing ir. ie To measure volume : Z Formula Method lonly fr regular shapes) Bet Kind Eg: A box Measure longi, width, ae /* a iC The hae height lor cadins Helse. aeeee i 1 bw 0, vehme valerE] - it's a ball) and - Le use the volume foe FS - : em — formula fom Maths ate oe VelewehBeta) Density and Floating L Less dense materials Float on denser materials; denser materials sink FEg.: Wood Lloats on uwer Eg A stone smks in pe - beaker waver SS | Se, wood is less dense than water Eg: Oil Lloats on unter 7 beaker So, oil is less dense than water * Aix is a mixture of boater 7 beaker water stone So, the stone is denser than water > E.g.: Helium floats in ai helium -£illed t t balloon Ai TE we let ge of the balloon string, it Floats up So, helium is less dense than ai* gases, made up of 781 vitrogen (Ne), Leh oxygen (02), and 1h other gases (ike carbon clioxike (C0.), helium (He), hydrogen (H,), ete.). So the average density of this mixture ig wore than hiclium's densityLy How do large contamer ships float on water when the metals they'e made of ave Acfnaely densex than water? % Air is much less “Empty” space in ee ship Filled with ie saat ‘hic and other Urings aig eeeeees te aa The average density of the metal ship Metal and the air and other Yrings is less ship than the density of the seawater 3.2) Heat 4 Tem perature lL, Heat = Heat enegy = Thermal enexqy = Total energy of an object's particles ¥ =) Enesqy that flows From a hotter (higher temperature ) object tea colder (lower temperature) object = Measured joules Q) lL Temperature = How hot or cold an object is (Simple answer to = Measured in °C (nor) NS Am) = An indivect way to measure the average kinetic W% energy of an object's particles (p,.. per answer; helps you answer other questions, but you won't need to write this as a definition) Fe Compare the 2 definitions with the Lileat is about the total energy of an object's particles Ly Temportute 18 about the average energy of an objects particlesE.g.: Which would hurt our hands more? pe —é6 Hand Drop of yy) VA vs water Lo Tw both cases, the water has the same (hot) temperature Ly In both cases, cach water molecule has the same energy on average Ly But the basin of water has_much more heat Ly the basin of water has wayyy more water molecules ly So, the basin’s water molecules have wayyy more total ener So, the basm of water would hurt much more Ne E.g.: Sparks from a sparkler (000°C ) —> The whole sparkler and just 1 spark have the same (hot) temperature by Each of their particles have the same_em ow average (~1000°C ) —> The sparkler has much move heat than the spark Ly The sparkler has wayyy more particles, so wayyy more total energy3.3) Conservation of Energy Enorgy 4 Us forws ") Energy Ly te ability to do shuff ‘Nature's $ measured in joules 2) Categories of Energy L Energy stores 4 Enegy that stays with one object / im one place 4 Like § sitting im the bank 4 Enexyy tronshers Ly Evergy that i¢ guwen/ moved from one object /place to ancther 4 Like $ being speub (changing hands 3) Ditkorert forms of Energy Stoves 4) Grauitetional potential (Gre) 1s Evexqy you gain by moving higher wp above the Earth’ surface omegy Energ y Sources Ly Where we get energy fom 1) Categorien of Energy Sources 6 Renewable energy sources Can be replenished after we Use it up (won't run out) 4 Non-vengwable energy Soures > Cannot be replenished after cg Wetted (sail ree out) 2) Renewable energy sources Lb Wind b Slax L Hydweletric YDam a river amol wake an artificial waterfall t duns a twine Ly Biomass > Burning plavt fie] © Geothermal > Using eat from the Earth's marble b Wwe & Tidal enoryyb) Kinetic energy (ke) g ea fb 4 Energy related to movement Yee he Hy) Sus © Fastor movement => More KE Ly Fossil fuels > Coal ie — Oil /Netural qu c) Nuclear energy — Fetwleum bEwergy stored im nuclear bonds 4 Nuclear > We get it fo A) Chemical energy vadioa ctive ae he 7 bs Energy sted in agi Uuvanium or plationinn €) Elestic potential energy Energy stored in a stretched / squished elastic object 4) Difturent forms of Exergy Twamsfors @) Tecmal energy (Heat, energy 4 Energy that Flows row a hatter object Chightr tewp- erature) ty coldor object ower Aewperatune) b) Light ewrgy /Radiant enemy Ewerqy omied by moving pheton Clit pticles) /eweriad by moving