Dr. M.

Thirumaleshwar

Software Solutions to Problems on

Heat Transfer
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection
(Boundary layer, flow over Flat plates, across
cylinders, spheres and Tube banks)

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer: Convection – Part-I: Forced convection
1st edition
© 2013 Dr. M. Thirumaleshwar & bookboon.com
ISBN 978-87-403-0563-0

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Contents

Contents

Preface To Vol. 2 6

About the Author 8

About the Softwares used 10

To the Student 11

Chapter 2 Convection 13

2A.1 Forced Convection: 14

2A1 Equation Summary: [Ref: 1] 15
2A1.1 Boundary layer fundamentals, Flow over flat plates, Momentum –
heat transfer analogy etc.: 21

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Contents

2A1.2 Flow across cylinders and spheres: 82

2A1.3 Flow across Tube banks: 155
2A1.4 Flow inside tubes and ducts: 183

References 323

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Preface To Vol. 2

Preface To Vol. 2
This is Vol. 2 of the book “Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer”.

In Vol. 1, problems on various aspects of CONDUCTION heat transfer were solved with Mathcad, EES,
FEHT and EXCEL.

Vol. 2 contains solved problems on the topics of CONVECTION (i.e. Forced convection, Natural or
Free convection).

Part-I and II of CONVECTION contain problems solved on following subtopics:

Part-I:

2A1. Forced convection:

2A1. Convection equation summary
2A1.1. Boundary layer fundamentals, Flow over Flat plates, Momentum – heat transfer Analogy
2A1.2. Flow across Cylinders and Spheres
2A1.3. Flow across Tube banks
2A1.4. Flow inside Tubes and ducts
References

Part-II:

2A2. Natural (or Free) convection:

2A2.1. Natural convection from Vertical plates and Cylinders
2A2.2. Natural convection from Horizontal plates and Spheres
2A2.3. Natural convection from Enclosed spaces
2A2.4. Natural convection from Rotating disks and Spheres
2A2.5. Natural convection from Finned surfaces
2A2.6. Combined Natural and Forced convection
References

Here also problems are solved using the popular software, viz. “Mathcad”, “Engineering Equation Solver
(EES)”, and MS EXCEL spreadsheet. Comments are included generously in the codes so that the logic
behind the solutions is clear. An introductory chapter in Part-I gives a brief overview of the software used.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Preface To Vol. 2

As in Vol. 1, emphasis is given not only to solving a given problem but also to parametric analysis and
graphical representation of results. Advantage of using Software to solve a variety of problems thus
becomes evident. Also, problems with EXCEL spreadsheet are solved in greater details with relevant screen
shots for immediate help to students, since EXCEL is available in practically every Personal Computer.

Acknowledgements: Firstly, I thank my students, since it is they who inspired me and motivated me.Next,
my thanks are due to the authorities at St. Joseph Engineering College, for their constant encouragement.

Also, my sincere thanks to Bookboon.com for publishing this book on the Internet. Ms. Sophie and her
editorial staff have to be specially mentioned for their cooperation, suggestions and support.

Finally, my heart-felt appreciation to my wife, Kala, for her unfailing and thoughtful support and
encouragement.

M. Thirumaleshwar
Author
August 2013

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection About the Author

About the Author

Dr. M. Thirumaleshwar graduated in Mechanical Engineering from Karnataka Regional Engineering
College, Surathkal, Karnataka, India, in the year 1965. He obtained M.Sc (cryogenis) from University
of Southampton, U.K. and Ph.D. (cryogenics) from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.

He is a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Life Member, Indian Society for Technical Education,
and a Foundation Fellow of Indian Cryogenics Council.

He has worked in India and abroad on large projects in the areas involving heat transfer, fluid flow,
vacuum system design, cryo-pumping etc.

He worked as Head of Cryogenics Dept. in Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Bombay and
Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT), Indore, from 1966 to 1992.

He worked as Guest Collaborator with Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory of Universities

Research Association, in Dallas, USA from 1990 to 1993.

He also worked at the Institute of Cryogenics, Southampton, U.K. as a Visiting Research Fellow from
1993 to 1994.

He was Head of the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute of Technology,
Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India for eight years.

He also worked as Head of Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering, and then as Principal,
Vivekananda College of Engineering and Technology, Puttur (D.K.), India.

Presently, he is Professor and coordinator of Post-graduate program in the Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering in St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.

A book entitled “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer” authored by him and published by M/s
Pearson Education, India (2006) has been adopted as a Text book for third year engineering students
by the Visweswaraya Technological University (V.T.U.), Belgaum, India.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection About the Author

He has also written and published three book-lets entitled as follows:

1. Towards Excellence… How to Study (A Guide book to Students)

2. Towards Excellence… How to teach (A guide book to Teachers)
3. Towards Excellence… Seminars, GD’s and Personal Interviews
(A guide book to Professional and Management students)

Dr. M. Thirumaleshwar has attended several National and International conferences and has more than
50 publications to his credit.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection About the Softwares used

About the Softwares used

Following three softwares are used while solving problems in this book:

1. Mathcad 2001 (Ref: www.ptc.com)

2. Engineering Equation Solver (EES) (Ref: www.fchart.com), and
3. Finite Element Heat Transfer (FEHT) (Ref: www.fchart.com)
4. MS EXCEL – (2007) Spreadsheet (Ref: Microsoft)

Trial versions of the first three softwares and detailed Instruction Manuals may be down-loaded from
the websites indicated. EXCEL is a very popular spreadsheet which comes bundled with MS OFFICE
software, and is generally available in every computer.

See Part-I of this book for brief introduction to these four software.

While the information given there is enough to get going, for detailed instructions one should consult
the respective Instruction manuals.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection To the Student

To the Student
Dear Student:

I would like to remind you that Heat Transfer is an important subject useful in many branches of
engineering. It is also a subject in which you can score high marks in the examinations, since the question
paper generally consists of derivations and numerical problems, almost in the ratio 50:50. Therefore, it
requires that:

1) you are thorough with the derivations, and

2) skillful in solving numerical problems.

To be thorough with derivations, you should refer to well known, standard Text books on the subject of
Heat Transfer (See References at the end of this book). And, to develop your skill in solving problems…
well, that is where I think that this book will help you.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection To the Student

This book contains solutions to problems on heat transfer using four popular softwares, viz. Mathcad,
Engineering Equation Solver (EES), Finite Element Heat Transfer (FEHT), and EXCEL spreadsheet. Trial
versions of Mathcad, EES and FEHT can be downloaded from the websites indicated. EXCEL, which is a
part of MS OFFICE, is generally pre-installed in most of the Personal Computers. Problems are chosen
from the University question papers and standard heat transfer Text books.

Use of Software in solving problems has many advantages:

1. It helps in logical thinking

2. Problems are solved quickly and accurately
3. Parametric solutions (or ‘what-if ’ solutions) are obtained easily
4. Solutions can be presented in tabular or graphical form, very easily and quickly
5. Once a particular type of problem is solved, solving a similar problem with different data
input becomes very easy
6. Ease of getting solutions to problems in tabular or graphical form creates further interest
and curiosity on the subject in the minds of students and encourages them to be creative
and work further

How to use this Book?

You need not worry if you don’t know about these softwares. Since each problem is solved systematically
step by step, and is well commented, just reading through the solution will make the logic of the solution
clear to you. That is the most important thing in solving the problems. Then, you must work out the
problem yourself, by hand or using the software. Of course, use of software has the above-mentioned
advantages. Simply reading the book won’t do. Have your favorite Text book nearby, in case you need to
refer to it for any formulas or clarifications. There is no other ‘easy method’.

As they say, ‘there is no gain without pain!’

Lastly, I would like to tell you how greatly I enjoyed solving the problems presented in this book using
the softwares mentioned.

I hope that you too will enjoy as much as I did in solving these problems and get benefitted.

Good Luck!

Author

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 Chapter 2
Convection

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

2A.1 Forced Convection:

Learning objectives:

1. In convection heat transfer, there is a flow of fluid associated with heat transfer and the
energy transfer is mainly due to bulk motion of the fluid.
2. When the flow of fluid is caused by an external agency such as a fan or pump or due to
atmospheric disturbances, the resulting heat transfer is known as ‘Forced convection heat
transfer’.
3. When the flow of fluid is due to density differences caused by temperature differences, the
heat transfer is said to be by ‘Natural (or free) convection’.
4. Exact mathematical solutions, even for simple convection heat transfer cases, are rather
complicated and it is common practice to resort to empirical relations for solutions of
problems involving convection heat transfer.
5. In this chapter, we shall first solve problems on velocity and thermal boundary layers.
6. Our emphasis will be on practical solutions with the use of empirical relations. So, we
present several empirical relations to determine friction and heat transfer coefficients
for flow over different geometries such as a flat plate, cylinder and sphere for flow under
laminar and turbulent conditions.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

7. Finally, flow inside tubes will be considered and determination of heat transfer coefficient by
analogy with the mechanism of fluid flow will be explained.

2A1 Equation Summary: [Ref: 1]

Summary of Basic equations for forced convection:

Geometry/details Correlation Restrictions

Flat Plate, laminar flow:

Hydrodynamic boundary 5 x Re < 5 x 105

layer thickness  lam ....(9.11)
0.5
Re x

Local friction coeff.  0.664 Re < 5 x 105

C fx .....(9.31)
2
 U Re x
2

Local Nusselt number Re < 5 x 105,

h x 0.333
Nu x 0.332 Re x Pr ....(9.38)
k Pr > 0.5

Avg. Friction coeff. L Re < 5 x 105

1 1.328
C fa C fxd x ....(9.32)
L
0 Re L

Avg. Nusselt number 0.333 Re < 5 x 105,

Nu a 0.664 Re L  Pr .....(9.41) Pr > 0.5

Local Nusselt number for 0.5

Re < 5 x 105

Nu x 0.565Pe ....(Pr <.005).....(9.43)
liquid metals x Pe = Re. Pr

Flat Plate, turbulent

flow:

Hydrody. b.l. thickness 

0.376x Rex > 5 x 105
 turb ....(9.12)
0.2
Re x

Local friction coeff 1 Rex > 5 x 105,

5 Pr > 0.5
C fx 0.0576Re x .....(9.74)

Local Nusselt number 1 Rex > 5 x 105,

h xx 0.8 3 Pr > 0.5
Nu x 
0.0288Re x Pr .....(9.77)
k

Avg. Friction coeff. 1 5 x 105 < ReL < 107

5
C fa 0.072Re L ...(9.75)

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Geometry/details Correlation Restrictions

Avg. Friction coeff. 0.455 107 < ReL < 109

C fa ...(9.76)
2.58
log Re L

Flat Plate, mixed

boundary layer:

Avg. Friction coeff. 5 x 105 < ReL < 107

0.074 1742
C fa ...(9.184, a)
1 Re L Rex,c = 5 x 105
5
Re L

Avg. Nusselt number 4 1 0.6 < Pr < 60,

h L  5 3
Nu avg 0.036Re L 836  Pr ...(9.185, a) 5 x 105 < ReL < 107
k
Cylinder in cross flow: 4 Re.Pr > 0.2
1 1 5 5
Average Nusselt number 2 3 8
h D 0.62 Re  Pr  Re
Nu cyl 0.3 1 .....(9.90)
k 1 28200
4
2
3
0.4
1
Pr

Cylinder in liquid metal 0.413

flow Nu cyl 1.125 ( Re Pr) ....for 1 < Re.Pr < 100....(9.93)

Flow across a sphere: 1 2 For gases & liquids.

Comprehensive eqn. of 2 3 0.4
 a
Whitaker. Nu sph 2 0.4 Re 0.06 Re Pr ....(9.97) 3.5<Re<7.6.104
 w
Average Nusselt number 0.71<Pr<380,

1<µ/µs<3.2

Falling drop: 1 1
2
3
Avg. Nusselt no.
Nu avg 2 0.6 Re Pr .....(9.97, a)

Flow across Tube bank: Pr

0.25
 0.84  0.36 
Nu a 0.021Re D Pr ..for In - line tubes, ...(9.113)
Pr w
Turbulent flow For definition of ReD,
see text.
0.25
 0.84  0.36  Pr
Nu a 0.022Re D Pr ..for staggered tubes, Pr > 1 ...(9.114)
Pr w N > 20, and

0.7 < Pr < 500,

 0.84
Nu a 0.019Re D ...for staggered tubes, Pr = 0.7.....(9.115)
1000 < ReD_max < 2 x 106

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 Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Geometry/details Correlation Restrictions

Flow across Tube banks: 2 0.14

2  f'  G max  N  w
p  Pa......(9.118).
Pressure drop   b

Friction factor in eqn. 0.118 0.16

f' 0.25  Re ....for staggered tubes....(9.119)
(9.118) 1.08
D
ST D
D

Friction factor in eqn. SL

(9.118) 0.08
D  Re 0.15
f' 0.044 D ....for in-line tubes....(9.120)
D
0.43 1.13 
SL
ST D
D

360°
Flow through packed 1 2 1 20 < ReDp < 10,000,
beds: h a D p 1  2 3 3

.
0.5 Re Dp 0.2 Re Dp  Pr ....(9.101)
k  0.34 < ε < 0.78.
Heat transfer between
gas and packings

thinking see text for

definition of ReDp
and ε

360°
thinking . 360°
thinking .
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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Geometry/details Correlation Restrictions

Flow through packed 1 1 For particles like

beds: h a D p 3 3 0.8  0.4 cylinders,
2.58 Re Dp Pr 
0.094Re Dp Pr ......(9.102)
k
Heat transfer between see text for
walls of bed and gas definition of ReDp

Flow through packed 1 1 For particles like

h a D p
beds: 
0.203Re
3 3  0.8  0.4 spheres,
Dp Pr 0.220Re Dp Pr ......(9.103)
k
Heat transfer between see text for
walls of bed and gas definition of ReDp

Flow inside tubes: ....(9,121, a) Re < 2300…laminar

L h_lam 0.05. Re . D
Hydrodynamic and Re > 4000…turb.
thermal entry lengths ....(9.121, b)
L t_lam 0.05. Re . Pr . D

....(9,122)
L h_turb L t_turb 10. D

Darcy-Weisbach eqn.  2
for pressure drop p f  u m
.....(9.128)
L D 2

Friction factor 64 Laminar flow in

f ....(9.129) tubes
Re D

Flow inside tubes: Pr>0.6

h D
Nu D 4.364 ....(9.145)
Nusselt no. for fully k
developed lam. flow,
const. wall heat flux

Flow inside tubes: h D Pr > 0.6

Nu D 3.66
k
Nusselt no. for fully
developed lam. flow,
const. wall temp.

Flow inside short tubes: D   L/D < 60

0.0668 Re Pr
L
Nusselt no. for fully Nu avg 3.66 ..Pr > 0.7...(9.150, a)
2
developed velocity 3
D  
profile, lam. flow, const. 1 0.04 Re Pr
wall temp. L

Flow inside short tubes: 1 1

3 0.14 3 0.14
Re Pr Re . Pr . µ
Nusselt no. for fully Nu avg 1.86   ....(9.150, c) 2
L  s L µ s
developed velocity
profile, lam. flow, const. D D
wall temp. Sieder & Tate
relation. 0.48< Pr <16,700

0.0044<(µ/µs)<9.75

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Geometry/details Correlation Restrictions

Flow inside short tubes: D  

0.023 Re Pr
L
Local Nusselt no. for Nu 4.36 ..Pr > 0.7...(9.151, a)
D  
fully developed velocity 1 0.0012 Re Pr
profile, lam. flow, const. L
wall heat flux.

Flow inside tubes: 0.25

....for 2 x 10 4 < Re < 8 x 10 4 .....(9.154)
f 0.316. Re
Friction factor for smooth
....for 104 < Re < 10 5 .....(9.155)
pipes f 0.184. Re
0.2

2
....for 3000 < Re < 5 x 10 6 .....(9.156)
f ( 0.79. ln( Re ) 1.64)

Flow inside tubes: 1.325 Relative roughness,

f ........(9.156, b) (ε/D) is known
2
Friction factor for rough  5.74
ln
pipes D 0.9
Re

Reynold’s analogy Nu D
h f
St ...(9.165)
  
 C p u m Re d Pr 8

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Geometry/details Correlation Restrictions

Colburn analogy 2
3 f
St Pr ....(9.166)
8

Flow inside tubes:  0.8  Prn ...for 0.7 < Pr <16 0, Re > 10,000..........(9.170) Dittus-Boelter eqn.
Nu 0.023Re
Turbulent flow:
0.6<Pr<160
Nusselt number n = 0.4 when fluid is being heated, and
Re > 10,000
n = 0.3 when fluid is being cooled
L/D > 10

Flow inside tubes: 1 Sieder-Tate eqn.

0.14
Turbulent flow: 
 0.8  Pr3  b
Nu 0.027Re ....(9.171) 0.7 < Pr < 16,700,
 s
Nusselt number, when 6000< Re < 107
there is property
variation L/D >10

Flow inside tubes: f   Fits the experimental

Turbulent flow: Re Pr n data better;
8  b
Nu  ...(9.171, a)
Nusselt number 0.5  s n = 0.11 for heating
f 0.67
1.07 12.7  Pr 1 of fluids,
8
n = 0.25 for cooling
of fluids,

n = 0 for constant
heat flux,

µb/µs = Ts/Tb, temp. in

Kelvin

Flow of liquid metals 3600 < Re <

 0.827 ....(9.174)
Nu 4.82 0.0185Pe
inside smooth pipes:
9.05 x 105,
const. surface heat flux.
100 < Pe < 10,000

Flow of liquid metals Recent correlation

Nu 6.3  0.85  Pr0.93
0.0167Re .....(9.175)
inside smooth pipes: which fits
experimental data
const. surface heat flux. better.

Flow of liquid metals

 0.8 ....for T = const, Pe > 100......(9.176 )
Nu 5.0 0.025Pe
inside smooth pipes: s

const. surface
temperature.

Helically coiled tubes: D = dia. of tube

Nu a_helical 21
Turbulent flow: 1  D .....(9.183)
Nu a_straight Re
0.14 dc dc = dia. of helix
Hausen’s relation

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

2A1.1 Boundary layer fundamentals, Flow over flat plates, Momentum – heat
transfer analogy etc.:
Prob. 2A1.1.1. Air at 15 C and 1 atm is flowing over a 0.3 m long plate at 65 C at a velocity of 3 m/s.
Plot the following on a combined graph for the range of x = 0 m to x = xcr:

a) the hydrodynamic boundary layer as a function of x

b) the thermal boundary layer as a function of x

Tinf
u t

lam

Ts

Fig. Prob.2A1.1.1

Mathcad Solution:

Properties of Air at 1 atm and 40 C:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Calculations:

Therefore: Hydrodynamic Boundary layer thickness is given by:

The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind

.QYURGGF'PIKPGU/GFKWOURGGF'PIKPGU6WTDQEJCTIGTU2TQRGNNGTU2TQRWNUKQP2CEMCIGU2TKOG5GTX

6JGFGUKIPQHGEQHTKGPFN[OCTKPGRQYGTCPFRTQRWNUKQPUQNWVKQPUKUETWEKCNHQT/#0&KGUGN6WTDQ
2QYGTEQORGVGPEKGUCTGQHHGTGFYKVJVJGYQTNFoUNCTIGUVGPIKPGRTQITCOOGsJCXKPIQWVRWVUURCPPKPI
HTQOVQM9RGTGPIKPG)GVWRHTQPV
(KPFQWVOQTGCVYYYOCPFKGUGNVWTDQEQO

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Also: Thermal boundary layer thickness is:

To plot the graphs for x = 0 to x = xcr:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Prob. 2A1.1.2. A journal bearing can be idealized as a stationary flat plate and a moving flat plate that
moves parallel to it. The space between the two plates is filled by an incompressible fluid. Consider such
a bearing in which the stationary and moving plates are at 10 C and 20 C, respectively, the distance
between them is 3 mm, the speed of the moving plate is 5 m/s, and there is engine oil between the
plates. (a) Calculate the heat flux to the upper and lower plates (b) Determine the max. temp of the oil.

Fig.Prob.2A1.1.2

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Mathcad Solution:

For steady, two dimensional flow of an incompressible fluid, we have the following equations for the
conservation of mass, momentum and energy [Ref: 3]:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

In the above: eqn.(a) is the equation for conservation of mass.

Eqn. (b) is the eqn. for conservation of momentum, in x-direction, X is the net body forces in x-direction.

Eqn. (c) is conservation of momentum in y direction, Y is the net body forces in y-direction.

Eqn. (d) is the conservation of energy, with the viscous forces included.

Eqn. (e) gives expression for viscous dissipation.

Now, for this particular case:

Eqn. (a) for mass balance becomes, since v = 0:

i.e. there is no variation of u with x; u changes only with y.

