ZNOTES.

ORG

UPDATED TO 2022 SYLLABUS

CAIE CHECKPOINT
MATHEMATICS
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE DATA HANDLING SYLLABUS
CAIE CHECKPOINT MATHEMATICS

what it shows.
Read the title of the graph or chart. The title tells what
1. Interpreting and discussing information is being displayed.
To relate the results to the original question, we must
results find all the data given and then try to solve the question.

A graph helps us to analyze data.

1.4. Mean, Median and Mode
The main types of graphs include bar graphs and line
graphs. The median of a set is the number in the middle of the
All graphs include a y-axis (vertical axis) as well as an x- set when arranged in ascending order.
axis (horizontal axis) The mean of a set is the average of all data.
The mode of the set is the most frequently repeating
1.2. Bar Graphs number in the set.
The range of the set is the difference between the largest
A bar graph analyzes data in the form of rectangular bars, and the smallest number in the given set.
while a line graph analyzes data in the form of lines. E.g. Find the mean of: 2,3 and 4.
Mean = average 2+3+4 = 9 9/3 = 3 (Answer)

1.5. Discrete and Continuous Data

Discrete data is information that can only take certain
values.
Continuous data is data that can take any value.
Discrete data is represented using pie charts or bar
charts
Examples of continuous data include height, weight,
temperature, length etc.

A bar graph is easier to analyze compared to a line chart, 1.6. Pie Charts
because the value of the bar which hits a value on the y-
axis is the answer to the question.
A pie chart a type of graph in which a circle is divided into
E.g. Find the number of children who like red.
sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole.
The red bar on the chart is on the value 8 on the y-axis,
which is the final answer.

1.3. Line Graphs

The point at which the line month on the x-axis meets Comparing data from pie charts can be done by taking
with a value on the y-axis and is on the given line, is the the percentage of each set of data.
answer for the question.
E.g. Find the total sales in the month of October.
October meets with the value 150 on the number line, so
2. Probability
the answer is 150 units.
To interpret a graph or chart, read the title, look at the The math of chance
key, read the labels. Then study the graph to understand How often an event happens over total possibilities

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE CHECKPOINT MATHEMATICS

Represented using fractions, decimals or percentages Example: Find the probability of getting 2 6’s while rolling
Fractional probability must be more than or equal to 0, two fair dies.
but less than or equal to 1

N umber of chances of it happening

Fractional Probability = T otal number of outcomes ​

Example: 35 ==> Out of 5 outcomes, 3 chances of it

​
Probability of getting a six on the first roll:
happening.
Total possibilities = 6 Number of ‘6’ appearing = 1 ,
So fraction = 16
2.1. Probability line:
​

Probability of getting a six on the second roll:

2 0 17

Impossible Unlikely Even Chance Likely Certain Total possibilities = 6 Number of ‘6’ appearing = 1,
1
So fraction = 6 ​

0 1 Multiplying

1 1 1
6 ​
× 6 ​
= 36 ​

1-in-6 Chance 4-in-5 Chance

Here, the two events are dependent on each other, as if no 6
Impossible = 0 is rolled on the first roll, it is impossible to get 2 6’s in two
1 rolls.
0 < Unlikely Chance < 2 ​

1
Even Chance = 2 ​

1 < Likely Chance < 12 ​

2.4. Conditional Probability

1 = Certain, definite or 100%
Formula:
2.2. Theoretical Probability
Probability based on reasoning or on mathematical
calculation

Example: If a coin is tossed twice, by theoretical probability,

the chance of it getting on a head is 0.5 or 12 ​

Question:
Susan took two tests. The probability of her passing the two
tests is 0.6. The probability of her passing the first test is 0.8.
Find the probability of her passing the second test.
Solution:
P(Both tests pass) = 0.6
P(First test pass ) = 0.8
P(Second test pass) = 0.6
0.8 ​
= 0.75 <= Answer

2.5. Example Problems

Experimental Probability Q1. Paper: Maths Specimen Paper 1 #8
Question:
Probability based on multiple experiments Martin is playing a game. The probability of winning is 0.3.
Example: A statistician flipped a coin 24,000 times, and What is the probability of not winning?
12,012 of them were heads. Based on his experiments, Solution:
12,012
we can say that the probability of getting heads is 24,000 , ​

P(Winning) = 0.3
which is 0.5005 in decimals. P(Winning + Losing) = 1,
This is purely based on experimental data. as it is the total P(Losing) = 1- 0.3 = 0.7 = Answer

2.3. Multiplying Probabilities Q2: Paper: Maths Paper 2 April 2018 #2

Complete these sentences.
Multiply all the fractions which you get P(Win+Lose) = 1
Multiply, as the events are dependent on each other. P(Lose) = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4 = Answer

