ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

P3-F
MAIN COURSE

COMPULSORY GRAMMAR PACK

Student’s Copy

FALL 2023-2024
CDO
 CONTENTS

WEEK TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

Week 1 - Present Simple vs. Present Continuous Tense 2

Week 2 - Past Simple vs. Present Perfect Tense 8

Week 3 - Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect 12

Continuous Tense
Week 4 - Present Modals 16
(Ability/Permission/Obligation)
Week 5 - Comparatives and Superlatives 20

Week 8 - Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses 27

- Articles 34
Week 9 - Be used to / Get used to 37
- Infinitive of Purpose / so-such…that / 40
too…to -enough to
Week 10 - Zero Conditionals 45

Week 11 - Noun Clauses 46

- Quantifiers 54
Week 12 - Wish Clauses 60

Week 13 - Present Modals of Deduction 67

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 WEEK 1
PRESENT SIMPLE vs. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
A. Discuss the questions with a partner.
1. How do young people in your country usually spend their free time?
2. What are your favorite leisure time activities?
B. Read the interview with Pete and put the questions in correct places.
a. Can you have a look at this list and tell me whether you do any of these things and if so,
how often?
b. Do you work or are you a student, Pete?
c. What about the next thing on the list: computer games?
d. Do you use a computer for other things?
Interviewer: Excuse me. I'm conducting a survey on how people spend their free time. Do you
mind if I ask you a few questions?
Pete: Oh, er, OK. I’m just waiting for my friends – they're always late, so I should have a few
minutes!
Interviewer: Right, now, can I have your name?
Pete: It's Pete, Pete Harley.
Interviewer: 1. ____________?
Pete: Well, both actually. I'm studying really hard for my exams this month – I'm doing maths at
university – but I also help my parents out. They own a restaurant, and I work there as a waiter in
the evenings, so I don't get a lot of free time during the week.
Interviewer: It sounds as if you're very busy.
Pete: Yes, I am, and my mum's always saying I don't help enough in the restaurant! But I do
manage to find some free time most days.
Interviewer: Great. 2. ____________?
Pete: Sure. OK, well, I love music and I'm learning to play the piano. I get up really early and
practise for an hour or so just about every day. I also play the guitar in a band with some other
friends. We used to practise together at least three times a week, but these days we only manage
to meet about once every two weeks.
Interviewer: 3. ____________? I assume you're too busy to play them.
Pete: Well, I used to play them all the time, but now I'm too busy studying and I don't miss them
at all!
Interviewer: 4. ____________?
Pete: I use the Internet just about every day for my studies, and I also use it to keep in touch with
my friends and family. My cousin is living in Thailand at the moment and he sends me regular
emails to let me know how much fun he's having! He's always visiting exciting places. Oh, sorry, I
can see my friends — I have to go now.
Interviewer: Thank you for your time.
C. Read the dialogue again and find a sentence that is about ….
- a permanent situation or a fact __________________________________________________
- everyday habits ______________________________________________________________
- an action happening at the moment of speaking ____________________________________
- a temporary situation __________________________________________________________

D. Look at the sentences you have taken from the dialogue and circle the correct option.
We use the Present Simple Tense / Present Continuous Tense to talk about everyday habits and
permanent situations.
To talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking and temporary situations, we use
the Present Simple Tense / Present Continuous Tense.

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 E. Analyze the table for a more detailed explanation.

Present Simple Tense is used for Present Continuous Tense is used for

- scientific facts - actions happening at the time of speaking

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. At the moment, the children are playing upstairs.

- actions happening around the time of speaking

- routine and habits
Nowadays, I’m reading a really interesting book.
The birds return to the island every spring.
I want to get into shape, so nowadays, I am leading a
I go for a run every morning.
more active life.
She attends Spanish lessons three times a week.
- temporary situations
- permanent situations
I moved to Istanbul last week, and I’m living with a
I live in a flat in the city center.
friend for the time being.
She works for an international law firm.
Normally I drive to work; however, this week I am
taking the bus as my car is at the mechanic’s.

- changing situations, or trends (usually with

- narrating events
comparative structures)
At a party, Romeo sees Juliet and falls in love with
The earth is getting warmer as a result of a number of
her.
factors.
In the movie, the burglars break into the bank
Smart phones are becoming more and more expensive
through the air vents.
with every passing day.
People are becoming more and more dependent on
- timetabled events (also has future meaning) their smart phones.
The drama club meets every Thursday at 7:30.
Our morning classes start at 9:00. - future arrangements
My plane leaves in half an hour. (future meaning) They are giving a birthday party next month.
The bus from Baltimore arrives at 10:45. (future I am flying to Madrid for a budget meeting on Monday.
meaning)
- annoying repeated actions / complaints (always +
present continuous tense)
My sister is always wearing my clothes without asking
- newspaper headlines (past meaning)
my permission.
Three die in plane crash.
He is always making fun of me! Tell him to stop!
Old apartment collapses after the 6.8 earthquake.
Time Expressions

every day / week now, at present, at the moment, right now

once a day / twice a month / three times a year nowadays, today, these days
on Sundays, in the morning, in winter this week / month / term
tonight, tomorrow, next week / month
on Saturday, in two days

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Frequency Adverbs Frequency Adverb: always
(almost) always, (very) often, usually / generally, often / always + Present Continuous Tense for
frequently, sometimes / occasionally, rarely / seldom, annoying repeated actions /complaints (see
hardly ever / almost never, never examples above)

Watch Out For The Word Order!

My son sometimes feels nervous before the exams.
My son is sometimes nervous before the exams.

Exercise 1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. I’m busy right now. I ________________ (fill in) an application form for a new job.
2. My tutor ________________ (see) me for a tutorial every Monday at two o’clock.
3. John ________________ (not/study) very hard at the moment. I ________________ (not/think)
he’ll pass his exams.
4. ‘What ________________ (he/do)?’ ‘He ________________ (try) to fix the television aerial.’
5. Animals ________________ (breathe in) oxygen and ________________ (give out) carbon dioxide.
6. Be quiet! I ________________ (want) to hear the news.
7. In my country, we ________________ (drive) on the right-hand side of the road.
8. My friend Joe’s parents ________________ (travel) round the world this summer and probably
won’t be back for a couple of months.
9. The college ________________ (run) the same course every year.
10. The number of wild butterflies ________________ (fall) as a result of changes in farming
methods.
STATE VERBS
Some verbs are not usually used in the Present Continuous Tense. These verbs express states rather
than actions, and they are called “State / Stative verbs”.

1. STATE OF BEING
be* resemble sound contain
look* appear include consist of
look like exist
2. MENTAL STATE
think* suppose believe Imagine
realize notice recognize Know
understand feel* doubt remember
forget want need prefer
3. EMOTIONAL STATE
love hate like dislike

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 appreciate care for fear envy
adore mind desire wish
forgive miss respect
4. POSSESSION
have* possess own belong to
owe
5. SENSES
see* hear smell* taste*
feel* hurt
6. MEASUREMENTS
weigh* measure cost equal

VERBS WITH STATE AND ACTION MEANINGS

* Some state verbs can be used in the Present Continuous Tense, but the meaning is different.