Along with the above eqn., eqn. (b) for momentum balance becomes, since v = 0, X = 0, and

Integrating twice to get velocity distribution:

u(y) = C1 y + C2

Applying B.C’s: u(0) = 0, and u(L) = U, we get C2 = 0, and C1 = U/L.

Therefore, velocity distribution is given by:

U(y) = (y/L).U ……….eqn. (1)

Next, the energy eqn. (d) becomes:

26
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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

since v = 0, q = 0, and

Therefore:

Integrating twice, we get Temp. distribution:

T(y) = -(μ/2k).(U/L)2.y2 + C3.y + C4

Applying the B.C’S: T(0) = T0, T(L) = TL, we get:

C4 = T0, and C3 = (TL – T0)/L + (μ/2k).(U2/L)

And the temp distribution becomes:

Once the temp. distribution is known, heat fluxes at the upper and lower surfaces can be obtained by
applying Fourier’s Law.

Mathcad Solution is given below:

Properties of Engine oil at mean temp of 15 C:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Velocity distribution is given by:

This velocity distribution is plotted below:

Temp. distribution is given by:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Heat fluxes at the stationary and moving plates:

For Stationary plate: i.e. y = 0

And, for Moving plate:, i.e. y = L:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Mechanical power wasted by viscous dissipation in oil:

This is, obviously equal to the heat dissipated to the upper and lower plates, i.e.

Max. Temp. in oil:

First, draw the temp profile:

Max temp occurs when first derivative of T i.e. T’(y) = 0

Use the ‘root function’ of Mathcad to find ymax, where Tmax occurs:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

To draw Temp. distribution for different U values:

Draw temp. profile for U = 0, 5, 10 and 15 m/s:

Note that for U = 10 m/s, max temp in oil is about 120 C, and for U = 15 m/s, it is about 252 C. Now,
remember that we have taken properties of oil at 15 C. Viscosity value is quite sensitive to temperature.
Therefore, to be accurate, we have to take properties of oil at mean temp of (120 + 20) /2 or (252 + 20) / 2
and re-calculate. This is left as an exercise to student.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Plot the mechanical power wasted in dissipation in oil as a function of

velocity U:

Write q_dissip as a function of U:

To draw the plot of q_dissip vs U for U = 0 to U = 15 m/s:

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=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.3. A journal bearing has a clearance of 0.5 mm. The journal has a diameter of 100 mm
and rotates at 3600 rpm within the bearing. It is lubricated by an oil having a density of 800 kg/m^3,
viscosity of 0.01 kg/m.s, and a thermal cond. of 0.14 W/m.K. If both the journal and bearing temps
are maintained at 60 C, calculate the rate of heat transfer from the bearing and the power required for
rotation per unit length.”

Fig.Prob.2A1.1.3

33
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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

EES Solution:

‘‘First write functions for temp distribution T(y) and first derivative of temp, i.e. dT/dy:”

Function T(y,mu,k,U,L,T_L,T_0)

T := T_0 + mu/(2 * k) * U^2 * ((y / L) – (y / L)^2) + (T_L – T_0) * (y / L)

end

Function dTbydy (y, mu, k, U, L, T_L, T_0)

dTbydy := (mu / (2 * k)) * U^2 * ( (1 / L) – 2 * y/ L^2) + (T_L – T_0) / L

end

‘‘Data:”

D = 0.1 [m] “….dia of journal”

L = 0.5E-03 [m] “…distance between two parallel plates , idealizing the journal bearing as two plates,
one stationary and the other one moving”
U = (3600 / 60) * (pi * D) “[m/s]”
T_0 = 60 [C]
T_L = 60 [C]

‘‘Properties of oil:”

rho = 800 [kg/m^3]

mu = 0.01 [kg/m-s]
k = 0.14 [W/m-C]

‘‘Calculations:”

‘‘This problem is similar to the previous problem.

Heat transfer to the journal and bearing is given by Fourier’s Law:

Q_journal = – k * (pi * (D + 2.L) * 1) * dTbydy_y=0, per unit length of journal

Q_bearing = – k * (pi * (D + 2.L) * 1) * dTbydy_y=L, per unit length of bearing”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Q_journal = – k * (pi * (D + 2 * L) *1) * dTbydy(0, mu, k, U, L, T_L, T_0) “…. W per unit length of
journal”

Q_bearing = – k * (pi * (D + 2 * L) *1) * dTbydy(L, mu, k, U, L, T_L, T_0) “…. W per unit length of
bearing”

Q_tot = abs(Q_journal) + abs(Q_bearing) “W/m length”

‘‘Power to turn the journal:

This is equal to the Drag force multiplied by the velocity.

Drag force = shear stress * Area

Shear stress = tau = mu * dU/dy at y = 0

Area = p * D * L.

So, we get:”

P = (1/L) * pi * D * mu * U^2 “W per unit length of bearing”

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Results:

Thus:

Heat transfer to journal = -1127 W/m (-ve sign indicating heat flow in -ve y direction, i.e. into the
bottom plate) …. Ans.

Heat transfer to bearing = 1127 W/m (+ve sign indicating heat flow in +ve y direction, i.e. into the top
plate) …. Ans.

Total heat transfer, Qtot = 2255 W/m …. Ans.

Mech. Power required to turn the bearing, P = 2232 W.

Note that Qtotal = P, as it should be. Small difference is due to the difference in surface areas of
journal and bearing.

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.4. Air at 20 C and atm pressure is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the plate
is 30 cm wide and at a temp. of 60 C, calculate: (a) thickness of velocity and thermal boundary layers
(b) local and average friction coeff. (c) local and average heat tr. coeff. (d) total drag force on the plate.
Take the following properties of air at 313 K: [VTU – July/Aug. 2002].”

Tinf
U inf t

lam
Ts

L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.4

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Data:”

‘‘Properties of Air at mean temp (T_f = 40 C = 313 K):”

rho = 1.18 [kg/m^3]

k = 0.0272 [W/m-C]
cp = 1007 [J/kg-C]
Pr = 0.705 [-]
nu = 17E-06 [m^2/s]

T_inf = 20[C]
T_s = 60 [C]
T_f = (T_inf + T_s) / 2
U_inf = 3[m/s]
L = 0.3[m]
W = 1[m]
P_1 = 1.013e05 [Pa]

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_L = L * U_inf / nu “…Reynold’s No. at the end of plate”

‘‘We note that Re_L is 52941 < 5E05. Therefore, flow is laminar. Use correlations for laminar
flow:”

delta_L = 5 * L / sqrt(Re_L) “thickness of velocity b.l.”

delta_t = delta_L / Pr^(1/3) “ thickness of thermal b.l.”

Cf_L = 0.664 / sqrt(Re_L) “…local friction coeff. at end of plate”

Cf_avg = 2 * Cf_L “…average friction coeff. over the entire plate”

Nusselt_L = 0.332 * sqrt(Re_L) * Pr^(1/3) “…local Nusselt No. at end of plate”

Nusselt_L = h_L * L / k “…gives local heat tr coeff h_L at end of plate”

h_avg = 2 * h_L “gives avg heat tr coeff h_avg over entire plate”

Q = h_avg * ( L * W) * (T_s – T_inf) “[W] … total heat tr from surface of plate”

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

tau = Cf_avg * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “..shear stress, [N/m^2]”

F_D = tau * (L * W) “[N]…total drag force”

Results:

Required results are shown boxed in the above Table.



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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.5. Air at 20 C is flowing along a heated flat plate at 134 C at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the
plate is 2 m long and 1.5 cm wide, calculate the thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer and the
skin friction coeff at 40 cm from the leading edge of the plate. The kinematic viscosity of air at 20 C is
15.06E-06 m^2/s. Also calculate the local heat transfer coeff at x = 0.4 m and the heat transferred from
the first 40 cm of the plate [VTU – Dec.06/Jan. 2007].”

Tinf
t
U inf
lam
Ts

x L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.5

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

‘‘Take properties of Air at mean temp = (T_f = 77 C ):”

T_inf = 20[C]
T_s = 134 [C]
T_f = (T_inf + T_s) / 2
U_inf = 3[m/s]

L = 2[m]
W = 0.015[m]
x = 0.4 [m]
P_1 = 1.013e05 [Pa]

‘‘Properties of Air:”

rho = Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_1) “[kg/m^3]”

k = Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-C]”
cp = Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[J/kg-C]”
mu = Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
nu = mu / rho “[m^2/s]”

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Note one great advantage with EES: Properties of many fluids and substances of interest in
Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer are available as built in functions in EES. Therefore, the labour of
looking into Property Tables and the interpolation (with possibility of errors) is avoided.

In the above case, properties of Air are calculated from built in functions of EES.”

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_x = x * U_inf / nu “…Reynold’s No. at x = 0.4 m”

‘‘We note that Re_x is 58073 < 5E05. Therefore, flow is laminar. Use correlations for laminar flow:”

delta_x = 5 * x / sqrt(Re_x) “thickness of velocity b.l.”

delta_t = delta_x / Pr^(1/3) “ thickness of thermal b.l.”

Cf_x = 0.664 / sqrt(Re_x) “…local friction coeff. at x = 0.4 m”

Cf_avg = 2 * Cf_x “…average friction coeff. upto x = 0.4 m of plate”

Nusselt_x = 0.332 * sqrt(Re_x) * Pr^(1/3) “…local Nusselt No. at x = 0.4 m of plate”

Nusselt_x = h_x * x / k “…gives local heat tr coeff Nu_x at x = 0.4 m of plate”

h_avg = 2 * h_x “gives avg heat tr coeff upto x = 0.4 m of plate”

Q = h_avg * ( x * W) * (T_s – T_inf) “[W] … total heat tr from up to x = 0.4 m of plate”

Results:

The results are shown boxed in the above Table.

=======================================================================

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Prob. 2A.1.1.6. Air at 200 C and velocity 5 m/s flows over a plate 1.5 m long. The plate is maintained at
a uniform temp of 100 C. The avg. heat transfer coeff is 7.5 W/m^2.K. Calculate the drag force exerted
on the plate per 0.75 m width by using Reynolds – Colburn analogy. – [VTU – May 2007]”

Tinf
U inf
Ts
W
L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.6

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_s = 100[C]
T_inf = 200[C]
U_inf =5[m/s]
L = 1.5[m]
W = 0.75[m]
h_avg = 7.5[W/m^2-K]
T_f = (T_s + T_inf)/2

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Properties of Air at T_f:”

rho = Density(Air,T=T_f,P=1.013E05) “[kg/m^3]”

cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-K]”
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)

‘‘Calculations:”

St = h_avg / (rho * U_inf * cp) “…Stanton No.”

St * Pr^(2/3) = Cf / 2 “….Reynolds – Colburn Analogy …. finds Cf ”
tau = Cf * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]..finds shear stress, tau”
F_D = tau * (L * W) “[N]…finds Drag force”

Results:

Thus:

The drag force = FD = 0.03285 N … Ans.

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.7. Atmospheric air at T_inf = 400 K flows with a velocity of U_inf = 4 m/s along a flat plate
of L = 1 m long, maintained at a uniform temp of T_s = 300 K. The avg. heat tr. coeff. is determined to
be 7.75 W/m^2.C. Using Reynolds – Colburn analogy, estimate the drag force exerted on the plate per
1 m width. Take properties of Air as given below. [VTU – Dec.07–Jan.2008]”

Tinf
U inf
Ts
W
L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.7

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_s = 300[K]
T_inf = 400[K]
T_f = (T_s + T_inf) / 2
U_inf =4[m/s]
L = 1[m]
W = 1[m]
h_avg = 7.75[W/m^2-K]

‘‘Properties of Air at T_f:”

rho = 0.998[kg/m^3]
cp=1009[J/kg-K]
Pr=0.697

‘‘Calculations:”

St = h_avg / (rho * U_inf * cp) “..finds Stanton No.”

St * Pr^(2/3) = Cf / 2 “ Reynolds – Colburn analogy … finds Cf ”
tau = Cf * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]…finds shear stress, tau”
F_D = tau * (L*W) “[N]… finds Drag force”

Results:

Thus:

Drag force = FD = 0.02415 N … Ans.

=======================================================================

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.8. Air at 20 C flows over a thin plate with a velocity of 3 m/s. The plate is 2 m long and 1
m wide. Estimate the boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate and the total drag force
experienced by the plate. [VTU – Dec. 2010]”

Leading edge Trailing edge

Tinf
U inf
Ts
W
L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.8

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_inf = 20[C]
U_inf = 3[m/s]
L = 2[m]
W = 1[m]
P_1 = 1.013e05 [Pa]

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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‘‘Properties of Air:”

mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_inf)
rho = density(Air, T = T_inf, P = P_1)

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_L = L * U_inf * rho / mu “….Reynold’s No.”

‘‘We see that Re_L = 395752. This is less than 5E05; therefore, flow is laminar.
So, use laminar flow correlations:”

delta_L = 5 * L / sqrt(Re_L) “..[m]….hydrodyn. b.l. thickness”

Cf_L = 0.664 / sqrt(Re_L) “…local friction coeff. at x = L”
Cf_avg = 2 * Cf_L “…avg. friction coeff. up to L”
tau = Cf_avg * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “…[N/m^2]… shear stress”
F_D = tau * (L * W) “[N]…Drag force”

Results:

Thus:

Boundary later thickness = 0.0159 m …. Ans.

Drag force = 0.02287 N … Ans.

=======================================================================

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Prob.2A1.1.9. The surface temp of a thin plate located parallel to air stream is 90 C. The free stream
velocity is 60 m/s and the air temp is 10 C. The plate is 60 cm wide and 45 cm long in the direction of
air stream. Assuming that transitional Reynolds No. is 4E05, determine: (i) the average heat transfer coeff
in laminar and turbulent regions (ii) Rate of heat transfer for the entire plate considering both the sides
of the plate. Given that the correlations for the local Nusselts No. are: 0.332 . Re_x^(1/2) . Pr^(1/3) for
laminar flow and 0.028 . Re_x^(0.8) . Pr^(1/3) for turbulent flow. [Prob. 5 (b)-VTU – June–July 2009:
Flow over flat plate: – mixed boundary layer]”

Tinf
U inf Ts
W

L
 
Fig.Prob.2A1.1.9

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_s = 90[C]
T_inf = 10[C]
U_inf = 60[m/s]
L = 0.45[m]
W = 0.6[m]
T_f = (T_s + T_inf)/2
Re_cr = 4*10^5
P_1 = 101300 [Pa]

‘‘Properties of Air:”

mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
rho = density(Air, T = T_f, P = P_1)
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f)
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_cr = U_inf * x_cr * rho / mu “finds x_cr…. the critical distance where transition from laminar to
turb. flow occurs”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘heat tr coeff in laminar region:”

h_x * x_cr / k = 0.332 * sqrt(Re_cr) * Pr^(1/3) “finds h_x”

h_lam_avg = 2 * h_x “Avg h for lam region”
Q_lam = (h_lam_avg * (W * x_cr) * (T_s – T_inf)) * 2 “W … heat tr from lam region of plate; Multiplied
by 2, since both sides of plate are to be considered.”

‘‘for turb region:”

Re_L = U_inf * L* rho / mu

‘‘From the relation for local heat tr coeff for turb. Region:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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In EES, it is entered:

h_turb_avg = 0.036 * k * Pr^(1/3) * (Re_L^0.8 – Re_cr^0.8)/(L – x_cr) “…finds h_turb_avg”

Q_turb = (h_turb_avg*(W*(L – x_cr))*(T_s – T_inf)) * 2 “W … heat tr from turb region of plate;

Multiplied by 2, since both sides of plate are to be considered.”
Q_tot = Q_lam + Q_turb

{
For Mixed boundary layer, we can also use the following relations:
Nu_bar_L = Pr^(1/3)*(0.036*Re_L^0.8 – A), where
A =( 0.036*Re_cr^0.8 – 0.664*Re_cr^0.5)
}

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Results:

Thus:

Avg. heat tr coeff. in laminar region = 85.99 W/m^2.C …. Ans.

Avg. heat tr coeff. in turbulent region = 152.6 W/m^2.C … Ans.

Rate of heat tr for entire plate (for both sides) = 5827 W …. Ans.

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.10. Consider a rectangular fin that is used to cool a motor cycle engine. The fin is 0.15
m long and at a temp of 250 C, while the motor cycle is moving at 80 km/h in air at 27 C. The air is
in parallel flow over both surfaces of the fin and turbulent flow conditions may be assumed to exist
throughout. (a) What is the rate of heat removal per unit width of fin? (b) Plot the heat removal rate
per unit width of fin for motor cycle speeds ranging from 10 to 100 km/h.” [Ref:3]

Tinf
U inf W
Ts

L
  Fig.Prob.2A1.1.10

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_inf = 27[C]
T_s = 250 [C]
T_f = (T_inf + T_s) / 2
U_inf_kmph = 80 [km/h]
U_inf_mps = U_inf_kmph*convert(km/h,m/s) “[m/s]”
L = 0.15[m]
W = 1[m]
P_1 = 1.013e05 [Pa]

‘‘Properties of Air at mean temp (T_f = 277/2 = 138.5 C):”

rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_1) “[kg/m^3]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-C]”
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[J/kg-C]”
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
nu = mu / rho “[m^2/s]”

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‘‘Calculations:”

Re_L = L * U_inf_mps / nu “…Reynold’s No. at the end of plate”

‘‘Using correlations for turb. flow:”
Nusselt_L_avg = 0.037 * (Re_L)^0.8 * Pr^(1/3) “…avg. Nusselt No. for entire plate in turb. flow”
Nusselt_L_avg= h_L_avg * L / k “…gives avg. heat tr coeff for entire plate”
Q = 2 * (h_L_avg * ( L * W) * (T_s – T_inf)) “[W] … total heat tr from both surfaces of plate”

Results:

Note that Q = 5801 W for both surfaces of fin… Ans.

To plot the graph of Q vs U_inf:

=======================================================================

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‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.11. Air at 27 C an d at atm. pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 2 m/s. If the
plate is maintained at 93 C, calculate the heat transfer per unit width of plate, assuming the length of
plate along the flow of air as 2 m. [VTU – June 2012]”

Leading edge Trailing edge

Tinf
U inf
Ts
W
L
 
Fig.Prob.2A1.1.11

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_inf = 27[C]
T_s = 93 [C]
T_f = (T_inf + T_s) / 2
U_inf = 2 “[m/s]”
L = 2[m]
W = 1[m]
P_1 = 1.013e05 [Pa]

‘‘Properties of Air at mean temp (T_f = 60 C ):”

rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_1) “[kg/m^3]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-C]”
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[J/kg-C]”
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
nu = mu / rho “[m^2/s]”

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_L = L * U_inf / nu “…Reynold’s No. at the end of plate”

5e05 = L * U_cr / nu “…finds critical velocity at which flow becomes turbulent”

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‘‘We note that Re_L is 211007 < 5E05. Therefore, flow is laminar. Use correlations for laminar flow:”

delta_L = 5 * L / sqrt(Re_L) “thickness of velocity b.l.”

delta_t = delta_L / Pr^(1/3) “thickness of thermal b.l.”
Cf_L = 0.664 / sqrt(Re_L) “…local friction coeff. at end of plate”
Cf_avg = 2 * Cf_L “…average friction coeff. over the entire plate”
Nusselt_L = 0.332 * sqrt(Re_L) * Pr^(1/3) “…local Nusselt No. at end of plate”
Nusselt_L = h_L * L / k “…gives local heat tr coeff Nu_L at end of plate”
h_avg = 2 * h_L “gives avg heat tr coeff over entire plate”
Q = h_avg * ( L * W) * (T_s – T_inf) “[W] … total heat tr from surface of plate”
tau = Cf_avg * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “..shear stress, [N/m^2]”
F_D = tau * (L * W) “[N]…total drag force”

Results:

Thus:

Heat transferred from the surface of plate = Q = 506.7 W … Ans.

Plot Q as a function of Air velocity:

It is noted that the velocity required for the flow to become turbulent (i.e. for Re = 5E05) is 4.739 m/s.

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So, plot Q vs U from U_inf = 1 m/s up to 5 m/s:

=======================================================================

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‡5DQNHGWKLQWKHZRUOG
 7+(67HFKQRORJ\UDQNLQJ
‡$OPRVW\HDUVRISUREOHPVROYLQJ
 H[SHULHQFH
‡([FHOOHQW6SRUWV &XOWXUHIDFLOLWLHV
‡&KHFNRXWZKDWDQGKRZZHWHDFKDW
 ZZZRFZWXGHOIWQO

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‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.12. Air at 20 C flows over both sides of a surface of a flat plate measuring 0.2 m × 0.2 m.
The drag force was 0.075 N. Determine the velocity gradient at the surface if kinematic viscosity has a
value of 15.06E-06 m^2/s and density = 1.205 kg/m^3. Also, determine the drag coeff if the free stream
velocity is 40 m/s. [VTU – May/June 2010]”

Tinf
U inf
Ts W

L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.12

EES Solutions:

‘‘Data:”

T_inf = 20[C]
U_inf = 40 [m/s]
L = 0.2[m]
W = 0.2[m]
F_D = 0.075 [N]

‘‘Properties of Air at (T_inf = 20 C):”

rho=1.205 “[kg/m^3]”
nu = 15.06E-06 “[m^2/s]”

‘‘Calculations:”

F_D = tau * (L * W) * 2 “…determines shear stress tau [N/m^2]”

nu = mu / rho “…determine mu, dynamic viscosity [kg/m.s]”

tau = mu * dUbydy “…determines velocity gradient, dU/ dy, [1/s]”

tau = Cf_avg * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “…determines Cf_avg”

Re_L = L * U_inf / nu “…Reynold’s No. at the end of plate”

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Results:

Thus:

Velocity gradient, dU/dy = 51661 [1/s] ….. Ans.

