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Chapter 5—The Laws of Motion

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In the figure, if the tension in string 1 is 34 N and the tension in string 2 is 24 N, what is the mass of
the object shown?

a. 7.3 kg
b. 5.5 kg
c. 1.8 kg
d. 3.7 kg
e. 4.5 kg
ANS: D PTS: 2 DIF: Average

2. If M = 2.0 kg, what is the tension in string 1?

 a. 1.2 N
b. 11 N
c. 34 N
d. 3.5 N
e. 40 N
ANS: C PTS: 2 DIF: Average

3. If M = 6.0 kg, what is the tension in string 1?

a. 39 N
b. 34 N
c. 29 N
d. 44 N
e. 51 N
ANS: E PTS: 3 DIF: Challenging

4. If M = 1.1 kg, what is the tension in string 1?

a. 54 N
 b. 47 N
c. 40 N
d. 62 N
e. 57 N
ANS: C PTS: 3 DIF: Challenging

5. An object of unknown weight is suspended as shown. The tension in rope 1 is 25 lb, and the tension in
rope 2 is 31 lb. What is the weight of the suspended object?

a. 36 lb
b. 33 lb
c. 41 lb
d. 39 lb
e. 56 lb
ANS: D PTS: 3 DIF: Challenging

6. If  = 40,  = 60, and M = 4.0 kg, determine the tension in string 1.

a. 15 N
b. 22 N
c. 17 N
d. 20 N
e. 36 N
ANS: D PTS: 2 DIF: Average

7. If  = 40 and the tension in string 2 is 30 N, determine M.

 a. 3.4 kg
b. 3.6 kg
c. 2.6 kg
d. 4.9 kg
e. 7.5 kg
ANS: C PTS: 2 DIF: Average

8. Two forces are the only forces acting on a 3.0-kg object which moves with an acceleration of 3.0 m/s2
in the positive y direction. If one of the forces acts in the positive x direction and has a magnitude of
8.0 N, what is the magnitude of the other force?
a. 12 N
b. 14 N
c. 16 N
d. 18 N
e. 22 N
ANS: A PTS: 2 DIF: Average

9. The horizontal surface on which the block slides is frictionless. If F = 20 N and M = 5.0 kg, what is the
magnitude of the resulting acceleration of the block?

a. 5.3 m/s2
b. 6.2 m/s2
c. 7.5 m/s2
d. 4.7 m/s2
e. 3.2 m/s2
ANS: C PTS: 2 DIF: Average

10. The only two forces acting on a body have magnitudes of 20 N and 35 N and directions that differ by
80. The resulting acceleration has a magnitude of 20 m/s2. What is the mass of the body?
a. 2.4 kg
b. 2.2 kg
c. 2.7 kg
d. 3.1 kg
e. 1.5 kg
ANS: B PTS: 2 DIF: Average
11. If the only forces acting on a 2.0-kg mass are N and N, what is the
magnitude of the acceleration of the particle?
a. 1.5 m/s2
b. 6.5 m/s2
c. 4.7 m/s2
d. 9.4 m/s2
e. 7.2 m/s2
ANS: C PTS: 2 DIF: Average

12. At an instant when a 4.0-kg object has an acceleration equal to m/s2, one of the two forces
acting on the object is known to be N. Determine the magnitude of the other force acting
on the object.
a. 2.0 N
b. 13 N
c. 18 N
d. 1.7 N
e. 20 N
ANS: B PTS: 2 DIF: Average

13. If F = 4.0 N and m = 2.0 kg, what is the magnitude a of the acceleration for the block shown below?
The surface is frictionless.

a. 5.3 m/s2
b. 4.4 m/s2
c. 3.5 m/s2
d. 6.2 m/s2
e. 8.4 m/s2
ANS: C PTS: 2 DIF: Average

14. A block is pushed up a frictionless 30 incline by an applied force as shown. If F = 25 N and M = 3.0
kg, what is the magnitude of the resulting acceleration of the block?

a. 2.3 m/s2
b. 4.6 m/s2
c. 3.5 m/s2
d. 2.9 m/s2
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and arranged (with suitable words) as two or three-
part harmonies. 8vo, 1s. 6d.