STATE (Non-Progressive) ACTION (Progressive)

• do
What do you do? (What’s your job?) What are you doing? (Explain your actions.)

• be
This house is over 100 years old. (general state) He is being very silly. (temporary state – This is
not his personality. He doesn’t normally act like
this.)
• have
Do you have a car? (possession) She can’t come to the phone right now; she is
I have three sisters and a brother. having a meeting with the board members now.
(activity in progress)
• think
I think it will rain in the afternoon. (This is my What are you thinking about right now?
opinion.) (mental process – What is on your mind?)
Some scientists think that there are intelligent life My sister is thinking of / about changing her job.
forms on other planets. (This is their opinion.) (She is planning to change her job.)
What do you think of my new hair style? (What is
your opinion about it?)
• see
Right now, I see lots of people in the street. I’m seeing my dentist this afternoon.
(referring to the sense – There are lots of people in (appointment – I have an appointment with my
my view.) dentist.)

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 • smell
These flowers smell very nice. (referring to the Look! My mother is smelling the flowers.
sense) (referring to the activity)
Your perfume smells of roses. (It has the smell of
roses.)
• taste
The steak tastes of fresh herbs. (It has the taste of Look! The judges are tasting my dish right now.
fresh herbs.) I can’t wait to hear the results. (referring to the
The soup tastes delicious. (referring to the sense) activity – The judges are trying my dish at the
moment.)
• feel
This pillow feels very hard. (referring to the sense) I am feeling this fabric; it is so soft. (I am
The baby’s skin feels very smooth. (It has a smooth touching it.)
texture.) I feel better now. / I am feeling better now.
I feel (that) he was not completely honest with us. (Both can be used.)
(This is my opinion.)

• look
That ladder doesn’t look safe. (seem) What are you looking at? (referring to the
You look very tired. What happened? (seem) activity)
They are looking at their wedding photos.
• weigh
This bag weighs more than 25 kilos. (referring to The nurse is weighing the baby. (referring to the
state) activity) (The nurse is putting the baby on the
scale to see how heavy it is.)

Exercise 2. Complete sentences with the Present Simple or Present Continuous form of the verbs in
brackets.
1. Some kinds of fish ______________ (contain) high levels of dangerous metals.
2. What ______________ you ______________ (think) of Kate’s new hairstyle? It’s unusual, isn’t it?
3. Loud music can be really detrimental to the ears. Some people ______________ (not realize) its
harmful effects.
4. A package holiday ______________ (cost) less than going on holiday on your own.
5. Technicians report that they ______________ (have) difficulty about the new computer system at
the moment.
6. No wine for me! I ______________ (take) antibiotics for an ear infection.
7. Don’t worry about your dog! The vet ______________ (feel) his legs to check that nothing is broken
right now.
8. The National Theatre ______________ (think) of putting a new production of Hamlet.
9. ______________ this wallet ______________ (belong) to you?
10. Everybody ______________ (know) that the world’s rainforests ______________ (disappear) day
by day.
11. We ______________ (see) the bank manager this afternoon. We have an appointment.
12. Fresh strawberries ______________ (always, taste) good. They ______________ (remind) me of
home.
13. That girl ______________ (look) like your sister.

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14. I ______________ (not understand) you. Could you speak more slowly?
15. A: ______________ you ______________ (think) you have any chance of winning this chess match?
B: Yes, I ______________ (see) a number of good moves that I can make from this position.

Exercise 3. Circle the correct option.

Omar's Visit
My friend Omar 1owns/is owning his own car now. It's brand new. Today he 2drives/ is driving
to a small town in the north of the city to visit his aunt. He 3loves/is loving to listen to music, so the CD
player 4plays/ is playing one of his favorite CDs loudly. Omar is very happy: he 5drives/is driving his
own car and listening to loud music. He 6looks/is looking forward to his visit with his aunt.

Omar 7visits/is visiting his aunt once a week. She's elderly, and she 8lives/is living alone. She
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thinks/is thinking Omar is a wonderful nephew. She 10loves/is loving his visits. Omar 11tries/is trying
to be helpful and considerate in every way. His aunt 12doesn’t hear/isn’t hearing well, so Omar
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speaks/is speaking loudly and clearly when he's with her. When he's there, he 14fixes/is fixing things
for her around her apartment and 15helps/is helping her with her shopping. He 16doesn’t stay/isn't
staying with her overnight. He usually 17stays/is staying for a few hours, and then he 18heads/is
heading back to the city. He 19kisses/is kissing his aunt good-bye and 20gives/is giving her a hug before
he 21leaves/is leaving. Omar is a very good nephew.

Exercise 4. Read the text and write the correct form of the verbs.
Do you worship celebrities?
Do you wake up every night thinking of your favorite singer? Or do you wonder what a TV
presenter 1___________ (have) for breakfast in the morning? If so, you may have a newly identified
psychological condition: Celebrity Worship Syndrome (CWS). Following a recent study, psychologists
at the University of Leicester now 2___________ (believe) that one in three of us is obsessed with
celebrities, and the number 3___________ (go up) day by day.
One theory is that our modern lives 4___________ (become) more and more dominated by
TV, so modern celebrities often 5___________ (take) the place of relatives, neighbors, and close friends
for many people.
The study of around 700 people aged 18 to 60 6___________ (show) that there are three types
of Celebrity Worship Syndrome. The largest number of people -22 percent of the study- only
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___________ (have) a small problem and they are likely to be extroverts with a passion for talking
about their chosen celebrity. Another 12 percent have an intense personal type of relationship with
their idol, while the third group, with the most extreme CWS 8___________ (think) their celebrity
knows them. These people are often introverts, antisocial, and insensitive.
Fortunately, most people’s interest in the rich and famous is perfectly normal and healthy. Dr
John Maltby of Leicester University says, “It is not necessarily a bad thing. Many people are interested
in celebrities.” However, says Dr Maltby, ‘We 9___________ (begin) to define CWS for the first time
and research is suggesting that, generally, people with CWS 10___________ (replace) normal
relationships with these fantasy relationships.’

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 WEEK 2
PAST SIMPLE vs. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
A. Discuss the questions below with a partner.
1. Do you believe attending Harvard University guarantees success in one's career? Why or why not?
2. Why do you think Harvard University is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the
world? What factors contribute to its reputation?
3. If you had the opportunity to study at Harvard, which subjects or programs would you be
interested in pursuing and why?
B. Read the text about Harvard University and answer the questions below.
1. How did Harvard University get its name?
2. Who was Charles Eliot, and what changes did he make at Harvard?
3. What was the admission process like before Charles Eliot became president?
4. How competitive is the entrance process for Harvard today?