electro magnetic waves ©) Sound energy Ls Ensrgy that floss Aue to vila Tiows of particles in a medion 4) Electrical bs Eworgy caccied by moving changed partide, (eg: electrons)5) Conservation of Energy 4 Principal/Law of cmservetion of energy | Ls Energy cannot be crested or destroyed. It com only be transfewad OF rams for 4 The total amoumt of emorgy before amd after some prcess always stays the Same old meta Hot metal 3.4) Moving from Hob to Cold Cad sl ed 1) The Flow of heat: Remember from Unit 3.2... L, Heat = Heat eney = Thermal energy > = Flow : Total energy of an object's particles of heat S Enesgy that flows from a hotter (higher temperature ) object tea colder (lower temporture) object Measured iw joules W) " L Temperature = How hot or cold an object is (Simple peter Le = Measured in °C (NOT J) give in exam) = An imdivect way to measure the average. kinetic energy of am object's particles (p.. per answer} helps you answer other questions, bit yeu won't weed te write this as a definition) Ly This means overall, heat won't flow from Colder to holter cbyects , because a hotter object's particles have more energy on average thon a colder object's particles bs When we touch something and “ feels heb, heat flows : Object > Us ; «Us 2S Object Vetter) (colder) Jf At feds ald, heat flows ‘uobtee) eee)2) Energy Dissipation Ls Energy tends to go trom being move clumped up to more Spread out ‘The wore spread out it gets, the harder it is to use L Besause energy tends to spread out, a lob of it gets wasted when we try use it Wis wasted, spread out energy is called dissipated energy L Energy tends to dissipate Le Eng: Battery powered torcllights & Chemical enegy stored iw battery —> Very clumped up 5 Comical energy comorted to aectrical energy 45 current flows Enrough wires & But wires heat up as atrrent flows through > Hext releasect to surroundings Ros aah out; by Some electrical enegy Converted to light energy of lamp (cles apres xb) 1 Bot lamp alse bests wp at caret Flos —» Again, heat spreadel ett cub to surroun clings (masted) ‘an Wis example, a lot of energy +s cissipated (wasted, spreact out) as heat L Example with calculations (also shows conservation of energy): loo) : 30) light eney Usefud chewi cal shiving fom lamp J 99 energy ee (also Spreads out) from 103 heat /therwal energy Uatted battery dissipated to survoundings eatery) Lote is very difficult to gather up (recover) this dissipated energy and use it to co useful work (but 10) +30) = 100 J; conservation)Ly E-g. = Micphones 4 Teuple speak ino microphones, ging the wikes sound energy only a small amount clumps up ‘whe the: mike L The micrphanes change this mtv electrical eregy, & be sent to the computer /awplifier fede. through wires (usehi) L Gur wives also heat up as current flous through — Heat spreads out to surroundings (wastect) Lily Ws example, o lot of energy is dissipated (wasted, spreact cut) as heat b Example, with calculations (also shows conservation of energy): 150 J 12DJ electrical energy sent ( sound energy \ by compote /ampitio a ae eke. thet goes ‘into 30) haat /thermal eneigy wasted mnicrophone issipated to susroundiings energy Columped up) (spreads ovt) » Again, 6 very Afficult to gether up (recover) the Riccipated energy to do useful work (or even the clissipated sounck energy from the person that spread out and Bidn't enter the mike) \y But again, the example also shows conservation of anergy : 1203 + 305 at the end = 15D J at the start; total cneegy stays const. 3.5) Ways of Trans fering Thermal Energy L See the accompanying slides on this topic3.6) Cooling by Evaporation ly Remember from Year 7: Evaporation is one way for Ga liquid to change ilo A gs or vapour Ls How Aves evaporation happen? divection beaker i NO I é o jie eneryy surface particles escape into the ai ® Oa é Low energy particles Stay in the Viguid water So, the aver en of th ie i welewte © Se paat aamos © parkices im dyn, liquid decreases => Evaporation reduces the temperature of the remaining Vquid ... % cools Aown the liguid Se Eg: Hand sanitiser (alcohol) evaporating cools our skin ls High energy surface molecules escape imto the air bs Low energy molecules stay in the liguik Ly Heat from our skin {lows to these molecules by conduction, so our skim Feels col