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE CHECKPOINT MATHEMATICS

The probability that a football team wins a match is 0.6 and there is no mode.
the probability it does not win is...
P(Win) = 0.6 P(Win+Lose) = 1 Collecting data should be done through both an internal
P(Lose) = 1 - 0.6 = 0.4 = Answer and external source.
External sources can be found online; i.e. it is not
The probability that a player scores a goal is... and the collected by the data analyst.
probability that the player does not score a goal is 3/8. Internal sources come from the data analysis themselves
P(No Score) = 38 ​
through experiments, and often include multiple trials to
P(Score + No Score) = 1 decrease the risk of human error.
3 5 Taking data through an internal source will require
P(Score) = 1 - 8 = 8
experimenting or taking a questionnaire.
​ ​

The probability that a fan supports a team is 72% and the Before taking examples, the hypothesis, goal for the
probability that the fan does not support the team is...%. analysis, and prediction must be made to compare with
P(Support) = 72% the actual results in the end.
P(Support + No Support) = 100% \n P(No Support) = Two way tables require us to fill some blanks in tables
100%-72% = 28% = Answer with enough information.
Class intervals can be shown by taking intervals while
using continuous data. This helps us to simplify the table
3. Data analysis is a field of and can help us to form them into graphs.

both Mathematics and 4. STAGE 7*

Computer Science involving
The mean of a sequence is its average (Sum/Number of
calculation with the help of Data Values)
The mode of a sequence is its most frequently occuring
graphs, charts, and tables. element.
The median of a sequence is its middle value.
Data analysis helps humans to predict minor and major The range of a sequence is the difference between its
largest and smallest values.
events that are most likely to happen based on
frequency. A frequency table/diagram contains values, tally marks
and frequency.
Discrete data is data that has values belonging to
different sets.
A set of data is said to be continuous when any values
can be taken within a finite or infinite interval.
There are three terms commonly used in data analysis:
mean, median, and mode.
The mean of a sequence can be determined by taking the
average of the sequence, by adding all the values and
dividing it by the number of items/elements in the
sequence.
The median can be taken by arranging the elements of
the sequence in ascending order, then picking the middle
number in the new sequence.
Note that while taking the median in a sequence with an
even number of a sequence, we must add the two middle
numbers and then divide it by 2.
The mode of the sequence is most frequently occuring
element.

In this table, the mean is 3 (rounded off), the median is 7 and In this image, the scores are the class.

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE CHECKPOINT MATHEMATICS

To calculate the mean, multiply each class by the

frequency, add all the values (sum of all data), and divide
it by the sum of the frequency.

→ In the above chart, the sum of all data is

1+2+9+4+20+30+42+40+27+10 = 185
The sum of the frequencies is 30.
Mean = 185/30 = 6.17 (3 s.f.)

Bar charts are charts that use bars to represent values.

A pie chart uses a circle divided into different sectors that
represent values.
A line graph is a graph with a line which represents each
value at the point of intersection. Analysis of a line graph can be done by drawing a line
A pictogram is a frequency table that uses pictures connecting the x-value to its y-value. That will give us the
instead of tally marks. answer.
To calculate the mean value from the frequency table,
STAGE 9
multiply the class by the frequency, and divide it by the
number of items in the class. Frequency diagrams for continuous data have class
intervals instead of single-class values.
A line graph for time series is a line graph with values
taken over regular time intervals.

STAGE 8

DIscrete data is data not grouped into class intervals → 1,

Scatter plots are diagrams that use dots to indicate values
2, 3, 4, 5
for data points.
Continuous data is grouped into intervals → 1 ≤ x ≤ 5
Scatter plots are interpreted the same way as line graphs.
We have to use the modal class when calculating the
A back-to-back stem-and-leaf diagram portrays values
mode for continuous data.
with similar stems in a more organized manner.
Mean for continuous data is called the ‘estimated mean’.
Each set of leaves in this diagram has a different key.
To calculate the estimated mean, we divide the sum of
the frequency • mid point by the total frequency values.

A stem-and-leaf diagram shows each class interval, along

with different values in the class interval.
A key is important while interpreting or creating a stem-
and-leaf diagram.

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE CHECKPOINT MATHEMATICS

WWW.ZNOTES.ORG
CAIE CHECKPOINT
Mathematics

Copyright 2022 by ZNotes

These notes have been created by Kartik Nayak for the 2022 syllabus
This website and its content is copyright of ZNotes Foundation - © ZNotes Foundation 2022. All rights reserved.
The document contains images and excerpts of text from educational resources available on the internet and
printed books. If you are the owner of such media, test or visual, utilized in this document and do not accept its
usage then we urge you to contact us and we would immediately replace said media.
No part of this document may be copied or re-uploaded to another website without the express, written
permission of the copyright owner. Under no conditions may this document be distributed under the name of
false author(s) or sold for financial gain; the document is solely meant for educational purposes and it is to remain
a property available to all at no cost. It is current freely available from the website www.znotes.org
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommerical-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.