V.—The Hymn Tune Book. A Selection of Seventy

popular Hymn and Psalm Tunes, arranged with a
view of facilitating the progress of Children
learning to sing in parts. 8vo. 1s. 6d.

⁂ The Vocal Exercises, Moral Songs, and Hymns,

with the Music, may also be had, printed on Cards,
price Twopence each Card, or Twenty-five for Three
Shillings.

CHEMISTRY.

Gregory’s Hand-Book of Chemistry. For the use of

Students. By W G , M.D., late
Professor of Chemistry in the University of
Edinburgh. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged.
Illustrated by Engravings on Wood. Complete in
One Volume. Large 12mo. 18s. cloth.
⁂ The Work may also be had in two Volumes, as
under.
I C . Fourth Edition, revised and
enlarged. 6s. 6d. cloth.
O C . Fourth Edition, very carefully
revised, and greatly enlarged. 12s., cloth.(Sold
separately.)

Chemistry for Schools. By D . L .190

Illustrations. Large 12mo. 3s. 6d. cloth.

Liebig’s Familiar Letters on Chemistry, in its

Relations to Physiology, Dietetics, Agriculture,
Commerce, and Political Economy. Fourth Edition,
revised and enlarged, with additional Letters.
Edited by D . B . Small 8vo. 7s. 6d. cloth.

Liebig’s Letters on Modern Agriculture. Small

8vo. 6s.

Liebig’s Principles of Agricultural Chemistry;

with Special Reference to the late Researches made
in England. Small 8vo. 3s. 6d., cloth.

Liebig’s Chemistry in its Applications to

Agriculture and Physiology. Fourth Edition,
revised. 8vo. 6s. 6d., cloth.

Liebig’s Animal Chemistry; or, Chemistry in its

Application to Physiology and Pathology.
Third Edition. Part I. (the first half of the work).
8vo. 6s. 6d., cloth.

Liebig’s Hand-Book of Organic Analysis;

containing a detailed Account of the various
Methods used in determining the Elementary
Composition of Organic Substances. Illustrated by
85 Woodcuts. 12mo. 5s., cloth.

Bunsen’s Gasometry; comprising the Leading

Physical and Chemical Properties of Gases,
 together with the Methods of Gas Analysis. Fifty-
nine Illustrations. 8vo. 8s. 6d., cloth.

Wöhler’s Hand-Book of Inorganic Analysis; One

Hundred and Twenty-two Examples, illustrating
the most important processes for determining the
Elementary composition of Mineral substances.
Edited by D . A. W. H , Professor in the
Royal College of Chemistry. Large 12mo.

Parnell on Dyeing and Calico Printing.

(Reprinted from Parnell’s “Applied Chemistry in
Manufactures, Arts, and Domestic Economy,
1844.”) With Illustrations. 8vo. 7s., cloth.

GENERAL LITERATURE.

De Morgans Book of Almanacs. With an Index of

Reference by which the Almanac may be found for
every Year, whether in Old Style or New, from any
Epoch, Ancient or Modern, up to . . 2000. With
means of finding the Day of New or Full Moon,
from . . 2000 to . . 2000. 5s., cloth lettered.

Guesses at Truth. By Two Brothers. New Edition.

With an Index. Complete 1 vol. Small 8vo.
Handsomely bound in cloth with red edges. 10s.
6d.

Rudall’s Memoir of the Rev. James Crabb; late

of Southampton. With Portrait. Large 12mo., 6s.,
cloth.