HARVARD UNIVERSITY
Harvard University Education at Harvard has changed a lot
is the oldest over its history. Charles Eliot, president of
university in the Harvard from 1869-1909, made the
USA. The biggest changes. For example, before Eliot
university started was president, students didn't take
in 1636, and it got entrance exams. Today, thousands of
its name two years
students want to study at Harvard, but
later when John Harvard died and gave a library to the
only about 10% of them pass the entrance
university. Since then, the university has grown, and
Harvard has become one of the most famous universities exams.
in the world. Now people all over the world have heard Harvard is not all about education. Sport
about Harvard. Many famous people have studied at and culture are also very important.
Harvard, including the poet T.S. Eliot, the president Twenty-first-century students work hard
Barack Obama, and the actress Natalie Portman. Many and play hard.
Harvard students have won Nobel Prizes.

C. Match the sentences 1-2 with rules a-b.

1. The university started in 1636, and it got its name two years later when John Harvard died
and gave a library to the university.
2. Since then, the university has grown, and Harvard has become one of the most famous
universities in the world.

a. We use the Present Perfect for actions which started in the past and are still continuing in
the present.
b. We use the Simple Past for actions that happened at a specific time in the past.

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D. Analyze the table for a more detailed explanation.

We use the Present Perfect for:

We use the Past Simple for:

- an action that happened at an unstated time in - an action that happened at a stated/specific

the past. time in the past.
Lydia has baked a lot of biscuits. Philip bought a new pair of shoes yesterday.
(= We don’t know when.) (= Yesterday. The time is mentioned.)
- an action which started in the past and is still - an action which started and finished in the
continuing in the present. past.
Becky has worked as a waitress for two Julie worked in a bank for three years.
years. (= She worked there for three years, then she
(= She began working as a waitress two years left. She doesn’t work there anymore.)
ago, and she’s still a waitress today.)
- an action which happened in the past and may - an action which happened in the past and
be repeated. cannot be repeated.
He has seen Beyonce perform live. He once spoke to Lady Diana.
(= Beyonce is still alive. He may see her (= Lady Diana is no longer alive. He won’t speak
again.) to her again.)
Last month, I visited my grandmother once.
This month, I have visited my grandmother (=Last month is finished, and I visited her only
once. once.)
(=This month isn’t finished, so I may visit her
again.)

Exercise 1. Are the underlined parts of the sentences correct or not? Correct the ones that are
incorrect.
1. How many plays has Shakespeare written? _________________________________
2. Have you read any of Shakespeare’s plays? _________________________________
3. Aristotle has been a Greek philosopher. _________________________________
4. Ow! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding. _________________________________
5. We have got married in London 2 months ago. _________________________________
6. Where have you been born? _________________________________
7. Mary isn’t at home. She’s gone shopping. _________________________________
8. I’ve bought a new car last week. _________________________________
9. I’m very hungry. I haven’t eaten anything today. _________________________________
10.Where have you been yesterday evening? _________________________________
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks using the PAST SIMPLE or the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. Last night I __________________ (lose) my keys – I had to call my flatmate to let me in.
2. I __________________ (lose) my keys – can you help me look for them?
3. I __________________ (visit) Paris three times.
4. Last year I __________________ (visit) Paris.
5. I __________________ (know) my great grandmother for a few years – she died when I was eight.

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6. I __________________ (know) Julie for three years – we still meet once a month.
7. I __________________ (play) hockey since I was a child – I'm pretty good!
8. She __________________ (play) hockey at school, but she didn’t like it.
9. Sorry, I __________________ (miss) the bus, so I'm going to be late.
10. I __________________ (miss) the bus, and then I __________________ (miss) the plane as well!
11. Last month I __________________ (go) to Scotland.
12. I'm sorry, John isn't here now. He __________________ (go) to the supermarket.
13. We __________________ (finish) painting this room last week.
14. I __________________ (finish) my exams finally – I'm so happy!
15. Yesterday I __________________ (see) all my friends. It was great.
16. I __________________ (see) Julie three times this week!
17. She __________________ (live) in London since 1994.
18. She __________________ (live) in London when she was a child.
19. I __________________ (drink) three cups of coffee this morning.
20. I __________________ (drink) seven cups of coffee yesterday.
Exercise 3. Read the sentences below and fill in the blanks using “SIMPLE PAST” or “PRESENT
PERFECT”.
1. The weather around here ________________ (be) terrible in the last few weeks.
2. Maria ________________ (pack) her suitcase last night.
3. I ____________________ (not play) volleyball since I was a teenager.
4. We ____________________ (wash) the dishes. They're all clean now.
5. They ____________________ (close) the factory. So many people are now unemployed.
6. __________________________________ yet? (your business course/start)
7. How long ____________________ (you/have) that camera? – For about a month.
8. _______________________ (you/see) last week's magazine? – It must be here because I
________________ (buy) it on Monday.
9. The books you ordered ____________________ (arrive). You can put them on the shelves now.
10. The Queen ____________________ (start) her two-week tour through Australia yesterday.
11. The plane from New York ________________ (just land). The passengers are getting out.
12. We ____________________ (not have) a party at school for ages. We should organize one.
13. I ____________________(catch) a cold a few days ago, and I _________________ (be) ill ever
since.
14. Dinosaurs ____________________ (roam) the earth millions of years ago.
15. Prices ____________________ (not go up) last year, but they ____________________ (increase)
by 8% already this year.
16. I'm so tired. I ____________________ (walk) all the way to the underground station.
17. We ____________________ (just arrive) home from our holidays, and we are trying to settle in.
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks using either Simple Past or Present Perfect Tense.
1. I'm afraid I can't make a comparison between Turkish and Indian cuisine because I (never, try)
_______________ the latter.
2. A: _______________ you (see) _______________ Mike today?
B: I think I (see) _______________ him parking his car when I (look) _______________ out of the
window at around 9 o’clock in the morning, but I don’t know where he is at the moment.
3. Mr. Smith, the documents from our suppliers (just, arrive) _______________. Shall I bring them over
to you?
4. Oh no! The lid to the salt (fall) _______________ off into the soup. What shall I do now?