Drag coeff. Cf_avg = 0.0009725 …. Ans.

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob.2A1.1.13. Air at 30 C flows at a velocity of 45 m/s past a flat plate 50 cm long. The plate is
maintained at a uniform temp of 250 C. Find per metre width of plate: (i) the rate of heat transfer to the
plate (ii) rate of heat transfer from laminar portion of the plate (iii) rate of heat transfer from the turb.
portion of the plate. Assume a critical Reynolds No. of 5E05 (iv) What would be the error in the rate
of heat transfer if the boundary layer is assumed to be turbulent from the leading edge? [VTU – July/
Aug. 2004]”

Tinf
U inf Ts W

L
 
Fig.Prob.2A1.1.13

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_s = 250[C]
T_inf = 30[C]
U_inf = 45[m/s]
L = 0.5[m]
W = 1[m]
T_f = (T_s + T_inf)/2
Re_cr = 5E05
P_1 = 101300 [Pa]

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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‘‘Properties of Air:”

mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
rho = density(Air, T = T_f, P = P_1)
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f)
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_cr = U_inf * x_cr * rho / mu “finds x_cr…. the critical distance where transio from laminar to turb.
flow occurs”

‘‘We observe that x_cr = 0.305 m. i.e. from the leading edge, upto a distance of 0.305 m, the flow is
laminar, and then from 0.305 up to 0.5 m the flow is turbulent. Use the relevant correlations to find
heat transfer in the two regions:”

‘‘heat tr coeff in laminar region:”

h_x * x_cr / k = 0.332 * sqrt(Re_cr) * Pr^(1/3) “finds h_x”

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h_lam_avg = 2 * h_x “Avg h for lam region”

Q_lam = (h_lam_avg * (W * x_cr) * (T_s – T_inf)) “W … heat tr from lam region of plate; only top
side of plate is considered.”

‘‘heat transfer for turb region:”

‘‘For Mixed boundary layer, we can also use the following relations for the entire plate:”

Re_L = U_inf * L * rho / mu

Nusselt_bar_L = (0.037 * Re_L^0.8 – A) * Pr^(1/3) “where….”

A =( 0.037 * Re_cr^0.8 – 0.664 * Re_cr^0.5)

‘‘Therefore:”

h_L_avg * L / k = Nusselt_bar_L “…finds h_L_avg for entire plate’’

‘‘And,”

Q_total = h_L_avg * (L * W ) * (T_s – T_inf) “[W] … total heat tr rate from the entire plate”

‘‘Therefore:”

Q_turb = Q_total – Q_lam “[W] …. heat tr from turb. region of plate”

‘‘Alternatively: we can also use following eqns:”

{
h_turb_avg = 0.036 * k *(Re_L^0.8 – Re_cr^0.8) / (L – x_cr) “…finds h_turb_avg”

Q_turbulent = (h_turb_avg * (W * (L – x_cr)) * (T_s – T_inf)) “W … heat tr from turb region of plate
considering only top surface of plate”

Q_tot = Q_lam + Q_turbulent

}

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‘‘If the entire boundary layer is turbulent:”

Nusselts_avg = 0.037 * Re_L^0.8 * Pr^(1/3) “….avg. Nusselts No.”

h_avg * L / k = Nusselts_avg “…avg. heat tr coeff ”

Q_turb_tot = h_avg * (L * W) * (T_s – T_inf) “total heat tr for the plate”

Results:

Thus:

1) Total heat transfer to plate = Q_total = 7400 W … Ans.

2) Heat transfer from laminar portion of plate = Q_lam = 3102 W …. Ans.
3) Heat transfer from turbulent portion of plate = Q_turb = 4297 W …. Ans.
4) Heat transfer from plate, if there is turb. flow over the entire plate = Q_tub_tot = 13157
W …. Ans.

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Plot the Q_total against the Air velocity U_inf:

Let Air velocity, U_inf vary from 28 m/s to 100 m/s. (At U_inf = 28 m/s, practically the entire plate
is in laminar flow).

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Plot the Q_total against the plate temp, T_s:

Let T_s vary from 30 C to 300 C, keeping U_inf = 45 m/s:

Note that now, the film temp. T_f varies with each trial. But, since the properties of air are obtained
from the built I-in functions in EES, properties are evaluated at the correct T_f.

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=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.1.14. In a certain chemical process, castor oil at 35 C flows over a flat plate at 6 cm/s. The
length of plate is 6 m and its surface is maintained at a uniform temp of 95 C.

Calculate: (i) hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness at the trailing edge of the plate

(ii) total drag per unit width on one side of the plate, and

(iii) local heat transfer coeff. at the end of the plate.

Properties of the fluid at mean film temp. are given below.

Use Nu = 0.332 . Re^0.5 . Pr^0.33 [VTU – Aug. 2001]

Trailing edge

Tinf
u W
Ts

L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.14

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Mathcad Solution:

Properties of Castor oil at 65 C:

Calculations:

For flow over a flat plate:

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Hydrodynamic Boundary layer thickness:

Thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer at x = L = 6 m:

Thickness of thermal boundary layer:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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To plot the graph: let us write δlam and δt as a functions of x:

To plot the graphs for x = 0 to x = L:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Drag on one surface:

Therefore:

Local heat transfer coeff. at x = L:

Local Nusselt No. is given by:

Therefore, at x = L = 6 m:

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Therefore:

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.15. Consider a rectangular fin that is used to cool a motor cycle engine. The fin is 0.15
m long and at a temp of 250 C, while the motor cycle is moving at 80 km/h in air at 27 C. The air is
in parallel flow over both surfaces of the fin and turbulent flow conditions may be assumed to exist
throughout. (a) What is the rate of heat removal per unit width of fin? (b) Plot the heat removal rate
per unit width of fin for motor cycle speeds ranging from 10 to 100 km/h.” [Ref:3]

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Tinf
U inf W
Ts

L
 Fig.Prob.2A1.1.15

Note that this problem is the same as Prob.2A1.1.10.

But, we shall solve it with EXCEL.

EXCEL Solution:

Here, we see that properties of Air are required at given temp. But, EXCEL does not have built-in property
functions for Air.

These properties are available in Appendixes of many Heat Transfer Text books, (for ex. see Appendix
of the well known text book “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer” by Incropera & DeWitt).

For our purpose, we shall use these Tables and write Functions in VBA to find out various properties of
Air. The required properties are found at the given temp (in K) by interpolation.

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Following are the steps:

1. First, enter the data table in EXCEl as shown below. Only part of the Table is shown:




We have taken values up to T = 900 K only, since it is sufficient for our purpose.

2. Now, the various properties are required as a function of T. So, the VBA program we write
will search for the temp in the column B and if it finds the exact match, it will return the
required property by reading the same in that row. If the exact temp match is not available
(this is the more likely scenario), it will locate two consecutive cells where one temp is lower
than required T, and the other temp is higher than T. Also, the corresponding values of the
property at these two temperatures are noted. Then, a linear interpolation is made between
these two values of the property and the same is returned.
3. Now, write the VBA code. Go to Developer – Visual Basic-

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Click on Visual Basic-Insert-Module:

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And, a blank window appears, and start typing the code. A very simple code for rho of Air as a function
of T is shown below:

In the above code:

1st line: says that all variables must be explicitly declared in the beginning

2nd line: declares name of the function, with dimensions of variables involved

Lines 3, 4: explains about the Function

Line 5, 6: declarations of dimensions of internal variables, i.e. variables available only inside the Function

Line 7 to 10: If statement to give an error message if value of T entered is beyond the values available
in the Table

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Line 11: Beginning of For…Next construct. Note that the construct will search in the 40 lines of the Table

Lines 12, 13, 14: If the exact match for T is found, Function returns the value of ‘rho’ in the column C

Lines 15 to 21: If he exact match of T is not there in the Table, then locate the values of T just below T
and just above T, and name them as T_1 and T_2. Also, note the corresponding values of rho as rho_1
and rho_2. And, then, calculate the value of rho at the required T by interpolation.

Line 22: Go to the next I in the loop

Line 23: End statement of Function.

4. Similar Functions are written for other properties of Air, as functions of T. i.e.

For density ….Air_rho_T(T)

For th. conductivity ….Air_k_T(T)

For sp. heat ….Air_cp_T(T)

For Prandtl No. ….Air_Pr_T(T)

For dynamic viscosity ….Air_mu_T(T), and

For kinematic viscosity ….Air_nu_T(T)

5. Now, for calculations concerning this problem:

Following are the steps:

a) Set up the EXCEL worksheet, enter data and name the cells:

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b) Find properties such as density, thermal conductivity, sp. heat, Prandtl No. etc using the
Functions already written. Then, calculate the Reynold’s No., Nusselts No., heat transfer
coeff. ‘h’, and finally, the heat transferred, Q. Formulas used are also shown in the worksheet
for clarity:

In the above fig, Function entered for kinematic viscosity of air can be seen in the Formula bar.

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Thus, the heat transfer, Q = 5853.59 W … Ans.

c) Now, let us plot the variation of Q as the air velocity changes from 10 mph to 100 mph. Set
up the worksheet for calculations as shown:

Note that as U_inf changes, Reynold’s No. will change. See the formula entered for Re_L in the Formula
bar. Note that U_inf_mps (i.e. U_inf in metres/sec) is entered in ‘relative reference’, so that we can drag-
copy for other values of U_inf. Similarly, enter formulas for other columns, again taking care to enter
cells in relative reference as required. Now, select the cells D237 to H237, and drag-copy to the end of
the Table. Immediately, all calculations are completed:

It may be verified that for U_inf = 80 mph, the value of Q = 5853.59 W, thus confirming that we have
entered the formulas correctly.

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d) Now, plot the graph:

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e) Next, let us also plot Q for various temperatures of atm. air, say T_inf varying from 0 to 35
deg. C. First, prepare a Table as shown:

Enter the formulas in the row 62 carefully, using ‘relative references’ for the cells which have to up-date
themselves as we drag-copy the first row to the end of the Table.

f) Now, select cells D271 to K271 and then drag-copy the line till the end of the Table. Now, all
calculations are completed:

As a check, see the Q for T_inf = 27 C. We find Q = 5853.59 W, same as we got earlier.

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Now, plot the graph:

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.1.16. In a chemical processing plant glycerin flows over a 1 m long flat plate at free stream
conditions U_inf = 3 m/s and T_inf = 15 C. If the plate is held at 40 C, determine the heat transfer per
unit width, assuming Re_cr = 500,000. (b) Repeat for Ammonia.

Tinf
U inf
Ts W

L
 Fig. 2A.1.1.16

EXCEL Solution:

Again, since there are no built-in functions for properties of glycerin and Liquid Ammonia, we write
the Functions in VBA as explained earlier in the previous problem.

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Following are the calculation steps in EXCEL:

1. Set up the EXCEL worksheet, enter data and name the cells:

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2. Get the property data for Glycerin using the Functions already written. Also, find out
critical length since Re_cr is given as 5E05. We find that x_cr = 103 m >> 1 m. Therefore,
fully Laminar flow exists on the entire plate. We also find that Re_L = 4867.36 (i.e.
Laminar flow). So, use Laminar flow eqn for Nusselts No. and then get heat transfer coeff. ‘h’
and finally, the heat transfer rate, Q. Eqns used are also shown in the worksheet for clarity.
See the screen shot given below:

Thus, Q = 6211.13 W … Ans.

3. Now, repeat these calculations for Ammonia (liquid), using the property functions written
for Ammonia:

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Also, find out critical length since Re_cr is given as 5E05. We find that x_cr = 5.86 cm << 1 m. Therefore,
fully Turb. flow is assumed over the entire plate. We also find that Re_L = 8525754.9 (i.e. Turb. flow).
So, use Turb. flow eqn for Nusselts No. and then get heat transfer coeff. ‘h’ and finally, the heat transfer
rate, Q. Eqns used are also shown in the worksheet for clarity. See the screen shot given above.

Thus, Q = 189797.77 W … Ans.

4. Now, let us plot the variation of Q as the velocity changes from 1 m/s to 5 m/s. Set up the
worksheet for calculations as shown:

Note that as U_inf changes, Reynold’s No. will change. See the formula entered for Re_L in the Formula
bar. Note that U_inf is entered in ‘relative reference’, so that we can drag-copy for other values of U_inf.
Similarly, enter formulas for other columns, again taking care to enter cells in relative reference as
required. Now, select the cells D234 to G234, and drag-copy to the end of the Table. Immediately, all
calculations are completed:

It may be verified that for U_inf = 3 m/s, the value of Q = 189797.77 W, thus confirming that we have
entered the formulas correctly.

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5. Now, plot the graph:

360°
thinking .
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thinking . 360°
thinking .
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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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2A1.2 Flow across cylinders and spheres:

$UnitSystem SI Pa C J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.2.1. Assuming that a man can be represented by a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 1.7 m high
with a surface temp of 30 C, calculate the heat he would lose while standing in a 36 km/h wind at 10 C.
[VTU- Dec.06–Jan.07]”

Ts

Tinf
u inf
L

D
 
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.1

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

D = 0.3 [m]
L = 1.7 [m]
u_inf = 10[m/s]
T_inf = 10[C]
T_s = 30[C]
P = 101300[Pa]

‘‘Calculations:”

‘‘This is a cylinder in cross flow. Use Churchill – Bernstein eqn.”

T_f = (T_s + T_inf) / 2 “[C] … film tem.”

‘‘Properties of air at T_f:”

Pr = Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
rho = Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P) “[kg/m^3]”
mu = Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-C]”

Re_D = D * u_inf * rho / mu “….Reynolds No.”

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‘‘Churchill – Bernstein eqn:”

It is entered in EES:

Nusselt_cyl = 0.3 + (( 0.62 * Re_D^0.5 * Pr^(1/3)) / (1 + (0.4 / Pr)^(2/3))^(1/4)) * (1 +

(Re_D/282000)^(5/8))^(4/5) “…finds Nusselts No.”

Nusselt_cyl = h * D / k “…finds heat tr. coeff.”

Q = h * ( pi * D * L) * (T_s – T_inf) “[W]… heat lost by man”

Results:

Thus:
Heat transfer coeff = h = 29.33 W/m^2.C … Ans.
Heat lost by man = Q = 939.8 W … Ans.

Plot Q against air velocity, U_inf:

=======================================================================

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$UnitSystem SI C Pa J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.2.2. Air stream at 27 C is moving at 0.3 m/s across 100 W incandescent bulb glowing at 127
C. If the bulb is approximated by a 60 mm dia sphere, estimate the heat transfer rate and percentage of
power lost due to convection. Use the correlation: Nu = 0.37. Re_D^0.6 [VTU – Dec. 2010].”

D, T s

Tinf
U inf

 
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.2

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

D = 0.06[m]
T_s = 127[C]
T_inf = 27[C]
U_inf = 0.3[m/s]
T_f = (T_s+T_inf)/2 “[C]… mean film temp.”

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‘‘Properties of Air:”

mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=1.013e05) “[kg/m^3]”
nu = mu/rho “[m^2/s]”
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[J/kg-C]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-C]”
Pr = mu*cp/k

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_D = D*U_inf*rho/mu “finds Reynolds No., Re_D”

Nusselt = 0.37 * Re_D^0.6 “finds Nusselts No.’’
Nusselt = h*D/k “finds h’’
Q_conv = h*(pi * D^2) * (T_s-T_inf) “W’’
Q = 100[W] “…by data”
percent_conv = (Q_conv/Q) * 100

Results:

Thus:

Heat transfer by convection = Q_conv = 11.87 W …. Ans.

Percentage of heat lost by convection = 11.87% …. Ans.

And, if we use the more accurate Whitaker’s relation, viz.

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We get:

Note that now the Q_conv = 8.809 W.

=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.2.3. Air at 35 C flows across a cylinder of 50mm dia at a velocity of 50m/s. The cylinder
surface is maintained at 145 C. Find the heat loss per unit length.

Take the following properties at the mean temp. of 90 C.

ρ =1 kg/m^3, μ = 20 × 10^-6 kg/ms, k = 0.0312 W/m C, cp = 1.0 kJ/kg C;

Use: Nu_D = 0.027. (Re)^0.805. (Pr)^(1/3)

D, T s

Tinf
U

 
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.3

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Mathcad Solution:

Properties of fluid at Tf:

The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind

.QYURGGF'PIKPGU/GFKWOURGGF'PIKPGU6WTDQEJCTIGTU2TQRGNNGTU2TQRWNUKQP2CEMCIGU2TKOG5GTX

6JGFGUKIPQHGEQHTKGPFN[OCTKPGRQYGTCPFRTQRWNUKQPUQNWVKQPUKUETWEKCNHQT/#0&KGUGN6WTDQ
2QYGTEQORGVGPEKGUCTGQHHGTGFYKVJVJGYQTNFoUNCTIGUVGPIKPGRTQITCOOGsJCXKPIQWVRWVUURCPPKPI
HTQOVQM9RGTGPIKPG)GVWRHTQPV
(KPFQWVOQTGCVYYYOCPFKGUGNVWTDQEQO

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Calculations:

Therefore: heat transfer coeff. is given by:

Using Churchill and Bernstein’s relation, which is more accurate:

Therefore:

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Comments:

Eqn. (A) given in data is a simpler alternative to Churchill and Bernstein’s relation and is based on
experimental results. It is due to Hilpert.

Eqn. (A) is presented as follows:

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Following is a small Mathcad program to calculate Nusselts No. for cylinder in cross flow:

Nu is written as a function of Re and Pr. Depending on the value of Re, appropriate eqn is chosen to
calculate Nu:

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Let us draw the variation of Q with Air velocity, using the Churchill and Bernstein relation:

First, express Q as a function of air velocity, U:

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To draw the graph:

=======================================================================
Prob. 2A1.2.4. Air at 30 C flows across a 1.5 m long square duct (size: 20 cm × 20 cm) at a velocity of
200m/min. Electronic components located inside the duct generate heat and the duct surface should not
exceed 65 C. Find the heat that can be generated by the electronic components. [Ref. 2]

Ts

Tinf
U W

W
 
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.4

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Mathcad Solution:

Properties of air at Tf:

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Calculations:

Refer to the Table given in Prob. 2A1.2.3. Refer to duct of square cross-section.

To calculate Re, the side W is the characteristic dimension.

For the range of Re = 5000 to 100000, Nusselts No. is given by:

Nu = 0.102. Re^0.675 . Pr^(1/3)

Therefore: heat transfer coeff. is given by:

Let us draw the variation of Q with Air velocity:

First, express Q as a function of air velocity, U:

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To draw the graph in the applicable range of Reynolds Numbers:

Note that:

=======================================================================

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Prob. 2A1.2.5. A 6 mm dia electrical transmission line carries an electric current of 50 A and has a
resistance of 0.002 ohm per metre length. Determine the surface temp of the wire during a windy day
when the temp is 10 C and the wind is blowing across the transmission line at 40 km/h.

Ts Dia = D

Tinf
U
L

 Fig.Prob.2A1.2.5

Mathcad Solution:

EES is most suitable to solve this problem since it has got properties of Air (and many other fluids)
built into it.

However, let us solve this problem with Mathcad.

Mathcad does not have properties of Air built into it.

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So, we will use the curve fit equations for Dyn. Viscosity (mu) and thermal cond. (k) of Air. The curve
fit eqns were obtained using a curve-fit software, viz. CurveExpert.

Density of Air is calculated using Ideal gas eqn.

Prandtl No. is obtained in Mathcad by interpolation.

First, write the functions for Density, Dy. Viscosity,thermal cond. and Prandtl No. of Air:

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Above curve-fit coefficients are from CurveExpert software. Following is the graph of curve fit:

S = 0.00026092
r = 0.99996033
1
0 .1

9
0 .0
Y Axis (units)

8
0 .0

6
0 .0

4
0 .0

2
0 .0

0
0 .0
0.0 400.0 800.0 1200.0 1600.0 2000.0 2400.0

X Ax is (un its)

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Above curve-fit coefficients are from CurveExpert software. Following is the graph of curve fit:

S = 0.01436806
r = 0.99996668
0
7 .0

Dyn. visc. (kg/m.s)*10^(-5)

0
6 .0

0
5 .0

0
4 .0

0
3 .0

0
2 .0

0
1 .0

0
0 .0
0.0 400.0 800.0 1200.0 1600.0 2000.0

T emp . (K)

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Now, the Mathcad Solution:

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Nusselt No. by Churchill and Bernstein eqn:

Then, heat tr. coeff. h is given by:

And, heat transfer Q is given by:

But, Q should be equal to Joule heat produced in the cable:

Q = I^2. R

These eqns are entered in the Solve block of Mathcad.