Herschell (R. H.) The Jews; a brief Sketch of their

Present State and Future Expectations. Fcap. 8vo.
1s. 6d., cloth.
 Footnotes:
[1] Some separate copies of these Appendixes are printed, for those who may
desire to add them to the former editions.
[2] It has been supposed that eleven and twelve are derived from the Saxon for
one left and two left (meaning, after ten is removed); but there seems better
reason to think that leven is a word meaning ten, and connected with decem.
[3] The references are to the preceding articles.
[4] Any little computations which occur in the rest of this section may be made
on the fingers, or with counters.
[5] This should be (23) a × a, but the sign × is unnecessary here. It is used with
numbers, as in 2 × 7, to prevent confounding this, which is 14, with 27.
[6] In this and all other processes, the student is strongly recommended to look at
and follow the first Appendix.
[7] Those numbers which have been altered are put in italics.
[8] As it is usual to learn the product of numbers up to 12 times 12, I have
extended the table thus far. In my opinion, all pupils who shew a tolerable
capacity should slowly commit the products to memory as far as 20 times 20, in
the course of their progress through this work.
[9] To speak always in the same way, instead of saying that 6 does not contain 13,
I say that it contains it 0 times and 6 over, which is merely saying that 6 is 6 more
than nothing.
[10] If you have any doubt as to this expression, recollect that it means “contains
more than two eighteens, but not so much as three.”
[11] Among the even figures we include 0.
[12] Including both ciphers and others.
[13] For shortness, I abbreviate the words greatest common measure into their
initial letters, g. c. m.
[14] Numbers which contain an exact number of units, such as 5, 7, 100, &c., are
called whole numbers or integers, when we wish to distinguish them from
fractions.
[15] A factor of a number is a number which divides it without remainder: thus,
4, 6, 8, are factors of 24, and 6 × 4, 8 × 3, 2 × 2 × 2 × 3, are several ways of
decomposing 24 into factors.
[16] The method of solving this and the following question may be shewn thus: If
the number of days in which each could reap the field is given, the part which
each could do in a day by himself can be found, and thence the part which all
could do together; this being known, the number of days which it would take all
to do the whole can be found.
[17] A formula is a name given to any algebraical expression which is commonly
used.
[18] Or remove ciphers from the divisor; or make up the number of ciphers partly
by removing from the divisor and annexing to the dividend, if there be not a
sufficient number in the divisor.
[19] These are not quite correct, but sufficiently so for every practical purpose.
[20] The 1′ here means that the 1 is in the multiplier.
[21] This is written 7 instead of 6, because the figure which is abandoned in the
dividend is 9 (151).
[22] Meaning, of course, a really fractional number, such as ⅞ or ¹⁵/₁₁, not one
which, though fractional in form, is whole in reality, such as ¹⁰/₅ or ²⁷/₃.
[23] By square number I mean, a number which has a square root. Thus, 25 is a
square number, but 26 is not.
[24] The term ‘root’ is frequently used as an abbreviation of square root.
[25] Or, more simply, add the second figure of the root to the first divisor.
[26] This is a very incorrect name, since the term ‘arithmetical’ applies equally to
every notion in this book. It is necessary, however, that the pupil should use
words in the sense in which they will be used in his succeeding studies.
[27] The same remark may be made here as was made in the note on the term
‘arithmetical proportion,’ page 101. The word ‘geometrical’ is, generally
speaking, dropped, except when we wish to distinguish between this kind of
proportion and that which has been called arithmetical.
[28] A theorem is a general mathematical fact: thus, that every number is
divisible by four when its last two figures are divisible by four, is a theorem; that
in every proportion the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the
means, is another.
[29] If bx be substituted for a in any expression which is homogeneous with
respect to a and b, the pupil may easily see that b must occur in every term as
often as there are units in the degree of the expression: thus, aa + ab becomes
bxbx + bxb or bb(xx + x); aaa + bbb becomes bxbxbx + bbb or bbb(xxx + 1); and
so on.
[30] The difference between this problem and the last is left to the ingenuity of
the pupil.
[31] It is not true, that if we choose any quantity as a unit, any other quantity of
the same kind can be exactly represented either by a certain number of units, or
of parts of a unit. To understand how this is proved, the pupil would require more
knowledge than he can be supposed to have; but we can shew him that, for any