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5. A: Who (win) _______________ the race yesterday?
B: Alex. It (be) _______________ an easy victory for him because he (run) _______________ first
throughout the race.
A: He must be very happy. He (win) _______________ all the races so far this season.
6. A: You look great! _______________ you (style) _______________ your hair differently?
B: Yes, I (just, be) _______________ to my hairdresser. He (encourage) _______________ me to try
a new model, and I (let) _______________ him do as he (like) _______________.
7. We (not, visit) _______________ that butcher's since he (sell) _______________ us some very poor
meat.
8. Ever since my car (break) _______________ down that Sunday, I (not, feel) _______________ safe
driving it.
9. He (send) _______________ three proposals out so far this week, but he (not, have)
_______________ any orders yet.
10. As soon as he (hear) _______________ about the robbery, the Sherriff (grab) _______________
his gun, (mount) _______________ his horse and (set) _______________ off after the robbers. It (be)
_______________ almost two days since he (leave) _______________, but he (still, not, return)
_______________.
11. At 9 p.m. on Monday, fourteen-year-old Simon (leave) _______________ home for his friend's
house. No one (see) _______________ him since.
12. I (enjoy) _______________ everything they (serve) _______________ so far during this meal. What
about you?
13. After he (give) _______________ up playing football, he (coach) _______________ the Swansea
team for four years before he (retire) _______________.
14. This is the second time he (be) _______________ ill with flu this year, and he (be)
_______________ ill quite a lot last year, too.
15. They (sell) _______________ an antique chest for 1 million pounds on Friday. That's the highest
price that a piece of furniture (ever, raise) _______________ at auction.

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 WEEK 3
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE vs. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
A. Work with a partner and write a humorous caption to the cartoon below.

B. Now, read the caption to the cartoon and answer the questions.

ALBERT: I’ve been reading the current issue of Plant News, and
so far I can’t see any mention of my research.
BERT: Well, I’ve read your journal. And I see that you’ve been
working on the same problem I’ve been working on for the last
twenty years!

a. When did Albert start reading Plant News? ________________________

b. Did Albert finish reading all of Plant News? ________________________
c. Did Bert finish reading all of the journal? ________________________
d. When did their research begin? ________________________
e. Is their research continuing? ________________________
f. Is their research complete? ________________________

C. Read the caption again and circle the correct option.

We use the Present Perfect Tense / Present Perfect Continuous Tense to describe actions which
are clearly incomplete.

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D. Analyze the table for a more detailed explanation.

Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous

- When this form is used with “for” or “since”, it - When this form is used with “for” or “since”, it
expresses a situation that began in the past and expresses a situation that began in the past and
continues to the present. This tense CAN be used continues to the present. This tense CANNOT be
both with state or action verbs. used with state verbs.
I have worked here for 5 years. (Present Perfect I have been working here for 5 years. (Present
Continuous is also possible.) Perfect Simple is also possible.)
I have been here since 7 o’clock. (state verb - She has been living with her sisters for the last
Present Perfect Continuous is NOT possible.) three years. (Present Perfect Simple is also
I have liked cowboy movies ever since I was a possible.)
child. (state verb - Present Perfect Continuous is Jack has been watching TV all morning. (Present
NOT possible.) Perfect Simple is also possible.)

- This tense focuses on HOW MANY, HOW - This tense focuses on HOW LONG. It cannot be
MUCH, and HOW MANY TIMES. used to give information on how many/how
I have answered the first 15 questions of the much/how many times.
survey.
She has spent 3000 dollars to redecorate her We have been waiting for you for two hours.
living room. The kids have been swimming since ten o’clock.
Tom has been to New York four times in the last I have been looking for a new flat for the last
12 months. three weeks, but I have not been able to find
She has eaten a lot of ice-cream. one yet.

- This tense expresses the idea that something - When this tense is used without any specific
happened before now, at an unspecified time in mention of time, it expresses a general activity
the past. The exact time it happened is not in progress recently or lately.
important. I have been thinking about changing my major.
They have moved into a new apartment. My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the
I have already talked to Jenny about the exam. floor lately.

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks using the present perfect continuous or the present perfect simple. Use
the present perfect continuous when possible.
1. I ____________ (paint) my old bike red, and now it looks like new.
2. I ____________ (read) this book for the last two hours, and I ____________ (learn) a lot about
cars.
3. A: Where's David? B: He ____________ (just/go) to the bank. He'll be back soon.
4. A: Is Alvin sleeping? B: Yes, he ____________ (sleep) since 9 o'clock last night.
5. I ____________ (read) "A Tale of Two Cities". I ____________ (read) only 20 pages so far.
6. A: Dorothy is watering the flowers again.
B: Again? She ____________ (water) them twice this week.
7. I'm planning to buy a new car. I ____________ (look) for one for two weeks now. So far, I
____________ (look) at six cars, but I haven't liked any of them.
8. He ____________ (drive) all day. He ____________ (drive) 250 miles.
9. I ____________ (paint) the gate. Doesn't it look good?
10. She ____________ (live) in this country for many years, but she can't speak our language.

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Exercise 2. Rewrite the following sentences using the words given in parentheses.
1. This is the most boring film I’ve ever seen. (never)
I ______________________________________________________________ such a boring film.
2. It has been four days since I spoke to Jane. (haven’t)
_________________________________________________ to Jane for four days.
3. When did you move to London? (since)
How long has it been _________________________________?
4. John came to the bus stop 20 minutes ago. There is still no bus. (for)
John has ___________________________________________.
5. Shelly is driving to Newcastle. She left at 13.00, and it is now 15:00. (for)
Shelly has ______________________________________________.
6. The window is broken. The children did it. (have)
The children __________________________________ the window.
7. They are playing tennis. The match started at 12:00 and is still going on. (since)
They __________________________________________________.
8. I don’t have my keys. I left them at home. (have)
I _________________________________ to take my keys.
9. My sister started to tell me a joke. The joke is not finished yet. (has)
My sister _____________________________________ a joke.
10. Ed saw the film at the cinema and then watched it again at home. (twice)
Ed ___________________________________________.

Exercise 3. Restatement
Which of the following sentences best expresses the meaning in the given sentence?
1. Vietnamese restaurants, whose delicious foods are the most widely appreciated contributions of
the Vietnamese to American life, have become common in the US.
A. The Vietnamese, who have restaurants, have thanked the Americans by offering their delicious
foods, which most widely please the public.
B. The Vietnamese had always been rumored to cook delicious food, but the restaurants they opened
didn’t draw much attention in countries around the world except the US.
C. A great deal of American people like Vietnamese foods, which were brought to America by the
Vietnamese, and Vietnamese restaurants, where these foods are served, are widespread in the US.
D. Vietnamese restaurants have long been serving delicious Vietnamese foods to Americans, which
has been greatly appreciated among the people of the US.
2. Details have been coming out of the plan by billionaire entrepreneurs to mine asteroids for their
resources.
A. Affluent businessmen have been planning to find funding for their project to mine asteroids for
their resources.
B. Information about a project, led by wealthy capitalists, to extract resources of asteroids has been
emerging.
C. Billionaire capitalists have been mining asteroids for their resources secretly, but it has been
revealed.
D. Resources of asteroids have long been appealing to wealthy entrepreneurs, and they are planning
to make a profit out of them.
3. I haven’t been in contact with my aunt due to a disagreement we had five years ago.
A. I haven’t spoken to my aunt for five years as we made an agreement with her.
B. My aunt and I haven’t seen each other for five years as I couldn’t put up with the disagreements
we had.
C. I had an argument with my aunt five years ago, and that was the last time I spoke to her.
D. The reason we had a disagreement with my aunt was her annoyance with me as I hadn’t been in
contact with her.