Start with a trial (guess) value for surface temp, Ts:

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Given

i.e.

Note that, in the above, Tsurface is written as a function of Air velocity, U, so that plot of Ts vs U can
be drawn easily:

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To draw graph of T_surface against U:

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Now, draw the plot:

=======================================================================

$UnitSystem SI C Pa J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.2.6. A 25 mm dia high tension line has an electrical resistance of 10^-4 Ohm/m and is
transmitting a current of 1000 A. If the ambient air is at 10 C, and is flowing at 5 m/s, what is the surface
temp?

Plot the variation of surface temp for air velocities varying from 1 m/s to 10 m/s”

Ts Dia = D

Tinf
U inf
L

 
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.6

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EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

D = 0.025[m]
L = 1 [l]
R_e = 1E-04 [Ohm/m]
I = 1000 [A]
{T_s = 127[C]}
T_inf = 10[C]
U_inf = 5[m/s]
T_f = (T_s+T_inf)/2 “[C]… mean film temp.”

‘‘Properties of Air:”

mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=1.013e05) “[kg/m^3]”
nu = mu/rho “[m^2/s]”
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[J/kg-C]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-C]”
Pr = mu*cp/k

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_D = D * U_inf * rho / mu “finds Reynolds No., Re_D”

‘‘This is a cylinder in cross flow. Use Churchill – Bernstein eqn.”

Nusselt_cyl = 0.3 + ((0.62 * Re_D^0.5 * Pr^(1/3)) / (1 + (0.4 / Pr)^(2/3))^(1/4)) * (1 +

(Re_D/282000)^(5/8))^(4/5) “…finds Nusselts No.”

Nusselt_cyl = h * D / k “finds h”
Q_conv = h * (pi * D * L) * (T_s-T_inf) “W”
Q_joule = I^2 * (R_e * L) “[W] …Joule heating ..by data”
Q_joule = Q_conv “…by heat balance”

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Results:

Thus:

Surface temp of high tension line = T_s = 36.01 C … Ans.

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To plot T_s against wind velocity, U_inf:

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To plot T_s against wind temp, T_inf, with U_inf = 5 m/s:

Note: EES is ideally suited to do these calculations since as ambient temp T_inf changes, T_f will also
change and in each trial properties of air are calculated at the corresponding T_f by the built-in functions
of EES.

=======================================================================

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$UnitSystem SI C Pa J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.2.7. Consider a 100 W incandescent lamp of 10cm dia spherical shape, with a surface
emissivity of 0.85. It is subjected to an air stream at 20 C, flowing at a velocity of 2 m/s. What will be
the glass surface temp?

Plot the graph of surface temp against air velocities from 0.5 m/s to 5 m/s.”

Ts, Dia = D

Tinf
U inf

 
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.7

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EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

D = 0.1[m]
{T_s = 127[C]}
T_inf = 20[C]
U_inf = 2[m/s]
epsilon = 0.85 “…emissivity”
sigma = 5.67e-08 [w/m^2-K^4]”….Stefan – Boltzmann const.”
T_f = (T_s+T_inf)/2 “[C]… mean film temp.”

‘‘Properties of Air:”

mu_inf=Viscosity(Air,T=T_inf) “[kg/m-s]”
mu_s=Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) “[kg/m-s]”

rho_inf=Density(Air,T=T_inf,P=1.013e05) “[kg/m^3]’’
nu_inf = mu_inf/rho_inf “[m^2/s]’’
cp_inf=Cp(Air,T=T_inf) “[J/kg-C]’’
k_inf=Conductivity(Air,T=T_inf) “[W/m-C]’’
Pr = mu_inf*cp_inf/k_inf
Q = 100 [W]

‘‘Calculations:”

Re_D = D * U_inf * rho_inf / mu_inf “finds Reynolds No., Re_D”

‘‘This is a sphere in cross flow. Use Whitaker eqn.

Here, fluid prop. are taken at free stream temp T_inf except for mu_s which is evaluated at surface temp
T_s.
Valid for 3.5 < Re_D < 80000 and 0.7 < Pr < 380”

Nusselt_sph = 2 + ( 0.4 * Re_D^0.5 + 0.06 * Re_D^(2/3)) * Pr^0.4 * (mu_inf / mu_s)^(1/4) “…finds

Nusselts No.”

Nusselt_sph = h * D / k_inf “finds h’’

Q_conv = h * (pi * D^2) * (T_s-T_inf) “W’’
Q_rad = sigma * epsilon * (pi * d^2) * ((T_s + 273)^4 – (T_inf + 273)^4) “[W] …radition heat transfer.”
Q = Q_conv + Q_rad “…by heat balance”

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Results:

Thus:

The glass surface temp = T_s = 143.1 C … Ans.

Plot T_s vs Air velocity, U_inf:

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Plot T_s vs Ambient temp, T_inf:

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=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.2.8. Consider an un-insulated steam pipe, 0.5 m dia, with surface temp of 150 C and exposed
to ambient air at -10 C, air moving in cross flow at a velocity of 5 m/s.

a) What is the heat lost per unit length of pipe, without considering the radiation heat loss?
b) What is the heat lost per unit length of pipe, considering the radiation heat loss? Take
emissivity of surface = 0.9, radiation to an atmosphere of -10 C.
c) Plot the heat loss per unit length for different velocities, say, from U = 0.5 m/s to U = 5 m/s.
while the ambient temp varies from -10 C to 20 C.

Dia = D

Ts,

Tinf
U L

 Fig.Prob.2A1.2.8

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Mathcad Solution:

Calculations:

Case 1: Without including radiation loss, i.e. considering only the heat loss by forced convection:

To find Q1: first find h1, heat transfer coeff for case 1:

Use the Mathcad functions, already written, (see Prob. 2A1.2.5) to get properties of Air to calculate
Reynolds No., Nusselts No. etc.

Properties of Air at Tf = 70 C:

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Then, use Churchill – Bernstein eqn. to calculate Nusselts No.:

Then, heat transfer coeff. is given by:

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And, heat transfer rate, Q1 is:

Case 2: When radiation heat loss from surface of pipe is considered:

Let the heat loss rate be Q2:

Then,

To Plot total heat loss, Qtot against variation of Air velocity, U, for different values of Air temp, Tinf:

Write all quantities as functions of U and Tinf:

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Therefore:

ZZZVWXG\DWWXGHOIWQO
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 7+(67HFKQRORJ\UDQNLQJ
‡$OPRVW\HDUVRISUREOHPVROYLQJ
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‡&KHFNRXWZKDWDQGKRZZHWHDFKDW
 ZZZRFZWXGHOIWQO

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Now, let us plot the graph of Qtot vs U for different values of Tinf:

At a given air velocity, say, U = 5 m/s, how do Qconv and Qrad vary with Tinf?

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Note: In the graph below Qconv and Qrad in W, and Tinf in deg. C

=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.2.9: Air at 20 C flows across an elliptical tube 6 cm × 12 cm size, perpendicular to the minor
axis with a velocity of 2 m/s. Tube surface is maintained at 60 C. Determine the value of convection
coefficient.

Ts

Ta
U D1

D2

Fig.Prob.2A1.2.9

Mathcad Solution:

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Properties at Tf: Use the Mathcad functions for Air, already written. (See Prob. 2A1.2.5)

Reynolds number:

See Table in Prob. 2A1.2.3 for the case of flow across an ellipse.

Heat transfer coefficient:

=======================================================================

Prob.2A1.2.10. A long, 8 cm dia steam pipe has its external temp as 90 C and is passing through a room
where the air is at 7 C and blowing at 50 km/h. Determine the rate of heat loss per unit length of pipe.

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Ts

Tinf
U inf
L

Dia = D

 Fig.Prob.2A1.2.10

EES Solution:

Here, this is the case of cross flow across a cylinder. We use the Churchill-Bernstein eqn.

Now, when the eqn is complicated or the same type of problem has to be solved again and again, it
is convenient to write a ‘sub-routine’ which can be called from the main program.

In EES, sub-routine is called as PROCEDURE.

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While writing a PROCEDURE remember:

a) PROCEDURE must be placed in the beginning of the worksheet.

b) PROCEDURE should be given a name and then, within brackets, supply the Input
parameters and output results. Input and outputs are separated by a colon.
c) While in a usual EES program, we can write the eqns in any order, in a PROCEDURE, we
should write them sequentially. The reason is: in ordinary EES program all eqns are solved
simultaneously, whereas in a PROCEDURE, the eqns are solved sequentially.
d) The assignment statement is ‘:= ‘, and not ’=’
e) Mention units of input and output variables, and add few comments for clarity

Therefore, first, Let us write an EES PROCEDURE to solve such a problem (i.e. cross flow of air on a
cylinder), using Churchill-Bernstein eqn:

PROCEDURE ForcedConv_Air_AcrossCylinder (P_infinity, T_infinity, U_infinity, L, D, T_s: Re_D,

Nusselt_D_bar, h_bar, Q)

‘‘Ref: Incropera, 5th Ed. pp. 411, Eqn. (7.57)”

‘‘Churchill and Bernstein eqn….for entire range of Re_D and a wide range of Pr”

‘‘Finds various quantities for flow of Air across a cylinder:”

‘‘Inputs: Pa, C, m/s, m”
‘‘Outputs: W/m^2.C, W, W”

T_f := (T_infinity + T_s)/2 “mean film temp, C”

‘‘Properties of Air (Ideal gas) at T_f:”

rho:=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P_infinity)
{cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_f)}
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f)
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f)
Pr:=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)
cp:=SpecHeat(Air,T=T_f)

Re_D := D * U_infinity * rho/mu “Finds Reynolds No.”

‘‘To find h accurately: Use Churchill and Bernstein eqn.”

Nusselt_D_bar := 0.3 + ((0.62 * Re_D^0.5 * (Pr)^(1/3))/(1 + (0.4/Pr)^(2/3))^(1/4)) * (1 +

(Re_D/282000)^(5/8))^(4/5)

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h_bar :=Nusselt_D_bar * k / D “Finds h_bar’’

Q := h_bar * (pi * D * L) * (T_s – T_infinity) “W…. heat tr”

END

Now, to use the above PROCEDURE, in the main EES program, below the PROCEDURE, enter the
data, and then simply CALL this PROCEDURE. This is shown below:

‘‘Data:”

P_infinity = 1.01325E05 [Pa]

T_infinity = 7 [C]
U_infinity = 50 * convert(km/h,m/s) “[m/s] …air velocity”
L = 1 [m]
D = 0.08 [m]
T_s = 90 [C]

CALL ForcedConv_Air_AcrossCylinder (P_infinity, T_infinity, U_infinity, L, D, T_s: Re_D, Nusselt_D_

bar, h_bar, Q)

Now, simply press F2 and the solution appears in two windows: one, results of Main program, and the
second, results of PROCEDURE:

See the Results below:

Results of Main program:

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And, Results of PROCEDURE:

Thus, Q = 1130 W, with h_bar = 54.19 W/m^2.C … Ans.

Note that EES program is very useful when complicated eqns are involved, and, particularly when many
property values have to be determined since EES has built-in Functions for properties of many substances.

To give one more example of using this PROCEDURE, let us visit Prob.2A1.2.1 again:

Prob.2A1.2.11.

‘‘Assuming that a man can be represented by a cylinder 30 cm in diameter and 1.7 m high with a surface
temp of 30 C, calculate the heat he would lose while standing in a 36 km/h wind at 10 C. [VTU –
Dec.06–Jan.07]”

Ts

Tinf
u inf
L

D
 
Fig.Prob.2A1.2.11

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EES Solution:

In EES, ener:

‘‘Data:”

D = 0.3 [m]
L = 1.7 [m]
U_infinity = 10[m/s]
T_infinity = 10[C]
T_s = 30[C]
P_infinity = 101325[Pa]

CALL ForcedConv_Air_AcrossCylinder (P_infinity, T_infinity, U_infinity, L, D, T_s: Re_D, Nusselt_D_

bar, h_bar, Q)

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And, press F2 to get the Solution:

Main Solution:

Solution of PROCEDURE:

Thus, Q = 939.9 W, and h = 29.33 W/m^2.C …. Ans.

Of course, the results match with those obtained in Prob.2A1.2.1, as they should.

=======================================================================

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Prob.2A1.2.12. A copper sphere, 10 mm dia, and at 75 C is subjected to an air stream at 1 atm and 25
with a velocity of 10 m/s. Estimate the initial heat transfer rate and the heat transfer coeff.

Ts

Tinf
U inf

 Fig.Prob.2A1.2.12

EES Solution:

Once again, let us write a PROCEDURE to find h and Q for the case of a sphere in cross flow of air:

PROCEDURE FC_Air_AcrossSphere_Whitaker (P_infinity, T_infinity, U_infinity, D, T_s: Re_D,

Nusselt_D_bar, h_bar, Q)

‘‘Ref: Incropera, 5th Ed. pp. 415, Eqn. (7.59)”

‘‘Whitaker eqn….for 0.71 < Pr < 380 and 3.5 < Re_D < 7.6 e04”

‘‘Finds various quantities for Forced Conv (FC) of Air across a Sphere:”
‘‘Inputs: Pa, C, m/s, m”
‘‘Outputs: W/m^2.C. W, W”

‘‘Properties of Air (Ideal gas) at T_infinity:”

rho:=Density(Air,T=T_infinity,P=P_infinity)
{cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_f)}
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_infinity)
mu_s := Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) “….mu_s at T_s”
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_infinity)
Pr:=Prandtl(Air,T=T_infinity)
cp:=SpecHeat(Air,T=T_infinity)

Re_D := D * U_infinity * rho/mu “Finds Reynolds No.”

If (Re_D < 3.5) or (Re_D > 7.6e04) Then CALL WARNING (‘The results may not be accurate since 3.5
< Re_D < 7.6e04 does not hold. Re_d = XXXA1’, Re_D)

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If (Pr < 0.71) or (Pr > 380) Then CALL WARNING (‘The results may not be accurate since 0.71 < Pr <
380 does not hold. Pr = XXXA1’, Pr)

‘‘To find h_bar: Use Whitaker eqn.”

Nusselt_D_bar := 2 + (0.4 * Re_D^(1/2) + 0.06 * Re_D^ (2/3)) * Pr^0.4 * (mu/mu_s)^(1/4) “Finds avg.
Nusselts No.’’

h_bar :=Nusselt_D_bar * k / D “Finds h_bar’’

Q := h_bar * (pi * D^2) * (T_s – T_infinity) “W…. heat transfer”

END

Note: In the above program, we have included WARNINGS also, to ensure that Re_D and Pr are within
the permissible limits for the Whitaker eqn to be applied.

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Now, to solve the problem in EES, enter the data, and call the PROCEDURE as shown below:

‘‘Data:”

D = 0.01[m]
T_s = 75[C]
T_infinity = 25[C]
P_infinity = 1.01325e05[Pa]
U_infinity = 10[m/s]

CALL FC_Air_AcrossSphere_Whitaker (P_infinity, T_infinity, U_infinity, D, T_s: Re_D, Nusselt_D_bar,

h_bar, Q)

Now, press F2 and the Results are presented in two windows, one for Main program and the other,
for the PROCEDURE:

We get:

And, Results in PROCEDURE window:

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Thus: Q = 1.888 W, and h = 120.2 W/m^2.C …. Ans.

=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.2.13. A 25 mm dia high tension line has an electrical resistance of 10^-4 Ohm/m and is transmitting
a current of 1000 A. If the ambient air is at 10 C, and is flowing at 5 m/s, what is the surface temp?

Plot the variation of surface temp for air velocities varying from 1 m/s to 10 m/s.

Ts Dia = D

Tinf
U inf
L

 
Prob.2A1.2.13.

Note that this problem is the same as Prob.2A1.2.6.

But, we will now solve it with EXCEL, using the VBA Functions we wrote for properties of Air.

EXCEL Solution:

Following are the steps:

1. Set up the EXCEL worksheet, enter data and name the cells:

Note that since T_s is not yet known, we have assumed a value of 100 C and we will correct it later by
applying Goal Seek in EXCEL.

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2. Get the property values for Air, using the VBA Functions already written and explained
earlier. Do the calculations as shown:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Here, first, get Re_D, the Reynold’s No. Then, apply Churchill-Bernstein eqn to get Nu_cyl. Then, get
the heat transfer coeff, h. And, calculate the heat transfer by forced convection as:

Q_conv = h * (π * D *L) * (T_s – T_inf). This should be equal to the Joule heating in the

cylinder = Q_joule = I2 * R_e.

So, in cell D236, we have (Q_conv – Q_joule).

We apply Goal Seek to make cell D236 = 0 by changing T_s, i.e. cell D211.

3. Go to Data-What If Analysis – Goal Seek:

Click on Goal Seek. We get the following window, fill it up as shown:

Click OK:

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4. Again, click OK and see the result for T_s:

5. Observe that correspondingly, all calculations are up-dated:

Thus: surface temp of cylinder = 35.53 deg. C … Ans.

Note that if this trial and error calculation has to be done by hand, it will be very tedious; also, having
VBA Functions to get properties of Air has been of immense help in these calculations.

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6. Now, plot the variation of T_s for air velocities varying from 1 m/s to 10 m/s: Set up the
worksheet as shown:

Now, as U_inf changes, Re_D will change; so, h will also change. Equating Q_joule to Q_conv, we will
apply Goal Seek, for each value of U_inf, to make (Q_conv – Q_joule) (i.e. cell D236) equal to zero by
changing T_s.

So, we will write a VBA program that will each U_inf value from the Table above, copy it to cell D213,
start with the existing T_s value in cell D211 as ‘Guess value’, complete the calculations after applying
Goal Seek, and copy the resulting values of h and T_s from cells D233 and D211 to the respective
positions in the Table.

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7. As a first step, let us record a Macro to apply Goal Seek to make cell D236 to zero by
changing cell D211:

Click on Developer – Record Macro. Following window appears. Fill it up as shown:

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Click OK. Recording starts. And, ‘Record Macro’ changes to ‘Stop Recording’. After recording the Macro,
click on ‘Stop recording’.

Now, view the Macro recorded. For this, click on Developer – Macros. We get:

Click on Edit. We see the code recorded:

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8. Now, we will modify this Macro to perform actions we explained in step 6 above. Following
is the modified code:

In the above code:

Line 1: Starts the Sub (Macro_Name)

Lines 2, 3: Name and function of this Macro

Line 4: Keyboard shortcut

Line 5: Dimension of counter I as Integer

Line 6: For .. Next construct begins. i = 9 since there are 10 lines in our Table.

Line 7: First value of U_inf is picked up from the Table and is copied to cell D213. (Immediately, other
values downwards from cell D213 will change).

Lines 8, 9: Applies Goal Seek. New value of T_s will be recorded in cell D211. (Immediately, all other
values downwards will update themselves).

Line 10, 11: copy values of h and T_s from cells D233 and D211 to respective positions in the Table.

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9. Now, we can run this program by clicking on keyboard shortcut, viz. Ctrl+Shift+R. We get:

Note that when U_inf = 5 m/s, we have T_s = 35.53 deg. C and h = 49.86 W/m^2.C , the same values
we got earlier.

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10. It is more convenient to run this program from a button in the worksheet. To insert a ‘Form
control button’ and connect it to the Macro, we proceed as follows:

Click on Developer- Insert. We get:

Now, click on first, top left button in Form Controls and draw a button on the worksheet to a suitable
size. Immediately, following window appears:

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Click on Macro1 to Assign that Macro to the button in the Worksheet. Click OK. We get:

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Now, we can edit the name of the button, and format its size, colour etc by right-clicking on the button:

Click on Format control:

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Now, you can control the size, Font style, colour etc. as shown.

Now, delete cells D243 to E252; we get:

And, click the button, and immediately the calculations are complted:

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11. Now, draw the plot of T_s vs T_inf:

12. Now, in the above Table, U_inf values in the left column are the variables which we can
change. Then, if we click on the button, values of h and T_s will be calculated and entered
in the Table. Of course, as the VBA program is written for 10 rows of U_inf only, any values
of U_inf entered below the cell C252 will not be considered for calculations. As an example,
delete all cells from D243 to E252, and enter new values of U_inf from 11 m/s to 20 m/s.
Then, click the button; we get:

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And, the plot is also automatically updated:

=======================================================================

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Prob. 2A1.2.14. Air flows at a velocity U_inf = 5 m/s and a temp t_inf = 20 C in cross-flow over a
cylinder 10 mm dia, maintained at 50 C. Calculate the rate of heat transfer, Q per unit length.