thing he knows to the contrary, there may be quantities which are neither units
nor parts of the unit. Take a mathematical line of one foot in length, divide it into
ten parts, each of those parts into ten parts, and so on continually. If a point A be
taken at hazard in the line, it does not appear self-evident that if the decimal
division be continued ever so far, one of the points of division must at last fall
exactly on A: neither would the same appear necessarily true if the division were
made into sevenths, or elevenths, or in any other way. There may then possibly
be a part of a foot which is no exact numerical fraction whatever of the foot; and
this, in a higher branch of mathematics, is found to be the case times without
number. What is meant in the words on which this note is written, is, that any
part of a foot can be represented as nearly as we please by a numerical fraction of
it; and this is sufficient for practical purposes.
[32] Since this was first written, the accident has happened. The standard yard
was so injured as to be rendered useless by the fire at the Houses of Parliament.
[33] The minute and second are often marked thus, 1′, 1″: but this notation is now
almost entirely appropriated to the minute and second of angular measure.
[34] The measures in italics are those which it is most necessary that the student
should learn by heart.
[35] The lengths of the pendulums which will vibrate in one second are slightly
different in different latitudes. Greenwich is chosen as the station of the Royal
Observatory. We may add, that much doubt is now entertained as to the system of
standards derived from nature being capable of that extreme accuracy which was
once attributed to it.
[36] The inch is said to have been originally obtained by putting together three
grains of barley.
[37] ‘Capacity’ is a term which cannot be better explained than by its use. When
one measure holds more than another, it is said to be more capacious, or to have a
greater capacity.
[38] This measure, and those which follow, are used for dry goods only.
[39] Since the publication of the third edition, the heaped measure, which was
part of the new system, has been abolished. The following paragraph from the
third edition will serve for reference to it:
“The other imperial measure is applied to goods which it is customary to sell
by heaped measure, and is as follows:
2 gallons 1 peck
4 pecks 1 bushel
3 bushels 1 sack
12 sacks 1 chaldron.
The gallon and bushel in this measure hold the same when only just filled, as
in the last. The bushel, however, heaped up as directed by the act of parliament,
is a little more than one-fourth greater than before.”
[40] Pure water, cleared from foreign substances by distillation, at a temperature
of 62° Fahr.
[41] It is more common to divide the ounce into four quarters than into sixteen
drams.
[42] The English pound is generally called a pound sterling, which distinguishes
it from the weight called a pound, and also from foreign coins.
[43] The coin called a guinea is now no longer in use, but the name is still given,
from custom, to 21 shillings. The pound, which was not a coin, but a note
promising to pay 20 shillings to the bearer, is also disused for the present, and the
sovereign supplies its place; but the name pound is still given to 20 shillings.
[44] Farthings are never written but as parts of a penny. Thus, three farthings
being ¾ of a penny, is written ¾, or ¾. One halfpenny may be written either as
2/4 or ½; the latter is most common.
[45] When a decimal follows a whole number, the decimal is always of the same
unit as the whole number. Thus, 5ᔆ·5 is five seconds and five-tenths of a second.
Thus, 0ᔆ·5 means five-tenths of a second; 0ʰ·3, three-tenths of an hour.
[46] Before reading this article and the next, articles (29) and (42) should be read
again carefully.
[47] Any fraction of a unit, whose numerator is unity, is generally called an
aliquot part of that unit. Thus, 2s. and 10s. are both aliquot parts of a pound,
being £⅒ and £½.
[48] A parallelepiped, or more properly, a rectangular parallelepiped, is a figure
of the form of a brick; its sides, however, may be of any length; thus, the figure
of a plank has the same name. A cube is a parallelepiped with equal sides, such
as is a die.
[49] This generally comes in the same member of the sentence. In some cases the
ingenuity of the student must be employed in detecting it. The reasoning of (238)
is the best guide. The following may be very often applied. If it be evident that
the answer must be less than the given quantity of its kind, multiply that given
quantity by the less of the other two; if greater, by the greater. Thus, in the first
question, 156 yards must cost more than 22; multiply, therefore, by 156.
[50] It is usual to place points, in the manner here shewn, between the quantities.
Those who have read Section VIII. will see that the Rule of Three is no more