14
4. Julia has been painting a portrait of her mother for the last three weeks.
A. About three weeks ago, Julia painted a portrait of her mother.
B. The portrait Julia painted of her mother took three weeks to finish.
C. Julia started painting her mother's portrait three weeks ago and hasn't finished yet.
D. At the moment Julia is painting her mother's portrait, which will probably take her three weeks to
finish.
5. Though she is an intelligent and talented woman, her four marriages have all failed.
A. It is surprising that anyone with her talent and intelligence should have difficulty sustaining a
marriage.
B. She believes that intelligence and talent do not necessarily lead to happiness in marriage.
C. Naturally, her talent and intelligence have led to the failure of her four marriages.
D. None of her four attempts at marriage has been successful in spite of her intellect and abilities.

15
 WEEK 4
PRESENT MODALS
A. Discuss the questions below with a partner.
1. How do astronauts wash in space?
2. What is the longest time someone has spent in space?
3. Why is it difficult for astronauts to exercise their legs?
B. Now, read the information and check whether your answers were correct or not.

Space stations are places for astronauts to work

and study life in space. The biggest space station
is the International Space Station; six astronauts
can stay there. Astronauts are able to stay on
space stations for a long time – the longest was
437 days – but they need to be strong and
healthy because life is very difficult in space.

Usually, if you drop an apple, it must fall

down: this is because of gravity! But in space
there is no gravity, so astronauts cannot stand
or walk normally. This makes it difficult for
them to exercise their legs, so they have to do
special exercises every day to keep fit.

There are no showers on the International Space

Station – water cannot go down! – so astronauts
have to have baths. Astronauts have got to be
very careful with washing because they have
very little water. It cannot rain in space.

C. Analyze the sentences in the text which contain a modal verb in bold. Are the following statements
TRUE or FALSE?
1.“Have to” is a modal verb that describes what is necessary or important to do. TRUE / FALSE
2.“Be able to” has the same meaning as “can”. TRUE / FALSE
3.“Have got to” can be used instead of “have to”. TRUE / FALSE
4.“Need to” expresses lack of necessity. TRUE / FALSE

16
D. Analyze the table for a more detailed explanation.

Ability
can
• to describe ability or lack of it. Many animals can see clearly in the dark.
Human beings can't do this.
be able to
• instead of “can”. Many animals are able to see in the dark.

• when “can” is unsuitable. Because “can” has I haven't been able to finish my project.
only present and past forms, we use “be able to” We will be able to visit you next month.
for other tenses.
Obligation & Necessity
have to / has to
• to describe what is necessary, a rule, or Baby birds have to learn how to fly, or they
something we do because other people tell us to won’t survive.
do so. Do we have to buy another ticket to see this
part of the castle?
Everyone has to register their name and
address in order to be able to vote.

• “have got to” can also be used to express I have got to go to class.
obligation and necessity. (informal)
must
• to describe something we personally think is Sorry, I really must go now!
necessary and important to do.

• We usually use the question form of “have to” Do I have to sit here?
for “must”.
need to
• Use “need to” with the same meaning as “have You need to work harder.
to”. “Need to” is not a modal verb and can be used Did I need to bring my dictionary?
in all tenses.
Absence of Necessity
don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t
• “Don’t/doesn’t have to” and “don’t/doesn’t You don’t have to do the washing-up. I’ve got a
need to” express lack of necessity. dishwasher. (It isn’t necessary to do the washing-
(It isn’t necessary to do something.) up.)
She doesn’t have to work on Monday. It’s her
day off.
She doesn’t need to go to the shop. She has got
everything she needs.

• “Needn’t” is used with the same meaning as We needn’t tidy up until tomorrow.
“don’t need to” and “don’t have to”.

17
 Prohibition
mustn’t / can’t
• We use “mustn’t/must not” and “can’t” to You can't take photos in the museum. They're
show that something is prohibited – it is not really strict about it.
allowed. Baggage must not be left unattended.
You mustn't throw things in the science lab! It's
dangerous!
Asking for and Giving/Refusing Permission
Asking for permission
We ask for permission when we want to be allowed to do something.

Polite Can I leave early? Responses: Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

More polite Could I leave early?

Do you think I could leave early? Responses: That's all right. – Sure. / Sorry,
but...
May I leave early? (formal)
Do you mind if I leave early? Responses: Not at all. – No problem. /
Sorry.
Giving permission
• We can give permission using “can” or “may”. You may make a phone call here.
(can-informal, may-formal)

• We DO NOT use “could” or “might” to give ‘Could I borrow your dictionary?’

permission. ‘Yes, you can.’ / ‘Yes, you may.’ (NOT: Yes, you
could.)
Refusing permission
• We can refuse permission with “can’t” / I’m sorry, you can’t come in here.
“cannot” or “may not”. Visitors may not park in front of the hospital.
Talking about permission / prohibition
• We use “can” and “be allowed to” to refer to All citizens over the age of 18 can/are allowed
laws or regulations. to vote. (law)

• We use “be allowed to” to express permission Candidates are allowed to use a printed
and “not be allowed to” to express dictionary during the exam.
prohibition. We’re not allowed to use our phones in class.

Exercise 1. Complete each sentence with “can” or “can't” with the verbs in brackets. Use a form of
“be able to” if “can/can't” is not possible.
e.g. That shelf is too high. I (reach) can’t reach it.
1. Where is that noise coming from? I (hear) _________________________ you.
2. There's something wrong with this door. I (open) ___________________it.
3. I'm really hungry! I (take) _____________________ my lunch break yet.
4. Sorry, I (come) ____________________ tomorrow. I'll try and see you next week.
5. I really want to (use) ____________________ a computer properly.
6. I feel terrible. I (sleep) ____________________ for the past couple of nights.

18
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with “must”, “mustn't” or “don't have to”.
1.A: You ____________________ study hard to pass the exams.
B: I know. I study every night.
2.A: Shall I wash the dishes for you?
B: No, you ____________________ do that. I’ll do them later.
3. A: Do you want me to wait for you after work?
B: No, you ____________________ wait. I can walk home by myself.
4.A: It’s Sally’s birthday on Tuesday.
B: Yes. I ____________________ remember to buy her a present.
5. A: My dog has been ill all week.
B: Oh dear! You ____________________ take him to the vet.
6. A: You ____________________ interrupt while people are talking.
B: Sorry mom!
7. A: You ____________________ be late for your job interview.
B: I know. I will leave early so as to get there on time.

Exercise 3. Underline the correct word(s).