(b) Plot Q as a function of fluid velocity, U_inf with U_inf varying from 0.5 to 10 m/s.

EXCEL Solution:

We use Churchill-Bernstein eqn to calculate average Nusselts No., Nu_D_bar, and then calculate avg
heat transfer coeff., h_bar and then, the heat transfer, Q.

First, let us write a VBA Function to calculate Nusselts No. etc.

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Note that above Function is an Array Function i.e. it returns an Vertical Array containing Re_D,
Nu_D_bar, h_bar and Q, in that order from top downwards.

To use the Function, we should first select four consecutive cells in a column, and then enter the
Function and press Ctrl+Shift+Enter.

Now, following are the steps in the EXCEL Worksheet for this problem:

1. Set up the worksheet, enter data:

2. Now, select 4 consecutive cells in column C and apply the Array Formula written above.

To do this, select cells D285 to D288 and click on the Insert Function symbol:

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Then, you get the pop up window; choose the ‘User Defined’ category, and the Function as shown:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Click OK. We get the following window. Fill it up as shown:

Now, IMPORTANT: keeping Ctrl + Shift pressed, click OK, since we are using an ARRAY Function.
We get:

Note the Array Function in the Formula bar.

We observe that use of an Array Function makes the worksheet very compact.

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(b) To plot Q against U_inf:

3. Set up the worksheet as shown.

Here, the method is to use the Array Function, and extract each element separately and place in the Table:

Now, in cell D292 we should have the Reynolds No, Re_D. We note that in the array returned by the
Array Function, viz. ForcedConv_Air_AcrossCyl(T_s, T_inf, U_inf, L, D) we have:

Re_D as the first element. i.e. first row, first column.

Nu_D_bar as the second element. i.e. second row, first column.

h_bar as the third element. i.e. third row, first column.

Q as the fourth element. i.e. fourth row, first column.

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To extract elements from the Array output, we use the INDEX Function:

4. To get Re_D we enter in cell D292 the following (See the Formula bar):

Note in the Formula bar that reference to U_inf is by ‘relative reference’ to cell C292.

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5. Similarly for Nu_D_bar, we have in cell E292 (See the Formula bar):

6. And, for h_bar (See the Formula bar):

7. And, for Q:

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8. Now, select cells D292 to G292 and ‘drag copy’ to the end of the Table, i.e. up to cell G311.
We see that the entire Table gets filled up:

Verify that for U_inf = 5 m/s (i.e. row 301), we get the same results that we got in the first part of this
problem, confirming that the calculations are correct.

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9. Now, plot the graph:

=======================================================================

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.QYURGGF'PIKPGU/GFKWOURGGF'PIKPGU6WTDQEJCTIGTU2TQRGNNGTU2TQRWNUKQP2CEMCIGU2TKOG5GTX

6JGFGUKIPQHGEQHTKGPFN[OCTKPGRQYGTCPFRTQRWNUKQPUQNWVKQPUKUETWEKCNHQT/#0&KGUGN6WTDQ
2QYGTEQORGVGPEKGUCTGQHHGTGFYKVJVJGYQTNFoUNCTIGUVGPIKPGRTQITCOOGsJCXKPIQWVRWVUURCPPKPI
HTQOVQM9RGTGPIKPG)GVWRHTQPV
(KPFQWVOQTGCVYYYOCPFKGUGNVWTDQEQO

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2A1.3 Flow across Tube banks:

Data from Ref.[2]:

Reynolds No. is based on Max. velocity, given by:

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Apply a Correction factor (F) to Nusselts No. when the No. of rows in flow direction, NL < 16:

Correlations for Pressure drop:

where f = friction factor, X is the correction factor = 1 for In-line arrangement

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Graphs for f and X for In-line and Staggered arrangement of tubes:

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=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.3.1: Air at 1 atm, 20 C and flowing at 5.2 m/s is to be heated by passing it over a bank of
1 m long tubes inside which steam is condensing at 100 C. OD of tubes is 1.6 cm. and arranged in a
staggered manner with SL = ST = 4 cm. There are 20 rows in the flow direction and 10 tubes in each row.
Determine: (a) the heat transfer rate (b) the pressure drop.

SL
Ts

ST
U
SD D
Ti

Transverse row: 1 2 3 4
Staggered arrangement of tubes
 
Prob.2A1.3.1.

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Mathcad Solution:

First of all, write Mathcad functions for Nu for In-line and staggered arrangements of tubes:

For In-line arrangement of tubes:

6
Nu_Tubebank_Inline Re D , Pr , Pr s return "Re must be between 0 and 2*10^6" if Re D > 2 . 10

return "Pr must be > 0.7" if Pr < 0.7

return "Pr must be < 500 " if Pr > 500
0.25
0.4 0.36 Pr
return 0.9. Re D . Pr . if Re D 100
Pr s
0.25
0.5 0.36 Pr
return 0.52. Re D . Pr . if Re D 1000
Pr s
0.25
0.63 0.36 Pr 5
return 0.27. Re D . Pr . if Re D 2 . 10
Pr s
0.25
0.8 0.4 Pr 6
return 0.033. Re D . Pr . if Re D 2 . 10
Pr s

For staggered arrangement of tubes:

6
Nu_Tubebank_Staggered Re D , Pr , Pr s , S T , S L return "Re must be between 0 and 2*10^6" if Re D > 2 . 10

return "Pr must be > 0.7" if Pr < 0.7

return "Pr must be < 500 " if Pr > 500
0.25
0.4 0.36 Pr
return 1.04. Re D . Pr . if Re D 500
Pr s
0.25
0.5 0.36 Pr
return 0.71. Re D . Pr . if Re D 1000
Pr s
0.2
ST 0.6 . 0.36 . Pr
0.25
5
return 0.35. . Re
D Pr if Re D 2 . 10
SL Pr s
0.2
ST 0.8 . 0.36 . Pr
0.25
6
return 0.031. . Re
D Pr if Re D 2 . 10
SL Pr s

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Now, the Solution:

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

We do not know the exit temp T0 yet.

Let us assume T0 as 70 deg. C.

Then, the mean fluid temp is (20 + 70)/2 = 45 C.

Take properties of air at Tf and then correct later if required.

Taking properties of air at Tf = 45 C, using the Mathcad functions for properties of Air (See prob. 2A1.2.5):

Note that for the following functions for properties of Air, temp. must be in Kelvin:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Nusselts number:

Appropriate eqn. for average Nusselts number is automatically selected in the Mathcad function for Nu
for Staggered Tube bank:

Therefore, avg. heat transfer coeff. is:

This is the value of heat transfer coeff. that would be obtained if there were 20 or more rows of tubes
in the direction of flow. And, in the present case, there are 20 rows in the direction of flow. So, no
correction factor is required:

Surface area for heat transfer for unit length of tubes is:

Total heat transfer rate, Q:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Here ΔT is the average temp. difference between the wall and the air stream. However, temp. of air stream
goes on changing from entry to exit in the heat exchanger. So, we use a ‘mean temperature difference’
called LMTD (log. mean temp. difference). Expression for LMTD is derived in the chapter on heat
exchangers. For the present, let us take for LMTD:

We need the exit temp. To of the air stream. This is calculated by a heat balance:

Q = ha.A.(LMTD)

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Then, we can write the heat balance:

Substitute for LMTD and solve for To:

Also:

Use Solve block of Mathcad; assume a guess value for To to start with, say To = 70 C. Then type ‘Given’
and write the constraint; then type Find(To) and get the answer:

Therefore, heat transfer rate, Q:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Alternatively, we can use the arithmetic average value of air stream between the inlet and outlet temp;
this is simpler to calculate and error involved will not be much:

Using Solve block as earlier, to obtain To:

Pressure drop:

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Alternatively:

Find Pressure drop from formulas given in Ref.[1]:

where ff = friction factor, given by:

Therefore:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Therefore:

This value of pressure drop matches well with the one obtained earlier, using the graphs.

=======================================================================

For given Tube bank, and given velocity of U = 5.2 m/s, let us plot the variation of h and Q with air
exit temp. To:

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$UnitSystem SI Pa C J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.3.2. A pre-heater for air has surface temp of tubes at 100 C and in the tube bank there are
a total of 196 tubes arranged in a square, aligned array. Tube dia = 10 mm, 1 m long and S_T = S_L =
15 mm. Air enters at 1 atm, 25 C and at 5 m/s. What is the total rate of heat transfer to air? Also, find
the pressure drop.”

SL
Ts
D
ST
U
Ti

Transverse row: 1 2 3 4
 Prob.2A1.3.2.

‘‘EES Solution:”

‘‘This problem is similar to the previous problem.

It is convenient to solve the problem with EES since the properties of air are available in EES as built-in
functions.”

‘‘First, let us write functions for Nusselts No. for cross flow across Tube bank with In-line and
Staggered arrangements:”

Function NUSSELT_TubeBank_In_line(Re_D, Pr, Pr_s)

If (Re_D <= 100) Then

NUSSELT_TubeBank_In_line:= 0.9 * Re_D^0.4 * Pr^0.36 * (Pr / Pr_s)^0.25
Else
If (Re_D > 100) And (Re_D <=1000) Then
NUSSELT_TubeBank_In_line := 0.52 * Re_D^0.5 * Pr^0.36 * (Pr / Pr_s)^0.25
Else
If (Re_D > 1000) And (Re_D <=2E05) Then

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NUSSELT_TubeBank_In_line := 0.27 * Re_D^0.63 * Pr^0.36 * (Pr / Pr_s)^0.25

Else
If (Re_D > 2E05) And (Re_D <=2E06) Then
NUSSELT_TubeBank_In_line := 0.033 * Re_D^0.8 * Pr^0.4 * (Pr / Pr_s)^0.25
Else
Call Error (‘ Re_D must be between 0 and 2E06 !!’)
EndIf
EndIf
EndIf
EndIf
End

‘‘ ’’

Function NUSSELT_TubeBank_Staggered(Re_D, Pr, Pr_s,S_T,S_L)

If (Re_D <= 500) Then

NUSSELT_TubeBank_Staggered= 1.04 * Re_D^0.4 * Pr^0.36 * (Pr / Pr_s)^0.25
Else
If (Re_D > 500) And (Re_D <=1000) Then
NUSSELT_TubeBank_Staggered:= 0.71 * Re_D^0.5 * Pr^0.36 * (Pr / Pr_s)^0.25
Else
If (Re_D > 1000) And (Re_D <=2E05) Then
NUSSELT_TubeBank_Staggered:= 0.35 * (S_T / S_L)^0.2 * Re_D^0.6 * Pr^0.36 * (Pr /
Pr_s)^0.25
Else
If (Re_D > 2E05) And (Re_D <=2E06) Then
NUSSELT_TubeBank_Staggered := 0.031 * (S_T / S_L)^0.2 * Re_D^0.8 * Pr^0.36 * (Pr
/ Pr_s)^0.25
Else
Call Error (‘ Re_D must be between 0 and 2E06 !!’)
EndIf
EndIf
EndIf
EndIf
End

‘‘ ’’

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‘‘For In-line tube arrangement:

Correction Factor for N_L less than 14:

F_InLine=0.568730388 + 0.155621584*N_L – 0.0243568396*N_L^2 + 0.00178191834*N_L^3 –

0.0000490364034*N_L^4 “

‘‘For Staggered tube arrangement:

Correction Factor for N_L less than 14:

F_staggered=0.47630486 + 0.191385976*N_L – 0.0289872621*N_L^2 + 0.00201365228*N_L^3 –

0.0000525013679*N_L^4”

‘‘ ”

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‘‘Correction Factors for In-Line tube banks, if the N_L, no. of rows in Longitudinal direction is
less than 14:”

‘‘Curve-fit from EES:”

Function F_InLine (N_L)

If (N_L < 14) Then

F_InLine=0.568730388 + 0.155621584*N_L – 0.0243568396*N_L^2 + 0.00178191834*N_L^3 –

0.0000490364034*N_L^4

Else

F_InLine = 1

EndIf

End
‘‘ ’’

‘‘Correction Factors for Staggered tube banks, if the N_L, no. of rows in Longitudinal direction is
less than 14:”

‘‘Curve-fit from EES:”

Function F_Staggered (N_L)

If (N_L < 14) Then

F_Staggered=0.47630486 + 0.191385976*N_L – 0.0289872621*N_L^2 + 0.00201365228*N_L^3 –

0.0000525013679*N_L^4

Else

F_Staggered = 1

EndIf

End

‘‘=====================================================================’’

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Data:”

T_s = 100 [C]

T_i = 25 [C]
{T_o = 70 [C] “…. assumed. Will be commented out later”}
U = 5 [m/s]
D = 0.01 [m]
L = 1 [m]
S_T = 0.015 [m]
S_L = 0.015 [m]
N_L = 14
N_T = 14
P = 1e05 [Pa]

‘‘In-Line tube arrangement:”

‘‘Calculations:”

T_f = (T_i + T_o) / 2 “..avg temp of air in the array”

‘‘Properties of Air at T_f:”

rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P) “[kg/m^3]”
rho_in = Density(Air,T=T_i,P=P) “[kg/m^3]”
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[J/kg-C]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-K]”
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f)‘‘[-]”
Pr_s=Prandtl(Air,T=T_s)‘‘[-]”
mu_s=Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) “[kg/m-s]”

‘‘For In-Line arrangement:”

U_max = (S_T / (S_T – D)) * U “[m/s] …. max. velocity”

Re_D = U_max * D * rho / mu “…Reynolds No.”

‘‘Therefore: Nusselts No.:”

Nusselt_D = NUSSELT_TubeBank_In_line(Re_D, Pr, Pr_s)

‘‘Note: No correction factor to Nusselts No. since N_L = 14”

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‘‘Therefore: heat transfer coeff.:”

h = Nusselt_D * k / D “..[W/m^2-K] … heat tr. coeff.”

Outlet temp. of Air:

Enter it in EES:

(T_s – T_o) / (T_s – T_i) = exp(- h * (pi * D * L * N_T * N_L) / (Mass_flow * cp)) “… determines air
outlet temp, T_o”

‘‘Therefore: heat transferred:”

‘‘Q is equal to heat gained by the air while passing through the array of tubes”

Mass_flow = rho_in * U * (N_T * S_T * L) “[kg/s]…mass flow rate through the array”

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‘‘And:”

Q = Mass_flow * cp * (T_o – T_i) “[W] … heat gained by air in the array”

‘‘Pressure drop:[Ref:1]”
Friction factor for In-line arrangement is given by:

i.e. in EES it is entered as:

ff = (0.044 + (0.08 * (S_L / D)) / ((S_T – D)/D)^(0.43 + 1.13 * D/S_L))*Re_D^(-0.15) “…friction factor”
G_max = rho * U_max “[kg/s-m^2] … mass velocity”

DELTAP = (2 * ff *G_max^2 * N_L / rho_in) * (mu_s / mu)^0.14 “[N/m^2] … pressure drop”

Results:

Thus:
Exit temp. of Air = T_o = 71.44 C …Ans.

Heat transfer Q = 57311 W …. Ans.

Pressure drop DELTAP = 525.9 N/m^2 … Ans.



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Plot the variation of exit temp of air (T_o) and heat transferred (Q) as Air velocity U varies from
1 to 10 m/s:

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=======================================================================

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$UnitSystem SI Pa C J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.3.3. A tube bank has surface temp of tubes at 90 C and the tube bank has 6 rows of tubes,
each stack 40 tubes high, in an in-line arrangement. Tube dia = 6.33 mm mm, 1 m long and S_T = S_L
= 1.9 cm. Air enters at 1 atm, 20 C and 4.5 m/s/. What is the total rate of heat transfer to air? Also, find
the pressure drop.”

SL
Ts
D
ST
U
Ti

Transverse row: 1 2 3 4
 Prob.2A1.3.3.

‘‘EES Solution:”

‘‘This problem is similar to the previous problem. See the EES Functions written in the previous problem
for Nusselts No. and Correction factors for N_L < 14”

‘‘Data:”

T_s = 90 [C]
T_i = 20 [C]
{T_o = 70 [C] “…. assumed. Will be commented out later”}
U = 4.5 [m/s]
D = 0.00633 [m]
L = 1 [m]
S_T = 0.019 [m]
S_L = 0.019 [m]
N_L = 6
N_T = 40
P = 1e05 [Pa]

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‘‘In-Line tube arrangement:”

‘‘Calculations:”

T_f = (T_i + T_o) / 2 “..avg temp of air in the array”

‘‘Properties of Air at T_f:”

rho=Density(Air,T=T_f,P=P) “[kg/m^3]”
rho_in = Density(Air,T=T_i,P=P) “[kg/m^3]”
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_f) “[J/kg-C]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_f) “[W/m-K]”
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_f) “[kg/m-s]”
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_f) “[-]”
Pr_s=Prandtl(Air,T=T_s) “[-]”
mu_s=Viscosity(Air,T=T_s) “[kg/m-s]”

‘‘For In-Line arrangement:”

U_max = (S_T / (S_T – D)) * U “[m/s] …. max. velocity”

Re_D = U_max * D * rho / mu “…Reynolds No.”

‘‘Note: Correction factor to Nusselts No. has to be used since N_L =<14”

‘‘This correction factor is obtained from the Table supplied in Text Books (ex. [2]), converted here into
a EES curve fit eqn for convenience”

F = F_InLine (N_L) “…correction factor since there are less than 14 rows”

‘‘Therefore: Nusselts No. (corrected):”

Nusselt_D = F * NUSSELT_TubeBank_In_line(Re_D, Pr, Pr_s)

‘‘Therefore: heat transfer coeff.:”

h = Nusselt_D * k / D “..[W/m^2-K] … heat tr. coeff.”

(T_s – T_o) / (T_s – T_i) = exp(- h * (pi * D * L * N_T * N_L) / (Mass_flow * cp)) “… determines air
outlet temp, T_o”

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‘‘Therefore: heat transferred:”

‘‘Q is also equal to heat gained by the air while passing through the array of tubes”

Mass_flow = rho_in * U * (N_T * S_T * L) “[kg/s]…mass flow rate through the array”

‘‘And:”

Q = Mass_flow * cp * (T_o – T_i) “[W] … heat gained by air in the array”

‘‘Pressure drop:[Ref:1]”

ff = (0.044 + (0.08 * (S_L / D)) / ((S_T – D)/D)^(0.43 + 1.13 * D/S_L))*Re_D^(-0.15) “…friction factor”

G_max = rho * U_max “[kg/s-m^2] … mass velocity”

DELTAP = (2 * ff *G_max^2 * N_L / rho_in) * (mu_s / mu)^0.14 “[N/m^2] … pressure drop”

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Results:

Thus:

Air exit temp. = T_o = 30.15 C… Ans.

Heat transferred = Q = 41452 W … Ans.
Pressure drop = DELTAP = 35.48 N/m^2 …. Ans.

Plot the variation of heat transferred (Q) and pressure drop DELTAP as Air velocity U varies from
1 to 10 m/s:

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=======================================================================

2A1.4 Flow inside tubes and ducts:

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.1. Water at a velocity of 1.5 m/s enters a 2 cm dia heat exchanger tube at 40 C. The heat
exchanger tube wall is maintained at a temp of 100 C. If the water is heated to a temp of 80 C, find the
length of the length of the exchanger tube required. – [VTU – Dec. 09–Jan. 2010]”

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Fig.Prob.2A1.4.1

EES Solution:

This is a very common type of problem, often asked in the University exams.