than the process for finding the fourth term of a proportion from the other three.
[51] Commission is what is allowed by one merchant to another for buying or
selling goods for him, and is usually a per-centage on the whole sum employed.
Brokerage is an allowance similar to commission, under a different name,
principally used in the buying and selling of stock in the funds.
Insurance is a per-centage paid to those who engage to make good to the
payers any loss they may sustain by accidents from fire, or storms, according to
the agreement, up to a certain amount which is named, and is a per-centage upon
this amount. Tare, tret, and cloff, are allowances made in selling goods by
wholesale, for the weight of the boxes or barrels which contain them, waste, &c.;
and are usually either the price of a certain number of pounds of the goods for
each box or barrel, or a certain allowance on each cwt.
[52] Here the 4s. from the dividend is taken in.
[53] Here the 3d. from the dividend is taken in.
[54] Sufficient tables for all common purposes are contained in the article on
Interest in the Penny Cyclopædia; and ample ones in the Treatise on Annuities
and Reversions, in the Library of Useful Knowledge.
[55] This rule is obsolete in business. When a bill, for instance, of £100 having a
year to run, is discounted (as people now say) at 5 per cent, this means that 5 per
cent of £100, or £5, is struck off.
[56] This question does not at first appear to fall under the rule. A little thought
will serve to shew that what probably will be the first idea of the proper method
of solution is erroneous.
[57] The teacher will find further remarks on this subject in the Companion to the
Almanac for 1844, and in the Supplement to the Penny Cyclopædia, article
Computation.
[58] And at discretion one hundredth more for a large fraction of three inches.
[59] The student should remember all the multiples of 4 up to 4 × 25, or 100.
[60] The treatises on book-keeping have described this difference in as peculiar a
manner. They call these accounts the fictitious accounts. Now they represent the
merchant himself; their credits are gain to the business, their debits losses or
liabilities. If the terms real and fictitious are to be used at all, they are the real
accounts, end all the others are as fictitious as the clerks whom we have supposed
to keep them.
[61] This theorem shews that what is called reducing a fraction to its lowest
terms (namely, dividing numerator and denominator by their greatest common
measure), is correctly so called.
[62] For that which measures a measure is itself a measure; so that if a measure
of a could have a measure in common with b, a itself would have a common
measure with b.
[63] A prime number is one which is prime to all numbers except its own
multiples, or has no divisors except 1 and itself.
[64] Expand (a-1)ᵇ by the binomial theorem; shew that when b is a prime number
every coefficient which is not unity is divisible by b; and the proposition follows.
[65] The principle of this mode of demonstration of Horner’s method was stated
in Young’s Algebra (1823), being the earliest elementary work in which that
method was given.
[66] Various exceptions may arise when an equation has two nearly equal roots.
But I do not here introduce algebraical difficulties; and a student might give
himself a hundred examples, taken at hazard, without much chance of lighting
upon one which gives any difficulty.
[67] This form might be also applied to the integer portions; but it is hardly
needed in such instances as usually occur. See the article Involution and
Evolution in the Supplement to the Penny Cyclopædia.
[68] After the second step, the trial will rarely fail to give the true figure.
[69] The solution of x³ + 0x² + 0x-2 = 0.
[70] Taken from a paper on the subject, by Mr. Peter Gray, in the Mechanics’
Magazine.
[71] Taken from a paper on the subject, by Mr. Peter Gray, in the Mechanics’
Magazine.
[72] Taken from a paper on the subject, by Mr. Peter Gray, in the Mechanics’
Magazine.
[73] Taken from the late Mr. Peter Nicholson’s Essay on Involution and
Evolution.
[74] Taken from the late Mr. Peter Nicholson’s Essay on Involution and
Evolution.
[75] Taken from the late Mr. Peter Nicholson’s Essay on Involution and
Evolution.
[76] Taken from the late Mr. Peter Nicholson’s Essay on Involution and
Evolution.
[77] A four-sided figure, which has two sides parallel, and two sides not parallel.
[78] The right angle is divided into 90 equal parts called degrees, each degree
into 60 equal parts called minutes, and each minute into 60 equal parts called
seconds. Thus, 2° 15′ 40″ means 2 degrees, 15 minutes, and 40 seconds.
 Transcriber’s Notes:

The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.
The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs and
so that they are next to the text they illustrate.
Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
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