1. A: Could I sleep at my friend’s house tonight?
B: Yes, of course you could / can.
2. A: Can/Might I have a biscuit please, Mum?
B: Of course. Help yourself.
3. A: Excuse me sir. May / Must I leave the room?
B: Yes, but don’t be too long.
4. A: Must / May I borrow these files for a moment, sir?
B: Certainly. Take whatever you need.
5. A: May I use your pen?
B: Of course, you may / might.

Exercise 4. Rewrite these sentences using the forms of “must, mustn’t, can’t, have to, don’t have
to, and be able to”.
1. Is it necessary for me to do this exercise?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. It’s compulsory for students to pass the proficiency exam in order to study at their department.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Although they try hard, European governments can’t respond to the demands of refugees.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. It’s necessary for him not to play football because his leg hurts.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. It is forbidden to take your bag into the building.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. You are not allowed to play loud music in the dorms.
____________________________________________________________________________
7. Is it necessary for us to finish this project today?
____________________________________________________________________________
8. The film starts at 13:45, so it isn’t necessary for you to be at the cinema at noon.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. She is pregnant. It is necessary for her to eat nutritious food.
____________________________________________________________________________
10. It is not necessary for individuals to get married to lead a happy life.
____________________________________________________________________________

19
 WEEK 5
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
A. You are going to read a text comparing the performance of older and younger athletes. The
phrases below are taken from the text. Which ones would you associate with young athletes and
which ones would you associate with older athletes?
• breaking records • peak fitness • complete a marathon
• set record running • greatest increases in • physical improvement
times speed

B. Now, read the text below and check if you were right.
The Olympics is probably the most exciting event in the sports calendar. It's one of the few
opportunities we get to see some of the best athletes in the world competing against each other.
And amazingly, each year they seem to be getting better and better. So, you might imagine that
the Masters Games, which is for athletes aged 30 and over, would be less exciting to watch. Well,
this may not be true for long because recent studies have shown that older athletes are getting
faster and fitter.
Now, it's true they're not as fast as their younger counterparts, and probably younger runners will
always be faster than older runners. However, runners aged 50 and over are actually speeding up
more rapidly than younger people. The researchers
analysed the finishing times of 415,000 runners in
the New York marathon between 1983 and 1999 and
discovered that finishers from the older group
showed the greatest increases in speed.
Interestingly, women aged 60 to 68 improved the
most markedly, running on average four minutes
faster each year. Men of the same age ran just over one minute faster than previously. Not only
that, a second study proved that older athletes can achieve the same degree of physical
improvement as those in their twenties and thirties. In other words, they are just as likely to
achieve their peak fitness as younger athletes.
25 years ago, few 60-year-old men and even fewer women would have considered it possible to
complete a marathon, let alone set record running times. The researchers concluded that people
grow weaker not simply because of age, but because they don't keep as active as they did when
they were younger. It would seem that the longer athletes keep competing, the greater their
chances of setting new records are.

C. Read the sentences below and say whether they are TRUE or FALSE. Correct the sentences that
are false.
1. Masters Games, which is for older athletes, is as exciting to watch as Olympics.
2. Runners aged 50+ are speeding up less rapidly than young runners.
3. Women aged 60-68 running the New York marathon run on average four minutes faster each
year.
4. Older athletes are less likely to achieve their peak fitness than younger athletes.
5. People grow weaker because they are less active than when they were younger.

20
 We use comparative adjectives to compare two (or more) things or people, and
superlative adjectives to distinguish one thing or person from a number of others.
Los Angeles is larger than San Francisco. (We use “than” to introduce a noun after a
comparative adjective.)
The Twin Towers Correctional Facility is the largest prison in the world.

Study the table below to see how comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are formed.

adjective comparative superlative

one syllable: weak adj +-er: weaker the + adj +-est: the weakest

one syllable ending in -e: nice adj + -r: nicer the + adj + -st: the nicest

one syllable ending in vowel adj with last consonant the + adjective + consonant
+ consonant: fit doubled + er: fitter doubled + -est: the fittest

two syllables ending in -y: adj -y +ier: happier the + adjective -y +iest: the
happy happiest

two or more syllables: more + adj: more exciting the most + adj: the most
exciting exciting

irregular: good, bad, far, better, worse, further/farther, the best, the worst, the
much/many, little more, less furthest/farthest, the most, the
least
The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are formed in the same way as those of
adjectives.
You need to check your work more carefully for spelling mistakes.
Edward finished the race the fastest, with a time of just 14.8 seconds.
We use less and least as the opposite of more and most. These words are used with all
adjectives including one syllable adjectives.
The homework was less difficult than I expected.
The tuna salad is the least expensive dish on the menu.

Special Rules
• One-syllable adjectives ending in -ed and the adjectives real, right and wrong form the
comparative and superlative with more and most.
I was more bored than I was on the flight to Sydney.
• Many two-syllable adjective ending in -ly, -y, -ow, -r and -l, and the adjectives common,
handsome, mature, pleasant, polite, simple, and stupid can have either more/most or -er/-
est:
The staff couldn’t have been more friendly (or friendlier).
Are people in the country more polite (or politer) than those in the city?

21
 • When we add a negative prefix to two-syllable adjectives ending in -y (e.g. happy- unhappy),
they can also take more/most or -er/-est.
He is the most unhappy man I’ve ever met. / He is the unhappiest man I’ve ever met.
• Comparatives can be made stronger by adding much, far, a lot, and significantly. Similarly,
they can be made weaker by adding a little, slightly, and a bit.
The figures for 2003 were significantly higher than those for the year 2000.
The number of women in higher education was slightly lower than the number of
men.

• Superlatives can be made stronger by adding by far and weaker by adding one of.
Fish are great pets, and goldfish is by far the most popular pet.
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with a comparative or superlative form, adding any words that
are needed.
1. England is too cold in the spring – let’s go to Spain where it’s ________________ (warm).
2. She comes top in all exams – she must be __________________ (intelligent) girl in the class.
3. Let’s buy this video – it doesn’t cost that much – it’s __________________ (cheap) the other one.
4. When I passed my driving test, it was the __________________ (good) day of my life.
5. Australia is much __________________ (far) from Europe than I thought.
6. I could hardly keep awake – it was __________________ (boring) film I’ve ever seen.
7. The rules of this game are too complicated. Can we play something __________________
(simple)?
8. She’s _______________ (lucky) person I know – she is always winning prizes in lotteries.
9. I have a __________________ (bad) headache today than I did yesterday.
10. She was the __________________ (interesting) person at the party, and I sat next to her all
evening. It was awful!

Other Comparative Patterns

(not) as ...as
• We can say that two things are equal by using as+adj+as.
The Spanish omelette is as expensive as the chicken salad. They both cost €7.99.
Warsaw is not as large as London. (London is larger.)

Exercise 2: Complete the text with the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives in
brackets. Don’t forget to add necessary words (the, than, more, most, as…as).