So, let us write a Sub-routine (or, PROCEDURE) in EES. We will write the program such that the fluid
can be chosen as Air or Water. Then, from the main program we call the PROCEDURE:

PROCEDURE FC_Inside_Cyl(Fluid$, T_s, T_in, T_out, D,U : Re_D, Nusselt, h,Q, LMTD, L, f, DELTAP )

‘‘Forced convection (FC) inside Cylinders, with Fluid$: Water or Air, or Engine Oil”
‘‘Inputs: T_s (C), T_in, T_out (C), D (m), U (m/s)”
‘‘Outputs: Re_D, Nusselt, h (W/m^2-C), Q (W), LMTD (C), L (m),f, DELTAP (Pa)”

ZZZVWXG\DWWXGHOIWQO
‡5DQNHGWKLQWKHZRUOG
 7+(67HFKQRORJ\UDQNLQJ
‡$OPRVW\HDUVRISUREOHPVROYLQJ
 H[SHULHQFH
‡([FHOOHQW6SRUWV &XOWXUHIDFLOLWLHV
‡&KHFNRXWZKDWDQGKRZZHWHDFKDW
 ZZZRFZWXGHOIWQO

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T_b := (T_out+T_inf)/2 “bulk mean temp”

A_c = pi * D^2/4 “Area of cross-section”

IF (Fluid$ = ‘Water’) Then

k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
ELSE
IF (Fluid$ = ‘Air’) Then
beta := 1/(T_b + 273)
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_b)
rho:=Density(Air,T=T_b,P=1e05)
nu := mu/rho
cp:=SpecHeat(Air,T=T_b)
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_b)
EndIF
EndIf
Re_D := D * U / nu
Pr := mu*cp/k

If (Re_D < 10000) Then CALL WARNING (‘The results may not be accurate since Re_D > 10000 does
not hold. Re_D = XXXA1’, Re_D)

If (Pr < 0.6) or (Pr > 160) Then CALL WARNING (‘The results may not be accurate since 0.6 < Pr <
160 does not hold. Pr = XXXA1’, Pr)

IF (T_in > T_out) Then

n = 0.3
ELSE
IF (T_in < T_out) Then
n = 0.4
ENDIF
ENDIF

Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^n “finds Nusselts No.’’

h:= Nusselt * k / D “finds h’’

DELTAT_in := T_s – T_in

DELTAT_out := T_s – T_out

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LMTD: = (DELTAT_in – DELTAT_out) / ln(DELTAT_in/DELTAT_out) “Log Mean Temp Difference”

Q := rho * A_c * U * cp * (T_out – T_in) “finds Q, W”
L :=Q/ (h * (pi * d ) * LMTD) “by heat balance; finds L”

‘‘Also, find the pressure drop:”

‘‘Friction factor: Use the first Petukhov eqn, which is an explicit eqn. for f. Valid for Reynolds Number
range: Re = 3000 to 5E06”

f := (0.79 * ln(Re_D) – 1.64)^(-2) “…friction factor”

DELTAP := f * (L / D) * rho * U^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]’’

END
‘‘=====================================================================”
$UnitSystem SI Pa C J

‘‘Prob.2A1.4.1”

Fluid$ = ‘Water’

T_in = 40[C]
T_out= 80[C]
T_s = 100[C]

D = 0.02[m]
U = 1.5[m/s]

CALL FC_Inside_Cyl(Fluid$, T_s, T_in, T_out, D,U : Re_D, Nusselt, h,Q, LMTD, L, f, DELTAP)

‘‘ ’’

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Now, press F2, and the results appear:

Main Results:

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PROCEDURE Results:

Thus:

L = 4.25 m … Length of heat exchanger tube required…. Ans.

ΔP = 4672 N/m^2 … Pressure drop over length L …. Ans.

In addition, plot the variation of Length and DELTAP as the velocity changes:

Take the range for U as 0.5 to 5.5 m/s:

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Plot Length against Velocity:

Plot pressure drop against Velocity:

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‘‘Prob.2A1.4.2. Engine Oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter d = 50 mm and
length L = 25 m and whose surface is maintained at 150 C. (a) If the flow rate and inlet temp of oil are
0.5 kg/s and 20 C, what is the outlet temp and total heat transfer rate for the tube? (b) For flow rates
in the range 0.5 < m_dot < 2.0 kg/s, compute and plot the variation of outlet temp, T_out and Q with
m_dot. For what flow rate(s) are Q and T_out maximized?”

EES Solution:

First, let us write functions for properties of Engine Oil.

They can be used subsequently to solve all problems where properties of Engine oil are required.

Properties of Engine oil are taken from Ref.[2], and the curve – fit equations were obtained using
CurveExpert software.


‘‘Functions for properties of Engine Oil in the Temp range: 0 to 150 C.

Ref: Data from HMT by Cengel, 3rd Ed.”

‘‘ ”

Density of Engine oil:

CurveExpert Curve fit:

Linear Fit: y=a+bx
r = 0.9999382
Coefficient Data:
a= 899.47228
b= -0.59190217

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Density vs T em p for Eng ine O il

0
0 .0
90

Density (kg/m^3)
0 .0
88

0
0 .0
86

0
0 .0
84

0
0 .0
82

0
0 .0
80 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0 160.0

T emp . (C)

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Sp. Heat of Engine Oil:

Curve-fit from Excel:

Th. cond. of Engine Oil:

Curve fit from CurvreExpert:

k vs T fo r E ngine oil
50
0 .1
48
0 .1
46
0 .1
44
0 .1
k (W/m.K)

42
0 .1
40
0 .1
38
0 .1
36
0 .1
34
0 .1
32
0 .1
30
0 .1
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0

T (de g.C)

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Dyn. viscosity of Engine Oil:

For better accuracy, curve fit equations are obtained in two temp. ranges, viz. from 0 to 80 deg.C
and from 81 to 150 deg.C:

Curve fit from CurvreExpert:

In the range 0 to 80 deg. C:

And, in the range 81 to 150 deg. C:

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=======================================================================

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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EES Functions:

Function rho_EngineOil(T)

{rho_EngineOil
This function returns the density (kg/m^3) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the range:
0–150 C
}

If (T < 0) OR (T > 150) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 0 and 150 deg. C !!’)
EndIf
rho_EngineOil := 899.47228 – 0.59190217 * T
End

‘‘ ”

Function cp_EngineOil(T)

{cp_EngineOil
This function returns the sp. heat (J/kg.C) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the range:
0–150 C
}

If (T < 0) OR (T > 150) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 0 and 150 deg. C !!’)
EndIf
cp_EngineOil := 4.2896 * T + 1793.378
End

‘‘ ”

Function k_EngineOil(T)

{k_EngineOil
This function returns the Th. cond. (W/m.C)) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the range:
0–150 C
}

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If (T < 0) OR (T > 150) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 0 and 150 deg. C !!’)
EndIf
k_EngineOil := 0.14687508 – 0.00030494 * T + 2.03E-05 * T^2 – 6.07E-07 * T^3 + 7.77E-09 * T^4 –
4.51E-11 * T^5 + 9.79E-14 * T^6
End

‘‘ ”

Function mu_EngineOil(T)

{mu_EngineOil
This function returns the Dyn. visc. (N.s/m^2)) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the
range: 0–150 C
}

If (T < 0) OR (T > 150) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 0 and 150 deg. C !!’)
EndIf
If (T >= 0) And (T <=80) Then
mu_EngineOil := (3.813999 – 0.03144 * T) / (1 + 0.010332 * T + 0.006492 * T^2)
Else
If (T > 80 ) And (T <= 150) Then
mu_EngineOil := 3398.48 * 0.997603^T * T^(-2.59511)
EndIf
EndIf
End

‘‘ ”

Function Pr_EngineOil(T)

{Pr_EngineOil
This function returns the Prandtl No. (= cp . mu /k) of Engine oil as a function of Temp (deg.C) in the
range: 0–150 C
}

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If (T < 0) OR (T > 150) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 0 and 150 deg. C !!’)
EndIf
Pr_EngineOil := cp_EngineOil(T) * mu_EngineOil(T) / k_EngineOil(T)
End

‘‘ ”

And now, for the Solution of the problem:

Fig.Prob.2A1.4.2

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‘‘Data:”

T_in = 20[C]
{T_out= 140[C]“..assumed…will be commented out later”}
T_s = 150[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
d = 0.05[m]
L = 25[m]
m_dot = 0.5[kg/s]

‘‘Properties of Engine oil at bulk mean temp, T_b:”

k=k_EngineOil(T_b) “[W/m-C]”
rho= rho_EngineOil(T_b) “[kg/m^3]”
mu= mu_EngineOil(T_b) “[kg/m-s]’’
cp= cp_EngineOil(T_b) “[J/kg-C]”
Pr= Pr_EngineOil(T_b)

‘‘Calculations:”

A = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2]… area of cross-section”

G = m_dot / A “[kg/s-m^2]”
Re = G * d /mu “Reynold’s No.”

‘‘We get Re = 425.2 which is less than 2300; Therefore, flow is Laminar.”

‘‘Now, Thermal entry length L_t is given by:”

L_t = .05 * Re * Pr * d “[m] … thermal entry length”

‘‘We get L_t = 493.6 m, which is much greater than the tube length of 25 m.
Therefore, the thermally boundary layer is still developing.
This is generally the case for high Prandtl No. fluids.”
‘‘Now, Nu = 3.66 for Laminar flow when the velocity and thermal boundary layers are fully developed.
In the present case, since the thermal boundary layer is still not fully developed, we use:”

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In EES, it is entered:

Nusselt = 3.66 + (0.065 * (d/L) * Re * Pr) / (1 + 0.04 * ((D / L) * Re * Pr)^(2/3)) “….Nusselts No.’’

‘‘Therefore: heat transfer coeff. h:”

Nusselt = h * d / k “[W/m^2-C]…finds h’’

‘‘Now:”

A_s = pi * d * L “[m^2]…surface area”

‘‘Heat transfer, Q:”

Q = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in) “[W]”

AMTD = ((T_s – T_out) + (T_s – T_in))/ 2

‘‘Note: For use in Newton’s eqn to calculate Q, we should strictly use LMTD. However, we have used
here Arithmetic Mean Temp Diff (AMTD) = average of temp diff at the inlet and outlet of oil. We shall
show later that values of LMTD and AMTD are practically the same.”

‘‘Now, Q is also equal to:”

Q = h * A_s * AMTD

‘‘Pressure drop:”

U = G / rho “[m/s] …. mean velocity”

f = 64/Re “…friction factor for Laminar flow”

DELTAP = f * ( L / d) * U^2 / 2 * rho “[N/m^2] … pressure drop”

‘‘Check:”

LMTD = ((T_s – T_out) – (T_s – T_in)) / ln ((T_s – T_out) / (T_s – T_in))

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Results:

Thus:

Oil outlet temp = T_out = 36.12 C …. Ans.

Heat transferred = Q = 15422 W … Ans.

Pressure drop DELTAP = 42276 Pa … Ans.

Note that AMTD = 121.9 C and LMTD = 121.8 C. i.e. they are practically the same.

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To plot T_out and Q against m_dot:

Note that flow is laminar for the entire range of mass flow rate.

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T_out vs m_dot:

Note that T_out is maximum for minimum flow rate, i.e. for 0.5 kg/s.

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Q vs m_dot:

Note that heat transfer, Q, goes on increasing with increasing flow rate.

=======================================================================

$UnitSystem SI C Pa J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.3. 50 kg of water per minute is heated from 30 C to 50 C by passing through a pipe of
2 cm dia. The pipe is heated by condensing the steam on its surface at 100 C. Find the length of pipe
required. [VTU – June–July 2011]”

Fig.Prob.2A1.4.3

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EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

m_dot = 50[kg/min]*convert (kg/min, kg/s)

T_in = 30[C]
T_out= 50[C]
T_s = 100[C]
d = 0.02[m]

T_b = (T_in + T_out) / 2 “[C]… bulk mean temp of water”

P = 1.01325E05 “[Pa] …. pressure of water”

‘‘Properties of Water at T_b:”

rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=P) “[kg/m^3]”
cp=Cp(Water,T=T_b,P=P) “[J/kg-C]”
k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=P) “[W/m-C]”
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=P) “[kg/m-s]”
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=P) “…Prandtl No.”

‘‘Calculations:”

A = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2]…area of cross-section”

G = m_dot / A “[kg/s-m^2] … mass velocity”
Re = G * d / mu “finds Re = 166593’’
Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^0.4 “finds Nusselts No.’’
Nusselt = h * d / k “finds h’’

DELTAT_in = T_s – T_in

DELTAT_out = T_s – T_out
LMTD = (DELTAT_in -DELTAT_out) / ln(DELTAT_in / DELTAT_out)
Q = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in) “finds Q, W”
Q = h * (pi * d * L)* LMTD “finds L”

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Results:

Thus:

Length of tube required = L = 1.712 m …. Ans.

Heat transferred = Q = 69704 W … Ans.

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Plot the variation of L with m_dot:

=======================================================================

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$UnitSystem SI C Pa J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.4. Air at 2 atm and 200 C is heated as it flows through a tube with a diameter of 25 mm at
a velocity of 10 m/s. Calculate the heat transfer per unit length of tube if a constant heat flux condition
is maintained at the wall and the wall temp is 20 C above the air temp all along the length of the tube.
How much would the bulk temp increase over a 3 m length of tube? [VTU – May–June 2010]”

Fig.Prob.2A1.4.4

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 200[C]
T_out = 250 [C] “..assumed. Will be commented out later.”
U = 10 [m/s]
d = 0.025[m]
L = 1 [m]
DELTAT = 20 [C]
‘‘q_s is constant on the wall surface”
‘‘When q_s is constant: we have:
q_s = h * DELTAT
i.e. DELTAT is constant, where DELTAT is the difference between the wall and bulk temp of fluid.
Observe that DELTAT = LMTD in that case.”

T_b = (T_in + T_out) / 2 “[C]… bulk mean temp of Air”

P = 2 [atm] * convert (atm, Pa) “[Pa] …. pressure of Air”

‘‘Properties of Air at T_b:”

rho=Density(Air,T=T_b,P=P) “[kg/m^3]”
cp=Cp(Air,T=T_b) “[J/kg-C]”
k=Conductivity(Air,T=T_b) “[W/m-C]”
mu=Viscosity(Air,T=T_b) “[kg/m-s]”
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_b) “…Prandtl No.”

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‘‘Calculations:”

A_c = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2]…area of cross-section”

m_dot = rho * U * A_c “[kg/s] … mass flow rate”
Re = d * U * rho / mu “finds Re = 13273’’
Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^0.4 “finds Nusselts No.’’
Nusselt = h * d / k “finds h’’

q_s = h * DELTAT “..finds q_s[W/m^2]’’

DELTAT = T_s_in – T_in “…finds T_s_in, surface temp at inlet”
DELTAT = T_s_out – T_out “..finds T_s_out, surface temp at exit”
Q = q_s * pi * d * L “finds Q, W”

Results:

Thus:

Heat transfer per unit length = Q = 100 W …. Ans.

T_out for L = 1 m = 213.5 C …. Ans.

T_s_out = 233.5 C …. Ans.

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When L = 3 m: we get the following results:

Thus:

Heat transfer per unit length = Q = 295.5 W …. Ans.

T_out for L = 3 m = 240.9 C …. Ans.

T_s_out = 260.9 C …. Ans.

=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.4.5. Engine oil at a rate of 0.02 kg/s flows through a 3 mm dia tube 30 m long. The oil has an
inlet temp of 60 C while the tube wall temp is maintained at 100 C by condensing steam. (a) Estimate
the average heat transfer coeff. for the flow (b) Determine the outlet temp of oil [Ref. 3]

Fig.Prob.2A1.4.5

Mathcad Solution:

Let us solve this problem with Mathcad.

Since Mathcad does not have built-in functions for properties of Engine oil, let us write the functions
ourselves:

Properties of Unused Engine oil: Data from Ref: Cengel-HMT-3rd Ed.

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=======================================================================

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Now, let us solve the problem:

Let the outlet temp be assumed as Tout = 80 C…. Will be corrected later.

Properties of Engine oil at Tb:

Use the functions written above.

Calculations:

We see that the flow is laminar.

And the thermal entry length is:

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We see that Lt < L i.e. for part of the tube, the thermal boundary layer is fully developed. So, we use the
eqn.from Ref. [3]:

Then, heat transfer coeff. h is given by:

Therefore, heat transfer is given by: Q = h * As * LMTD

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But, Q is also equal to: m * cp * (Tout – Tin).

Use the Solve block of Mathcad to find the value of Tout to satisfy the two eqns for Q simultaneously.

Start with a guess value for Tout: already taken as 80 C.

Note that Tout is written as a function of tube length, L. This is for the purpose of plotting Tout against L later.

Also:

Also plot the variation of Tout and Q with L varying from 5 m to 30 m:

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Plots:

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Instead, if we use the following eqn for Nusselts No:

We get:

And, from Mathcad Solve block:

=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.4.6. Engine oil flows through a 25 mm dia tube at a rate of 0.5 kg/s. The oil enters the tube
at a temp of 25 C, while the tube surface temp is maintained at 100 C.

a) Determine the oil outlet temp for a 5 m long and for a 100 m long tube.
b) For 5 < L < 100 m, compute and plot the avg. Nusselt No. and the oil outlet temp as a
function of L. [Ref. 3]

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.6

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Mathcad Solution:

While solving this problem, we shall use the Mathcad functions for properties of Engine oil which were
developed in the previous problem.

Data:

Let the outlet temp be assumed as Tout = 80 C…. This will be corrected later.

Properties of Engine oil at Tb:

Calculations:

We see that Re < 2300; So,the flow is laminar.

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And the thermal entry length is:

We see that Lt >> L i.e. the thermal boundary layer is still developing.. So, we use the eqn.:

For Nusselts No. we use:

360°
Then, heat transfer coeff. h is given by: thinking .

360°
thinking . 360°
thinking .
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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Therefore, heat transfer is given by: Q = h * As * LMTD

But, Q is also equal to: m * cp * (Tout – Tin).

Use the Solve block of Mathcad to find the value of Tout to satisfy these two eqns for Q simultaneously.

Start with a guess value for Tout: already taken as 80 C.

Note that Tout is written as a function of L; this will be useful to draw graphs later.

And:

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When the length L is 100 m:

Also plot the variation of Tout and Q with L varying from 5 m to 100 m:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Now, plot the graphs:

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=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.4.7. An oil pre-heater consists of a single tube of 9 mm dia and 5 m length, with its surface
maintained at 160 C. The engine oil enters at 80 C. What flow rate must be supplied to maintain an oil
outlet temp of 95 C? What is the corresponding heat transfer rate?

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.7

Mathcad Solution:

While solving this problem, we shall use the Mathcad functions for properties of Engine oil which were
developed in the previous problem.

Let the mass flow rate be assumed as m_dot = 0.1 kg/s…. Will be corrected later.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Properties of Engine oil at Tb:

Calculations:

Note that G and Re are written as functions of m_dot, so that we can determine the correct value of
m_dot later, using the Solve block of Mathcad.

We see that the flow is laminar, since Re < 2300.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

And the thermal entry length for laminar flow is:

For Nusselts No. we use:

Then, heat transfer coeff. h is given by:

The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind

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6JGFGUKIPQHGEQHTKGPFN[OCTKPGRQYGTCPFRTQRWNUKQPUQNWVKQPUKUETWEKCNHQT/#0&KGUGN6WTDQ
2QYGTEQORGVGPEKGUCTGQHHGTGFYKVJVJGYQTNFoUNCTIGUVGPIKPGRTQITCOOGsJCXKPIQWVRWVUURCPPKPI
HTQOVQM9RGTGPIKPG)GVWRHTQPV
(KPFQWVOQTGCVYYYOCPFKGUGNVWTDQEQO

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Therefore, heat transfer is given by: Q = h * As * LMTD

But, Q is also equal to: m_dot * cp * (Tout – Tin).

Use the Solve block of Mathcad to find the value of m_dot to satisfy the two eqns for Q simultaneously.

Start with a guess value for m_dot: already taken as 0.1 kg/s.

Prob. 2A1.4.8. Hot air at atm pressure and 85 C enters a 10 m long insulated square duct of size
0.15 m × 0.15 m that passes through the attic of a house at a rate of 0.1 m^3/s. The duct is at 70 C.
Determine the exit temp of air and the rate of heat loss from the duct to the surroundings.

230
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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.8

Mathcad Solution:

While solving this problem, we shall use the Mathcad functions for properties of air which were developed
in problem 2A1.2.5.

Calculations:

Let the exit temp of air be 75 C…. will be corrected later

Then:

Note that Tb is written as a function of Tout.

Properties of Air at Tb:

Use the Mathcad functions already written for properties of Air.

See Prob. 2A1.2.5.

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Hydraulic diameter:

Reynolds No.:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Note that Re is written as a function of V_dot and Tout. This will be useful to draw graphs for various
V_dot values, later.

Friction factor:

Nusselts No.:

We use Dittus Boelter eqn.

Write Nu as a function of V_dot and Tout:

Heat transfer coeff. h:

Heat transfer, Q:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Note that h and Q are written as functions of V_dot and Tout.

Now, Q should also be equal to the heat lost by air as it passes through the duct. This is equal to:

m_dot * cp * (Tin – Tout).

Use the Solve block of Mathcad to determine the correct value of Tout to simultaneously satisfy the two
eqns for Q:

Start with the guess value for Tout:

We see that correct value of Tout is 75.571 C.

i.e. Heat transfer under these conditions is 939.527 W.

Pressure drop:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Plot Tout and Q as V_dot varies from 0.05 m^3/s to 0.15 m^3/s:

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=======================================================================

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Prob. 2A1.4.9. Air enters a 7 m long section of a rectangular duct (15 cm × 20 cm) at 50 C at an average
velocity of 7 m/s. If the walls of the duct are maintained at 10 C, determine: (a) the outlet temp of air
(b) rate of heat transfer, and (c) fan power needed to overcome the pressure losses.

Plot exit temp, heat transfer and fan power for velocities ranging from 1 m/s to 10 m/s.

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.9

Mathcad Solution:

While solving this problem, we shall use the Mathcad functions for properties of air which were developed
in problem 2A1.2.5.

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Data:

Calculations:

Let the exit temp of air be 20 C…. will be corrected later

Then:

Properties of Air at Tb:

Use the Mathcad functions already written for properties of Air.