UK’s 1________ (happy) jobs

When it comes to happiness at work, hairdressers like their jobs 2 ________ (good), according to this
year’s City&Guild’s “Happiness Index”. Both hairdressers and beauty therapists attributed their
happiness to strong relationships with their colleagues. Misha was a secretary, and she’s now a beauty
therapist. “I love my job; it makes me feel 3________ (confident) about myself. When my clients go out
of the salon, they feel 4________ (pretty) before. Their smiles are 5________ (great) reward you can
get! I’ve never felt 6________ (health)!

On the other hand, secretaries/PAs/admin workers like their jobs 7________ (little). “Money can’t buy
you happiness.” certainly seems true with this study. It means that 8________ (poor) people are
9
________ (happy).

22
If we look 10________ (far) in the survey, we see that secretaries and administrators feel 11________
(little) satisfaction at work than plumbers. Let’s have a look at the teachers: they are 12________ (not
happy) electricians, but 13________ (joyful) waiters and waitresses. Julie is a waitress, and she thinks
that being a waitress is 14________ (bad) job you can find.

Exercise 3: Fill in each space with a word from the box. You may use the words more than once.

lot youngest eldest than expensive more

better most much the as less livelier

Cats, as we all know, are (0) much quieter than dogs and a 1) __________ smaller,
so when my wife and I were debating whether to buy our 2) __________ son a
pet, it seemed 3) __________ sensible to choose a kitten 4) __________ a puppy.
Our 5) __________ son, who is now sixteen, had a tortoise when he was little but
found it the 6) __________ boring pet on earth. At least, a kitten would do
7) __________ interesting things 8) __________ a tortoise.
However, the little spaniel we saw in one shop was, my wife said, 9) __________ cutest thing she had
ever seen. I didn’t argue because, although cats are not 10) __________ noisy as dogs, they are much
11) __________ entertaining. Dogs, they say, are also 12) __________ intelligent. Cats, like tortoises,
don’t do much: they tend to just sit around all day, looking as enigmatic 13) __________ a sphinx –
and just as dull. Dogs are much 14) __________, and we both felt young Edward would learn more
from a frisky little spaniel 15) __________ he would from any cat, so we both felt a dog would be a
16) __________ companion for him. Although cats are 17) __________ demanding and also less
18) __________ to look after, we thought that such a beautiful spaniel was worth it.

the +comparative ..., the +comparative ...

• To describe how a change in one thing causes a change in another, we can use two
comparative forms with ‘the’.
The younger you are, the easier you find it to learn things.
The more crowded the restaurant is, the slower the service gets.
The older I grew, the more interested I became in music.

Exercise 4: Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
1. The longer I waited, ________________________. (furious/ get)
2. The higher qualifications you have, __________________________. (good/ job opportunities/
have)
3. The more you eat, __________________________ you will be. (fat)
4. The more he waited, __________________________ he became. (impatient)
5. The more I got to know him, __________________________ I liked him. (much)
6. The warmer the weather, __________________________ I feel. (well)
7. The less Mary thinks about the problem, _______________________. (relaxed / feel)
8. The more electricity you use, __________________________. (high / bill/ be)
9. The better the car, __________________________ it will be. (fast)
10. The better the map, __________________________ your way. (easy/ find)

23
 comparative + and + comparative
• We can use this structure to describe how something increases or decreases in intensity.
The weather is getting warmer and warmer.
The lines are getting longer and longer.
• With long adjectives, repeat only more or less/fewer.

The use of social media is getting more and more popular.

As they travelled, Bonnie and Clyde became more and more daring.
Less and less money is spent on education by governments around the world.

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences using the ‘comparative + and + comparative’ structure with the
words in parentheses.
Example: She is becoming more and more nervous as the exam approaches. (nervous)

1. The fog is becoming ______________________________ . We must look for somewhere to spend

the night. (heavy)
2. I felt rather lonely when I went to live in another country, and as the days passed, it became
___________________ to be away from my homeland. (unbearable)
3. It was a bit cloudy when I got up in the morning, and I hoped it would clear up, but as the day went
on, the weather got ____________________. (bad)
4. The world is changing so rapidly that the generation gap between parents and children is getting
___________. (big)
5. With practice, driving in heavy traffic seemed to get _______________________. (easy)
6. As the planes landed one after another, the arrivals lounge became __________________ with
passengers. (crowded)
7. As the technology advances, people seem to do _________________________ housework. (little)
8. As he inspected the case more closely, it seemed to get _______________________
(complicated)
9. ___________________ people are migrating to cities from rural areas in the hope of better living
conditions. (many)
10. Due to the heavy traffic, we seem to waste ________________________ time going to and from
work. (much)

Exercise 6. Rewrite each sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.
1. Jill can run faster than Peter.
Peter __can’t run as fast as Jill_____.
2. I thought this journey would last longer than it did.
This journey didn’t ____________________________________________________ (long)
3. I didn’t arrive as early as I expected.
I arrived _____________________________________________________________ (than)
4. Mike’s essay wasn’t as bad as the others.
Mike’s essay _________________________________________________________ (the)
5. Martin thought the second part of the film was more interesting.
Martin didn’t think the first _____________________________________________ (as)
6. Paula’s work is less careful than before.
Paula has been working ________________________________________________ (less)
7. The ending of the film wasn’t as sentimental as I’d expected.
I’d expected the ending of the film to be __________________________________ (than)
8. Is this the best price you can offer?
Can’t you ___________________________________________________________ (a)

24
9.All the other members of the family are younger than Uncle Jacob.
Uncle Jacob ______________________________________________ of the family. (the)
10.These apples aren’t as tasty as the ones Lizzie bought.
The apples Lizzie bought _______________________________________________ (than)