See Prob. 2A1.2.5.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Hydraulic diameter:

Reynolds No.:

Note that Re is written as a function of velocity U and Tout. This will be useful to draw graphs for
various U values, later.

Friction factor:

Use ‘first Petukhov eqn’ for f:

Nusselts No.:

Heat transfer coeff. h:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Heat transfer, Q:

Now, Q should also be equal to the heat lost by air as it passes through the duct. This is equal to:

m_dot * cp * (Tin – Tout).

Use the Solve block of Mathcad to determine the correct value of Tout to simultaneously satisfy the two
eqns for Q:

Start with the guess value for Tout.

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Note that Tout is written as a function of U.

Pressure drop:

Fan Power:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Plot Tout and Q as U varies from 1 m/s to 10 m/s:

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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=======================================================================

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Prob. 2A1.4.10.: In a long annulus (3.125 cm ID, 5 cm OD), air is heated by maintaining the temperature
of outer surface of the inner tube at 50 C. The air enters at 16 C and leaves at 32 C and its flow velocity
is 30 m/s. Estimate the heat transfer coeff. between the air and the inner tube. Use Dittus – Boelter eqn,
viz. NuD = 0.023.(ReD)0.8.Pr0.4; [M.U. 1999].

Also: Plot heat transfer and pressure drop for velocities ranging from 25 m/s to 35 m/s. for the same
exit temp.

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.10

Mathcad Solution:

While solving this problem, we shall use the Mathcad functions for properties of air which were developed
in problem 2A1.2.5.

Data:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Calculations:

Properties of Air at Tb:

Use the Mathcad functions already written for properties of Air.

See Prob. 2A1.2.5.

Hydraulic diameter:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Reynolds No.:

Note that Re is written as a function of velocity U. This will be useful to draw graphs for various U
values, later.

Friction factor:

Use ‘first Petukhov eqn’ for f:

Nusselts No.:

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Heat transfer coeff. h:

Heat transfer, Q:

Pressure drop:

Fan Power:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Plot Q and Fan_Power as U varies from 1 m/s to 10 m/s:

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

=======================================================================
$UnitSystem SI Pa C J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.11. Water flows at 2 kg/s through a 40 mm dia tube 4 m long. The water enters the tube
at 25 C, and the surface temp is 90 C.

a) What is the outlet temp of water? What is the rate of heat transfer to water?
b) Maintaining the outlet temp found in part (a), plot the tube length required as a function
of tube surface temp when the surface temp varies from 85 to 95 C. All other conditions
remain the same. [Ref. 3]”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.11

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

EES Solution:
‘‘Data:”
T_in = 25[C]
T_s = 90[C]
d = 0.04[m]
L = 4 [m]
m_dot = 2 [kg/s]

‘‘Calculations:”
{T_out= 80[C]”…assumed …. will be commented out later”}

A_c = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2] …. area of cross-section”

T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2 “[C]….bulk mean temp of water”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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‘‘Properties of Water at bulk mean temp, T_b:”

k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)

G = m_dot / A_c “[kg/s-m^2] … mass velocity”

Re = G * d /mu “finds Re > 10,000’’

‘‘Therefore: apply Dittus Boelter eqn.:”

Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^0.4 “finds Nusselts No. for Re > 1000’’
Nusselt = h * d / k “finds h’’

DELTAT_in = T_s – T_in

DELTAT_out = T_s – T_out

LMTD = (DELTAT_in – DELTAT_out) / ln(DELTAT_in/DELTAT_out)

Q = h * (pi * d * L) * LMTD “finds Q”
Q = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in) “finds T_out”

‘‘Also, find the pressure drop:”

‘‘Friction factor: Use the first Petukhov eqn, which is an explicit eqn. for f. Re range: 3000 to 5E06”

f = (0.79 * ln(Re) – 1.64)^(-2)

DELTAP = f * (L / d) * rho * (G/rho)^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]… Pressure drop”

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Results:

Thus:

T_out = 44.72 C …. Outlet temp of water …. Ans.

Q = 164989 W … heat transfer to water … Ans.

DELTAP = 2354 N/m^2 ….. Pressure drop …. Ans.

Plot L against various values of T_s, keeping T_out = 44.72 C:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Plot of L vs T_s:

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Plot of DELTAP vs T_s:

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob.2A1.4.12. Unused engine oil with a 100 C inlet temp flows at a rate of 250 g/s through a 5.1
cm ID pipe that is enclosed by a jacket containing condensing steam at 150 C. If the pipe is 9 m long,
determine the outlet temp of oil [Ref. 5]”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.12

EES Solution:

EES Functions for properties of Engine oil are already written.. See Prob. 2A1.4.2.

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 100[C]
{T_out= 140[C]”..assumed…will be commented out later”}
T_s = 150[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
d = 0.051[m]

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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L = 9[m]
m_dot = 0.25[kg/s]

‘‘Properties of Engine oil at bulk mean temp, T_b:”

k=k_EngineOil(T_b) “[W/m-C]”
rho= rho_EngineOil(T_b) “[kg/m^3]”
mu= mu_EngineOil(T_b) “[kg/m-s]’’
cp= cp_EngineOil(T_b) “[J/kg-C]”
Pr= Pr_EngineOil(T_b)

‘‘Calculations:”

A = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2]… area of cross-section”

G = m_dot / A “[kg/s-m^2]”
Re = G * d /mu “Reynold’s No.”

‘‘We get Re = 609.2 which is less than 2300; Therefore, flow is Laminar.”

‘‘Now, Thermal entry length L_t is given by:”

L_t = .05 * Re * Pr * d “[m] … thermal entry length”

‘‘We get L_t = 272.1 m, which is much greater than the tube length of 9 m.

Therefore, the thermally boundary layer is still developing.

This is generally the case for high Prandtl No. fluids.”

‘‘ Now, Nu = 3.66 for Laminar flow when the velocity and thermal boundary layers are fully developed.

In the present case, since the thermal boundary layer is still not fully developed, and the variation of
viscosity of engine oil with temp is significant, we use:”

mu_s= mu_EngineOil(T_s) “[kg/m-s] …. Viscosity of engine oil at wall temp.”

Nusselt = 1.86 * (Re * Pr * d / L)^(1/3) * (mu / mu_s)^0.14 “….Nusselts No.’’

‘‘Therefore: heat transfer coeff. h:”

Nusselt = h * d / k “[W/m^2-C]…finds h’’

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Now:”

A_s = pi * d * L “[m^2]…surface area”

‘‘Heat transfer, Q:”

Q = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in) “[W]”

AMTD = ((T_s – T_out) + (T_s – T_in))/ 2 “…Arithmetic Mean Temp Difference”

‘‘Now, Q is also equal to:”

Q = h * A_s * AMTD

‘‘Simultaneous solution of above two eqns for Q gives the value of T_out”

‘‘Pressure drop:”

U = G / rho “[m/s] …. mean velocity”

f = 64 / Re “…friction factor for Laminar flow”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

DELTAP = f * ( L / d) * U^2 / 2 * rho “[N/m^2] … pressure drop”

‘‘Check:”

LMTD = ((T_s – T_out) – (T_s – T_in)) / ln ((T_s – T_out) / (T_s – T_in))

Results:

Thus:

T_out = 105.9 C …. Ans.

Q = 3275 W …. Ans.

And, also note that by taking AMTD instead of LMTD, there is no significant error, since AMTD =
47.07 C and LMTD = 47.01 C, almost equal to AMTD.

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Now, if the flow rate varies from 0.1 to 0.6 kg/s, plot the variation of T_out and Q, all other
parameters remaining the same:

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=======================================================================

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‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.13. Mercury at an inlet bulk temp of 90 C flows through a 1.2 cm ID tube at a flow rate
of 4535 kg/h. Tube surface is subjected to constant heat flux. Determine the length of tube required to
raise the bulk temp of Hg to 230 C without generating any Hg-vapour and determine the corresponding
heat flux. Boiling point of Hg is 355 C. [Ref: 5]”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.13

EES Solution:

Ref: Data for Mercury from Fundamentals of HMT by Incropera, 5th Ed.”

Curve fit equations are obtained from the software GRAPH:

In the following graphs, x-axis is: Temp in K, y-axis is: concerned property of Hg

Density of Hg:
y
Hg-Density
f(x)=9.9233E-08*x^2-0.0025*x+14.2661; R²=1
13.8

13.6

13.4

13.2

13

12.8

12.6

12.4

12.2

x
12
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580

rho_Hg = (9.92325012E-08*T^2-0.00248688*T+14.26607138) * 1000 … kg/m^3



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Sp. Heat of Hg:

Sp. heat of Hg
y
0.15
Series 1
f(x)=7.7106E-08*x^2-8.2083E-05*x+0.157; R²=0.9997
0.148

0.146

0.144

0.142

0.14

0.138

0.136

0.134

0.132

0.13
x
260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580 600

Cp_Hg = (7.71059577E-08*T^2-8.20830448E-05*T+0.15701607) * 1000 J/kg.K



Dyn. Viscosity (mu) of Hg:

y

Dyn. visc. (mu) of Hg

f(x)=-2.4526E-09*x^3+3.9701E-06*x^2-0.0022*x+0.5325; R²=0.9996
0.16

0.15

0.14

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.1

x
0.09
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580

mu_Hg =(-2.45261803E-09*T^3+3.97008953E-06*T^2-0.00223533*T+0.53249793) / 100 N.s/m^2



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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Thermal cond. of Hg:

y
T h. cond. of Hg
f(x)=-6.4906E-06*x^2+0.0172*x+3.9633; R²=1

11.5

11

10.5

10

9.5

8.5

x
8
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580

k_Hg = -6.49055603E-06*T^2+0.01720197*T+3.96326253 W/m.K

ZZZVWXG\DWWXGHOIWQO
‡5DQNHGWKLQWKHZRUOG
 7+(67HFKQRORJ\UDQNLQJ
‡$OPRVW\HDUVRISUREOHPVROYLQJ
 H[SHULHQFH
‡([FHOOHQW6SRUWV &XOWXUHIDFLOLWLHV
‡&KHFNRXWZKDWDQGKRZZHWHDFKDW
 ZZZRFZWXGHOIWQO

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Prandtl No. of Hg:

y

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

x
1
280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 500 520 540 560 580

Pr_Hg = (-6.40396723E-08*T^3+0.00010294*T^2-0.05724457*T+12.14092655) / 100

=======================================================================

Now, let us first write functions for properties of Mercury in terms of temperature:


Prandtl_Hg

$UnitSystem SI Pa C J f(x)=-6.404E-08*x^3+0.0001*x^2-0.0572*x+12.1409; R²=0.9994

‘‘Functions for properties of Hg in the Temp range: 273 to 600 K.

‘‘ ”

Function rho_Hg(T)
{ rho_Hg
This function returns the density (kg/m^3) of Hg as a function of Temp (K) in the range: 273 to 600 K.
}

If (T < 273) OR (T > 600) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 273 and 600 K !!’)
EndIf
rho_Hg := (9.92325012E-08 * T^2 – 0.00248688 * T+14.26607138) * 1000
End

‘‘ ”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Function cp_Hg(T)
{ cp_Hg
This function returns the cp (J/kg.K) of Hg as a function of Temp (K) in the range: 273 to 600 K.
}

If (T < 273) OR (T > 600) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 273 and 600 K !!’)
EndIf
cp_Hg := (7.71059577E-08*T^2-8.20830448E-05*T+0.15701607) * 1000
End

‘‘ ”

Function k_Hg(T)

{k_Hg
This function returns the Th. cond. (W/m.K) of Hg as a function of Temp (K) in the range: 273 to 600 K.

If (T < 273) OR (T > 600) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 273 and 600 K !!’)
EndIf
k_Hg := -6.49055603E-06 * T^2 + 0.01720197 * T+3.96326253
End

‘‘ ’

Function mu_Hg(T)

{mu_Hg
This function returns the Dyn. visc.. (N.s/m^2) of Hg as a function of Temp (K) in the range: 273 to 600 K.

If (T < 273) OR (T > 600) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 273 and 600 K !!’)
EndIf
mu_Hg := (-2.45261803E-09 * T^3+3.97008953E-06 * T^2-0.00223533 * T+0.53249793) / 100
End

‘‘ ’’

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Function Pr_Hg(T)

{Pr_Hg
This function returns the Prandtl No. (= cp . mu /k) of Hg as a function of Temp (K) in the range: 273
to 600 K.

If (T < 273) OR (T > 600) Then

CALL error(‘T must be between 273 and 600 K !!’)
EndIf
Pr_Hg:= (-6.40396723E-08 * T^3 + 0.00010294 * T^2 – 0.05724457 * T+12.14092655) / 100
End

‘‘ ”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Now, let us solve the problem:

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 90 [C]
T_out = 230 [C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out) / 2 “[C]….mean bulk temp.”
d = 0.012[m]
m_dot = 4535 [kg/h] * convert (kg/h, kg/s) “[kg/s]”
T_s2 = 355 [C] “…surface temp at exit”
DELTAT2 = T_s2 – T_out “[C]… temp. difference between the surface and fluid at the exit”
DELTAT1 =T_s1 – T_in “[C]… temp. difference between the surface and fluid at the inlet”
DELTAT1 = DELTAT2 “….since for constant heat flux condition, DELTAT between the surface and fluid
is the same throughout”
T_s = (T_s1 + T_s2) / 2 “…mean surface temp”

‘‘Properties of Hg at bulk mean temp, T_b:

Use the EES functions written above. Remember that T should be in Kelvin while using these
functions:”

k=k_Hg(T_b+273) “[W/m-C]’’

rho= rho_Hg(T_b+273) “[kg/m^3]’’

mu= mu_Hg(T_b+273) “[kg/m-s]’’

cp= cp_Hg(T_b+273) “[J/kg-C]”

Pr= Pr_Hg(T_b+273) “….Prandtl No. of fluid at bulk mean temp of fluid”

Pr_s = Pr_Hg(T_s + 273) “..Prandtl no. of fluid at surface temp”

‘‘Calculations:”

A_c = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2]…. area of cross-section”

G = m_dot / A_c “[kg/s-m^2] …. mass velocity”

Re = G * d / mu “….Reynolds No.”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘For Liquid metals:”

‘‘When q_s is constant, we use the following correlation for Nusselt No.[Ref. 2]:”

Nusselt = 6.3 + 0.0167 * Re^0.85 * Pr_s^0.93 “….Nusselts No.”

‘‘Heat transfer coeff, h:”

Nusselt = h * d / k “[W/m^2-C]… finds h’’

q_s = h * DELTAT2 “…[W/m^2] … constant surface heat flux”

‘‘Length of tube required is calculated by equating the following two equations for total heat
transferred, Q_tot:”

Q_tot = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in)

Q_tot = h * pi * d * L * DELTAT2

Results:

Thus:

Length of tube required = L = 0.5118 m…..Ans.

Heat flux = q_s = 1.242E06 W/m^2 …. Ans.

Total heat transferred = Q_tot = 23973 W …. Ans.

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.14. Liquid Mercury at 0.5 kg/s is to be heated from 300 to 400 K by passing it through a
50 mm dia tube whose surface is maintained at 450 K. Calculate the required tube length by using an
appropriate liqid metal heat transfer correlation. [Ref:3]”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.14

EES Solution:

Use the EES functions for properties of Hg written in the previous problem.

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 300 [K]

T_out = 400 [K]
T_b = (T_in + T_out) / 2 “[K]….mean bulk temp.”
d = 0.05[m]
m_dot = 0.5 [kg/s]
T_s = 450 [K]

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

DELTAT1 = T_s – T_in

DELTAT2 = T_s – T_out
LMTD = (DELTAT1 – DELTAT2) / ln (DELTAT1 / DELTAT2)

‘‘Properties of Hg at bulk mean temp, T_b:

Use the EES functions written above:”

k=k_Hg(T_b) “[W/m-K]’’

rho= rho_Hg(T_b) “[kg/m^3]’’

mu= mu_Hg(T_b) “[kg/m-s]’’

cp= cp_Hg(T_b) “[J/kg-K]’’

Pr= Pr_Hg(T_b) “….Prandtl No. of fluid at bulk mean temp of fluid”

Pr_s = Pr_Hg(T_s ) “..Prandtl no. of fluid at surface temp”

‘‘Calculations:”

A_c = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2]…. area of cross-section”

G = m_dot / A_c “[kg/s-m^2] …. mass velocity”

Re = G * d / mu “….Reynolds No.”

‘‘For Liquid metals:”

‘‘When T_s is constant, we use the following correlation for Nusselt No.[Ref. 2]:”

Nusselt = 4.8 + 0.0156 * Re^0.85 * Pr_s^0.93 “….Nusselts No. for 10^4 < Re < 10^6, and, 0.004 < Pr
< 0.01”

‘‘Heat transfer coeff, h:”

Nusselt = h * d / k “[W/m^2-C]… finds h’’

‘‘Length of tube required is calculated by equating the following two equations for total heat
transferred, Q_tot:”

Q_tot = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in)

Q_tot = h * pi * d * L * LMTD

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Results:

Thus:

Length of tube required = L = 0.4751 m … Ans.

Total heat transferred = Q_tot = 6887 W …. Ans.



Plot the variation of L with m_dot. Let m_dot vary from 0.5 to 1.5 kg/s, other conditions remaining
the same:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.15. The velocity of water flowing through a tube of 2.2 cm dia is 2 m/s. Steam condensing
at 150 C on the outside surface of the tube heats the water from 15 C to 60 C over the length of the
tube. Find the heat transfer coeff and the length of the tube neglecting the tube and steam side film
resistance. – [VTU – June. 2012]”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.15

EES Solution:

Let us use the EES PROCEDURE written while solving Prob. 2A1.4.1.

$UnitSystem SI Pa C J

PROCEDURE FC_Inside_Cyl(Fluid$, T_s, T_in, T_out, D,U : Re_D, Nusselt, h,Q, LMTD, L, f, DELTAP )

‘‘Forced convection (FC) inside Cylinders, with Fluid$: Water or Air, or Engine Oil”
‘‘Inputs: T_s (C), T_in, T_out (C), D (m), U (m/s)”
‘‘Outputs: Re_D, Nusselt, h (W/m^2-C), Q (W), LMTD (C), L (m),f, DELTAP (Pa)’’

T_b := (T_out+T_in)/2
A_c := pi * D^2 /4

IF (Fluid$ = ‘Water’) Then

beta:=VolExpCoef(Water,T=T_b, P=1.013e05)
mu:=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b, P = 1.013e05)
rho:=Density(Water,T=T_b, P=1.013e05)
nu := mu/rho
cp:=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b, P = 1.013e05)
k:=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b, P = 1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
ELSE
IF (Fluid$ = ‘Air’) Then
beta := 1/(T_b + 273)
mu:=Viscosity(Air,T=T_b)
rho:=Density(Air,T=T_b,P=1.01325e05)
nu := mu/rho
cp:=Cp(Air,T=T_b)
k:=Conductivity(Air,T=T_b)
Pr=Prandtl(Air,T=T_b)
EndIF
EndIf

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Re_D := D * U * rho/ mu

If (Re_D < 10000) Then CALL WARNING (‘The results may not be accurate since Re_D > 10000 does
not hold. Re_D = XXXA1’, Re_D)

If (Pr < 0.6) or (Pr > 160) Then CALL WARNING (‘The results may not be accurate since 0.6 < Pr <
160 does not hold. Pr = XXXA1’, Pr)

IF (T_in > T_out) Then

n = 0.3
ELSE
IF (T_in < T_out) Then
n = 0.4
ENDIF
ENDIF
Nusselt := 0.023 * Re_D^0.8 * Pr^n “finds Nusselts No.’’
h:= Nusselt * k / D “finds h’’

DELTAT_in := T_s – T_in

DELTAT_out := T_s – T_out
LMTD: = (DELTAT_in – DELTAT_out) / ln(DELTAT_in/DELTAT_out) “Log Mean Temp Difference”
Q := rho * A_c * U * cp * (T_out – T_in) “finds Q, W”
L :=Q/ (h * (pi * d ) * LMTD) “by heat balance; finds L”

‘‘Also, find the pressure drop:”

‘‘Friction factor: Use the first Petukhov eqn, which is an explicit eqn. for f. Valid for Reynolds Number
range: Re_D = 3000 to 5E06”

f := (0.79 * ln(Re_D) – 1.64)^(-2) “friction factor”

DELTAP := f * (L / D) * rho * U^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]’’

END

‘‘=====================================================================’’

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

$UnitSystem SI Pa C J

‘‘Prob.2A1.4.15”

Fluid$ = ‘Water’

T_in = 15[C]
T_out= 60[C]
T_s = 150[C]

D = 0.022[m]

U = 2 “[m/s]”

CALL FC_Inside_Cyl(Fluid$, T_s, T_in, T_out, D,U : Re_D, Nusselt, h,Q, LMTD, L, f, DELTAP)

Now, press F2 to get the solution. We get:

Results: Main:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Results: PROCEDURE:

Thus:

Heat transfer coeff. = h = 8298 W/m^2.C …. Ans.

Length of tube = L = 2.233 m … Ans.

Pressure drop = DELTAP = 3999 N/m^2 … Ans.



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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Plot L and DELTAP against velocity, U_inf:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.16. A surface condenser consists of 200 thin-walled circular tubes (each tube is 22.5 mm dia
and 5 m long) arranged in parallel, through which water flows. If the mass flow rate of water through the
tube bank is 160 kg/s and its inlet and outlet temp are known to be 21 C and 29 C respectively, calculate
the average heat transfer coeff associated with the flow of water. – [VTU – June. 2012]”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.16

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 21[C]
T_out= 29[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
d = 0.0225[m]
L = 5 [m]
m_dot = 160/200 “[kg/s]… mass flow rate through each tube”
A = pi * d^2 / 4 “[m^2]”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

‘‘Properties of Water at bulk mean temp, T_b:”

k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)

‘‘Calculations:”

m_dot = rho * A * U_inf “…finds the velocity, U_inf ”

Re = d * U_inf * rho / mu “finds Re = 50837 > 10,000’’

Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^0.4 “finds Nusselts No. for Re > 10000’’
Nusselt = h * d / k “finds h”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Results:

Thus:

Heat transfer coeff. = h = 7371 W/m^2.C …. Ans.

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.17. Water at 25 C flows through a tube of 50 mm dia. Determine the flow rate that will
result in a Reynolds No. of 1600. The tube is provided with a nichrome heating element on its surface
and receives a constant heat flux of 800 W/m length of the tube. Determine the average heat transfer
coeff assuming fully developed conditions. Also, determine the length of the tube for the bulk temp of
water to rise from 25 C to 50 C. [VTU – Dec. 2010:]”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.17

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 25[C]
T_out= 50[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
d = 0.05[m]
q_s = 800 [W/m]
A = pi * d^2 / 4
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_in,P=1.013e05) “..viscosity at temp T_in”
k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_in,P=1.013e05) “… th. cond. of water at T_in”
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05) “… sp. heat of water at mean temp T_b”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Re = 1600 “…given”
G = m_dot / A “[kg/m^2-s] .. mass velocity”
Re = G * d / mu “..determines mass flow rate reqd m_dot, to give Re = 1600”

‘‘Since Re < 2300, it is laminar flow.

For fully developed laminar flow ( by data), for constant heat flux conditions, Nusselts No is 4.36.”

‘‘Calculations:”

Nusselt = 4.36 “for Re < 2300, fully developed flow”

Nusselt = h * d / k “finds h”

Q = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in) “finds Q, W”

‘‘But, Q is also equal to:”

Q = q_s * L “[W] … total heat in to the water …. finds L”

‘‘Also, find the pressure drop:”

‘‘Friction factor: for laminar flow, we have:”

f = 64 / Re “…finds f ”

rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05) “…[kg/m^3] … density of water at T_b”

DELTAP = f * (L / d) * rho * (G / rho)^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]”

Results:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Thus:

Flow rate to give a Re = 1600 is: m_dot = 0.05595 kg/s …. Ans.

Avg. heat transfer coeff. h = 51.86 W/m^2.C … Ans.

Length of tube required to raise the water temp from 25 C to 50 C = L = 7.313 m .. Ans.

Pressure drop under these conditions = DELTAP = 2.392 N/m^2 … Ans.

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.18. Lubricating oil at a temp of 60 C enters a 1 cm dia tube with a velocity of 2.5 m/s.
The tube surface is maintained at 30 C. Calculate the length of the tube required to cool the oil to 45 C.
Properties of oil at average temp are given. Use the relation: Nu = 0.023. Re^0.8 . Pr^0.3. – [VTU – Aug.
2001]:”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.18

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 60[C]
T_out= 45[C]
T_s = 30[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
d = 0.01[m]
A = pi * d^2 / 4
U_inf = 2.5 [m/s]

‘‘Properties of oil at bulk mean temp, T_b:”

k=0.12 [W/m-C]
rho=865 [kg/m^3]
mu=7.78e-03 [kg/m-s]
cp=1600 [J/kg-C]
Pr=mu * cp / k

‘‘Calculations:”

Re = d * U_inf * rho / mu “finds Re = 2780 > 2300’’

Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^0.3 “finds Nusselts No.’’
Nusselt = h * d / k “finds h’’

DELTAT_in = T_in – T_s

DELTAT_out = T_out – T_s
LMTD = (DELTAT_in – DELTAT_out) / ln(DELTAT_in/DELTAT_out)
Q = rho * A * U_inf * cp * (T_in – T_out) “finds Q, W”
Q = h * (pi * d * L) * LMTD “finds L”

‘‘Also, find the pressure drop:”

‘‘Friction factor: Use the first Petukhov eqn, which is an explicit eqn. for f. Re range: 3000 to 5E06”

f = (0.79 * ln(Re) – 1.64)^(-2)

DELTAP = f * (L / D) * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Results:

Thus:

L = 9.484 m …. Length of tube required …. Ans.

DELTAP = 119858 N/m^2 …… Pressure drop …. Ans.

Also, plot the variation of L and DELTAP with velocity, U_inf:

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

=======================================================================

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Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

$UnitSystem C Pa J

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.19. Consider the flow of water at a rate of 0.015 kg/s through a square duct 2 cm × 2 cm
whose walls are maintained at a uniform temp of 100 C. Assuming that the flow is hydrodynamically
and thermally developed, determine the length of the duct required to heat water from 30 C to 70 C.
[VTU – Jan./Feb. 2006]”

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.19

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_in = 30[C]
T_out= 70[C]
T_s = 100[C]
T_b = (T_in + T_out)/2
W = 0.02[m]
A_c = W^2 “[m^2]”
m_dot = 0.015 [kg/s]

‘‘Properties of Water at bulk mean temp, T_b:”

k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)

‘‘Calculations:”

G = m_dot / A_c “[kg/s-m^2]… mass velocity”

m_dot = rho * A_c * U_inf “….finds velocity, U_inf ”
P = (W + W ) * 2 “[m] …. perimeter”
D_h = 4 * A_c / P “[m] … hydraulic dia of duct”
Re = D_h * G / mu “finds Re = 1371 < 2300 …. Laminar flow”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Nusselt = 3.66 “ Nusselts No. for Re < 2300 and fully developed flow”

Nusselt = h * D_h / k “finds h’’

DELTAT_in = T_s – T_in

DELTAT_out = T_s – T_out
LMTD = (DELTAT_in – DELTAT_out) / ln(DELTAT_in/DELTAT_out)
Q = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in) “finds Q, W”
Q = h * (P * L) * LMTD “finds L”

‘‘Also, find the pressure drop:”

‘‘Friction factor: For laminar flow inside tubes: f = 56.92 / Re, for square section:”

f = 56.92 / Re

DELTAP = f * (L / D_h) * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]”

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
Convection – Part-I: Forced convection Forced Convection

Results:

Thus:

L = 5.758 m …. Length of tube required…Ans.

DELTAP = 8.506 N/m^2 …. Ans.

=======================================================================

Prob. 2A1.4.20. Atmospheric air at a mean temp of 300 K and bulk stream velocity of 10 m/s flows
through a tube of 2.5 mm ID. Calculate the pressure drop for 100 m length of tube for (a) a smooth
tube (b) commercial steel tube.[VTU – Jan/Feb. 2005]

Also: Plot the fan power required for velocities ranging from 5 m/s to 14 m/s.

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.20

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Mathcad Solution:

Data:

Calculations:

Properties of Air at Tb:

Use the Mathcad functions already written for properties of Air.

See Prob. 2A1.2.5.

Reynolds No.:

Note that Re is written as a function of velocity U. This will be useful to draw graphs for various U
values, later.

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Friction factor:

Use: f = 64 / Re for laminar flow in smooth tubes (and also for rough tubes):

Pressure drop:

360°
Fan Power:
thinking .

360°
thinking . 360°
thinking .
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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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Plot fan power against U:

=======================================================================

‘‘Prob. 2A1.4.21. Water flows with a velocity of 0.6 m/s through a tube of 6 mm ID and 3.5 m length.
Find the heat transfer rate by convection if the mean water temp is 50 C and the tube surface temp is
70 C. Use the empirical relation: Nu = 0.023. Re ^0.8. Pr^0.4. – [VTU – Jan.–Feb. 2005]”

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Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.21

EES Solution:

‘‘Data:”

T_s = 70[C]
T_b = 50[C]
d = 0.006[m]
L = 3.5[m]
A = pi * d^2 / 4
U_inf = 0.6[m/s]

‘‘Properties of Water at bulk mean temp, T_b:”

k=Conductivity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
rho=Density(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
mu=Viscosity(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
cp=SpecHeat(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)
Pr=Prandtl(Water,T=T_b,P=1.013e05)

‘‘Calculations:”

Re = d*U_inf*rho/mu “finds Re = 6502 > 2300’’

Nusselt = 0.023 * Re^0.8 * Pr^0.4 “finds Nusselts No. for Re > 2300’’
Nusselt = h * d / k “finds h’’

AMTD = T_s – T_b “[C]’’

Q = h * (pi * d * L) * AMTD “finds Q”

‘‘Also, find the pressure drop:”

‘‘Friction factor: Use the first Petukhov eqn, which is an explicit eqn. for f. Re range: 3000 to 5E06”

f = (0.79 * ln(Re) – 1.64)^(-2)

DELTAP = f * (L / D) * rho * U_inf^2 / 2 “[N/m^2]”

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Results:

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Plot Q and DELTAP against U_inf:

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=======================================================================

Prob.2A1.4.22. Engine Oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter d = 50 mm and
length L = 25 m and whose surface is maintained at 150 C.

a) If the flow rate and inlet temp of oil are 0.5 kg/s and 20 C, what is the outlet temp and total
heat transfer rate for the tube?
b) For flow rates in the range 0.5 < m_dot < 2.0 kg/s, compute and plot the variation of outlet
temp, T_out and Q with m_dot.

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.22

Note that this is the same as Prob. 2A1.4.2.

But, now, we will solve it with EXCEL.

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EXCEL Solution:

EXCEL does not have built-in functions for properties of Engine oil. So, we shall use the data table given
in Ref.[3] and interpolate for results by writing suitable VBA Functions. The data Table in EXCEL is:

Now, for a given value of T (K), the program should locate values of Temps just above and just below
T, and interpolate the required property from this Table.

The Wake
the only emission we want to leave behind

.QYURGGF'PIKPGU/GFKWOURGGF'PIKPGU6WTDQEJCTIGTU2TQRGNNGTU2TQRWNUKQP2CEMCIGU2TKOG5GTX

6JGFGUKIPQHGEQHTKGPFN[OCTKPGRQYGTCPFRTQRWNUKQPUQNWVKQPUKUETWEKCNHQT/#0&KGUGN6WTDQ
2QYGTEQORGVGPEKGUCTGQHHGTGFYKVJVJGYQTNFoUNCTIGUVGPIKPGRTQITCOOGsJCXKPIQWVRWVUURCPPKPI
HTQOVQM9RGTGPIKPG)GVWRHTQPV
(KPFQWVOQTGCVYYYOCPFKGUGNVWTDQEQO

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We give below one example of the Function to find density ‘rho’ for a given T:

First, go to Developer-Visual Basic – Insert_module:

Click on Module and a blank page appears. Start typing the code there:

In the above Function:

Line 1: gives the Function name, variables defined

Line 2, 3: details about the Function

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Line 4: dimension of I, the counter in For… Next construct

Line 5: dimensions of local variables

Line 6, 7, 8, 9: Error message if temps are out of bound

Lines 10 to 21: For…Next construct

Lines 11, 12, 13: If an exact match of T is found in the Table, return the corresponding value of ‘rho’

Lines 14 to 20: Otherwise, locate values of Temps just below and just above T, and the corresponding
values of rho, and then return the interpolated value of rho for T

Line 22: End statement of Function

Now, let us proceed to solve the problem:

1. Set up the EXCEL worksheet, enter data and name the cells:

Here, T_out is not known; in fact, it is to be found out. So, we will start with a guess value as shown above.

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2. Next, do the preliminary calculations. The formulas used are shown in the worksheet for
clarity:

In the above, preliminary Re_D is less than 2300. So, Laminar flow. And, the thermal entry length =

Lt = (0.05 * Re_D * Pr * d) is calculated, and is found to be >> L.

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3. Therefore, we use the eqn as shown, for Nusselts No.:

This is shown in the following screen shot:

In the above fig., we see the calculation for heat transfer coeff, after Nusselts No. is calculated. And,
the convective heat transfer between the fluid and the pipe surface is calculated using Newton’s eqn i.e.
Q_conv = h * A_s * LMTD, where A_s is the heat transfer surface area (= π * d * L), and LMTD is the
Logarithmic Mean Temp Difference. These calculations, with the formulas used are shown.

Now, Q_conv must be equal to the heat gained by the oil, Q = m_dot * cp * (T_out – T_in).

It is calculated in cell D247. Cell D248 gives (Q_conv – Q). Of course, now it is not equal to zero, since
we started with an assumed value for T_out.

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4. To find out T_out to satisfy the condition: (Q_conv – Q) = 0, we apply the Goal Seek in
EXCEL:

Go to Data – What If Analysis – Goal Seek. We get the following pop up. Fill it up as shown:

i.e. cell D248 will be reduced to zero by changing cell D212 (i.e. T_out). Click OK. We get:

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Again click OK, and note the value of T_out in cell D212. Also, note that all other corresponding
calculations have up dated themselves:

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5. Now, to find the pressure drop, use the eqn for friction factor ‘f ’ for laminar flow, i.e.
f = 64 / Re_D. And, pressure drop is calculated with the formula shown:

Thus, when m_dot = 0.5 kg/s, we have:

T_out = 36.1082 deg. C, DELTAP = 42567.55 N/m^2 … Ans.

6. Now, let us draw the plot of T_out and Q as m_dot varies from 0.5 kg/s to 2.5 kg/s:

For each value of m_dot, we will need to adopt Goal Seek to get T_out and other quantities. So, it is
convenient to do this with a VBA program.

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First, record a Macro for the Goal Seek operation and then change it to get the results in a Table as per
following plan:

Following is the modified VBA program of the recorded Macro 1 to fill up this Table:

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In the above program:

Line 1: gives Macro name

Lines 2, 3: explain what it does

Line 4: gives key board short cut

Line 5: dimension of the counter i

Lines 6 to 15: For … Next construct

Line 7: Takes the first value of m_dot from the Table and copies it to cell D217 (i.e. m_dot)

Line 8: Goal Seek operation

Lines 9 to 14: Immediately after Goal Seek is successfully completed, all the quantities would have up
dated themselves. So, Re_d, h, T_out, Q, f and DELTAP values are copied into the respective positions
in the Table.

Line 15: continue to the next value of m_dot in the Table

Line 16: End statement of Sub.

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7. Now, pressing Ctrl+Shift+R will fill up the Table:

8. It is convenient to have a Form control button to do this job. So, we connect this Macro
program to a Form control button. To do this, go to: Developer_Insert_Form controls.

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Click on first button in Form controls, and draw it to a suitable size on the worksheet. Immediately,
following pop up appears:

Select Macro1 and click OK. Now, the Macro is connected to the button.

Right click on the button and click Format Control and format the Text in the button:

Now, we can click on the button to operate the Macro and fill up the Table.

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9. Now, plot the graphs in EXCEL:

T_out  vs  m_dot  

37  
35  
T_out  (deg.C)  

33  
31  
29  
27  
25  
0   0.5   1   1.5   2   2.5   3  
m_dot  (kg/s)  

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Q  vs  m_dot  
31000  
29000  
27000  
25000  
Q  (W)  

23000  
21000  
19000  
17000  
15000  
0   0.5   1   1.5   2   2.5   3  
m_dot  (kg/s)  

Prob.2A1.4.23. Water at 50 C enters a 1.5 cm dia heat exchanger tube with a velocity of 1 m/s. The tube
wall is maintained at a constant temp of 90 C. Calculate the length of the tube required if the exit temp
of water is to be 65 C. Also, calculate the heat transfer rate. [M.Tech. – VTU – May/June 2010]

Fig.Prob.2A.1.4.23

EXCEL Solution:

Let us solve this problem with EXCEL.

But, EXCEL does not have built-in Functions for properties of Water.

So, we shall use the data table given in Ref.[3] and interpolate for results by writing suitable VBA
Functions. The data Table in EXCEL extends from T = 273.15 K to 647.3 K. It is shown partly below:

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Now, for a given value of T (K), the program should locate values of Temps just above and just below
T, and interpolate the required property from this Table.

We give below one example of the Function to find sp. volume of liquid, ‘vf ’ for a given T.

Remember: density = (1 / specific volume)

First, click on Developer-Visual Basic – Insert_module, and a blank page appears. Start typing the code
there:

For detailed explanation of the code, see the previous example.

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Now, let us proceed to solve the problem:

1. Set up the EXCEL worksheet, enter data and name the cells:

2. Do the calculations. Eqns used are shown in the worksheet.

Note that properties of water are calculated using the VBA Functions already written.

For this problem, flow is turbulent. Reynold’s No. is 24327.77 > 4000. So, use Dittus-Boelter eqn as shown.

Continuing the calculation: heat gained by water = heat transfer by forced convection from the fluid to
the tube surface. To be accurate while calculating heat transfer by convection, we use LMTD for temp
difference in the formula: Q_conv = h * A_s * LMTD. Here, A_s is the surface area for convection heat
transfer = π * d_i * L, where L is the length of tube.

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Thus, Length of tube required = 1.196 m … Ans.

3. Find the pressure drop: First, find friction factor f, using the first Petukhov eqn. viz.

Then, find the pressure drop from the formula:

Following part of worksheet shows this calculation:

So, pressure drop = 924.01 Pa …. Ans.

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4. Now, plot the variation of h and DELTA_P as U varies from 1 to 10 m/s:

Remember that as U varies, Re_D will also vary; and therefore, Nusselts No. and heat transfer coeff. ‘h’
will also vary. However, properties of water will not change since T_in and T_out remain the same as
earlier. Accordingly, set up the Table as follows:

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In the above, note that U is the variable. Whilec calculating Re_D, take care to refer to U by ‘relative
reference’ (i.e. to cell B258), so that while copying by drag-copy downwards, the cells adjust themselves.
Similarly, refer to the changing cells in other formulas also by relative reference; i.e. for example, for
Nusselts enter: ‘ =0.023*C258^0.8 * Pr^0.4’ where Re_D is referred to by cell C258.

5. Now, select the cells C258 to I258 and drag-copy them up to the end of Table, and all
calculations are immediately made:

6. Now, plot the results in EXCEL:

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7. Now, find the variation of L and DELTA_P as inlet temp of water changes from 34 deg.C
to 50 deg.C, all other parameters remaining the same.

Now, as T_in varies, T_b will vary, and all properties of water will also change. So, it is more convenient
to write a simple VBA program that will take values of T_in one by one from the following Table, and
copy it to cell D213. Then all other calculations in other cells will up-date themselves, and the VBA
program should copy the required quantities from their respective cells in to the Table.

First, have the following scheme ready:

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8. Now, to write a VBA code that will be operated from a command button, go to:
Developer-Insert-ActiveX controls-button:

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Click on the first, left button, and draw a Command Button1 in the worksheet, at the required location,
to a suitable size, as shown below:

9. Then, click on Developer-View code. We get a partly written Sub …. End Sub construct for
the command button, as shown:

10. Now, complete the code to do the desired job as explained earlier in step 7:

In this code:

Line 1: starts the Subroutine, with its name

Lines 2, 3: dimension statements for internal variables

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Line 4 to 11: For … Next loop

Line 5to 10: Cell D213 (i.e. temp T_in) in the worksheet is set equal to the first T_in value in the Table;
Immediately, all other calculations are done and the up-dated values in respective cells for Re_D, h, Q,
L and DELTA_P (i.e. cells D227, D238, D235, D245 and D249) are copied to their respective positions
in the prepared Table, thus completing the first line.

Line 11: Next i : Now, repeat this procedure for the next value of T_in in the Table.

Line 12: End statement of Subroutine.

11. Now, click on the Command Button1, and immediately the Table gets filled up:

12. Now, plot the results in EXCEL:

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=======================================================================

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Software Solutions to Problems on Heat Transfer:
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References
1. M. Thirumaleshwar, Fundamentals of Heat & Mass Transfer, Pearson Education, India, 2006.
2. Yunus A Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd Ed., McGraw Hill Co.
3. F.P. Incropera and D.P.DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 5th Ed., John Wiley &
Sons.
4. Domkundwar et al, A Course in Heat & Mass Transfer, Dhanpat Rai & Co, 5th Ed, 1999.
5. Frank Kreith and Mark S Bohn, Principles of Heat Transfer, PWS Publ. Co. (Intl. Thomson Publ.),
5th Ed., 1997.

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