Exercise 7. Restatement
Which of the following sentences best expresses the meaning in the given sentence?
1. The horse has made a greater contribution to civilization than any other animal.
A. No animal has played a larger role in man's social development than the horse.
B. Horses have been offering their assistance to man since the beginning of history.
C. Without horses, it is somewhat doubtful that civilization would ever have happened.
D. Civilizations flourished thanks to many animals that helped man, one of which was the horse.
2. The birth of the quintuplets in Ontario, Canada, made more money for the country's
government than their principal tourist attraction, Niagara Falls.
A. The birth of quintuplets in Ontario, Canada, cost the government more than their greatest tourist
attraction, Niagara Falls.
B. Quintuplets, who were born in Ontario, Canada, cost more to raise than the entire earnings from
tourists at Canada's premier attraction, Niagara Falls.
C. The Canadian government profited more from quintuplets born in Ontario than they did from
Niagara Falls, their main attraction for tourists.
D. More people visited the quintuplets, who were born in Ontario, Canada, than have ever visited
Canada's premier tourist trap, Niagara Falls.
3. Las Vegas is undeniably the most breathtaking city on earth.
A. The fact that Las Vegas is one of the most exhausting cities in the world is beyond doubt.
B. Indisputably, Las Vegas is more spectacular than any other city in the world.
C. It cannot be argued that Las Vegas is the most exceptional, world-famous city.
D. Of all the spectacular cities in America, Las Vegas is the most popular.
4. Windermere is England's largest lake, although tiny in comparison with Turkey's Lake Van.
A. Windermere is among England's biggest lakes, but it is not as big as Turkey's largest lake, Lake Van.
B. The biggest lake in England is Windermere, but when measured against Lake Van in Turkey, it is
extremely small.
C. England's Lake Windermere is a very big lake, even bigger than Turkey's largest lake, Lake Van.
D. Lake Van is Turkey's largest lake, and it is a little bigger than Lake Windermere in England.
5. Despite having extensive diamond deposits, no other country in the world is poorer than Sierra
Leone.
A. Sierra Leone is the poorest country in the world even though it has considerable diamond
reserves.
B. Sierra Leone's large diamond reserves haven't prevented it from being among the poor countries
of the world.
C. Sierra Leone was the poorest country in the world until large diamond deposits were found there.
D. If it didn't have large diamond mines, Sierra Leone would be the poorest country in the world.
6. The more washing you put in the dryer, the longer it takes to dry.
A. If you put too much washing in the dryer, it will take a very long time to dry.
B. The drying time increases with the amount of washing put into the machine.
C. Your washing is taking so long to dry because you put too much washing into the dryer.
D. Large loads of washing take longer to wash in a machine than smaller amounts.
7. The biggest problem we face is raising enough funds to continue.
A. We desperately need to raise more money if we want to proceed.
B. It's going to be extremely difficult to raise sufficient money to enable us to proceed.
C. Raising sufficient money to proceed is the greatest difficulty ahead of us.
D. We will have to raise a lot of money before we are able to proceed any further with our plans.

25
8. A warmer world means more floods and more droughts, and they will hit developing countries
the hardest.
A. Global warming causes such extremes as floods and droughts, which have already been seen in
some developing nations.
B. Global warming will cause both floods and droughts, but only in the developing nations of the
world.
C. Rising temperatures throughout the world have been the cause of both floods and drought, which
have affected developing nations lately.
D. A rise in world temperatures will cause both more flooding and more droughts, which will cause
the most devastation in developing nations.
9. Once every 133 years, the moon appears much brighter than normal due to its proximity to the
Sun.
A. When the moon comes close to the Sun, which happens at least once every 133 years, it appears
slightly brighter than normal.
B. In the next 133 years, the moon will shine extremely brightly because it will pass very close to the
Sun.
C. In 133 years' time, the moon will be extremely close to the Sun, and this will cause it to appear
very bright.
D. As a result of its being close to the Sun, the moon shines a lot brighter than usual every 133 years.
10. Regular exercise is one of the most effective methods of tackling stress and insomnia.
A. In some cases, sufferers of stress and sleeplessness can be helped by taking regular exercise.
B. The only way to beat stress and sleeplessness is to take exercise regularly.
C. The best method to relieve stress and sleeplessness is to start an exercise program.
D. One of the best ways to overcome stress and sleeplessness is to take regular exercise.
11. A fifteen-minute rest can be as energizing as sleeping for hours.
A. Relaxing for a quarter of an hour can refresh you as much as a long sleep.
B. A quarter of an hour's sleep should be enough for anyone to refresh.
C. A long sleep isn't always necessary and sometimes as little as a quarter of an hour's rest is enough.
D. Taking a fifteen-minute break can refresh you until you are able to get some proper sleep.
12. No species of insects is more resistant to radiation than the cockroach.
A. The cockroach has less resistance to radiation than other species.
B. The cockroach is the most radiation resistant insect on earth.
C. There are some other species that are more resistant to radiation than the cockroach.
D. Other species have as much resistance to radiation as the cockroach.

26
 WEEK 8
DEFINING and NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. Choose the correct words in italics. Sometimes more than one option is possible.

1
In Spain, drivers whose / who / that wear
glasses or contact lenses are required to have
additional pairs in their vehicles at all times.

3
2 th
9 November 1989 was the day The Glastonbury Festival,
on which / when / where the which / that /where is held
Berlin Wall fell. every June, is the largest
music festival in the world.

4
The Louvre Museum is the place
that / in which / where Leonardo
da Vinci’s masterpiece Mona Lisa
has been exhibited since 1804.

6
The early 1960s, when /
that / in which the Beatles
5
first started, was a very
Genghis Khan was a ruler of exciting time in popular
whom / whose / which his empire culture.
stretched from China to the
Middle East.

B. Underline all the relative clauses in the above sentences. Then, circle TRUE or FALSE for the
following statements.
1. Relative clauses describe or give extra information about something. TRUE / FALSE
2. We use relative pronouns like which, that, who, and where at the beginning of relative
clauses. TRUE / FALSE
3. The information in relative clauses is always essential for understanding the sentence.
TRUE / FALSE
4. Some relative clauses give additional information which is not essential for understanding.
TRUE / FALSE
5. Relative clauses that give additional information are called 'defining'. TRUE / FALSE
6. Relative clauses are always in the middle of a sentence. TRUE / FALSE

27
7. We can use exactly the same relative pronouns in defining and non-defining relative clauses.
TRUE / FALSE
8. The punctuation is different for defining and non-defining clauses. TRUE / FALSE

C. Let’s now analyze defining and non-defining clauses in more depth.

Defining Relative Clauses

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSION

who/that who/ whom / that whose
She’s the woman She’s the woman She’s the woman
PEOPLE
who/that lives next (who/whom/that) I saw on whose car was stolen
door. TV last night. last night.

which/that which / that whose

I don’t want a car This is the house (which/that) That’s the shop whose
THINGS / which/that breaks down we bought. windows were
ANIMALS all the time. smashed.
That’s the kind of dog Is this the kind of dog That’s the dog whose
which/ that makes a (which/that) you’d like to owner was arrested.
good pet. have?

If the relative pronoun is the object of the relative clause, it can be omitted.
Who is the author of the book (that) you recommended? (You recommended the book.)

ADVERB OF PLACE / TIME SUBJECT OBJECT

I like the house where I I like the house which has a I liked the house
PLACE was born. (I was born large garden. (It has a large which we saw
there.) garden.) yesterday. (We saw it
yesterday.)
1923 is the year when the 1923 is a year which has an Do you remember the
Republic of Turkey was important place in Turkish day which I told you?
TIME founded. (It was founded history. (It has an important (I told you that.)
then.) place.)

Relative pronouns “where” and “when” can be replaced by “preposition + which”. The
preposition can be used either before the relative pronoun or at the end of the sentence:
That’s the spot where the statue will be built.
at which the statue will be built.
which the statue will be built at.
That was the year (when) I graduated.
in which I graduated.
which I graduated in.
Relative pronouns “where” and “when” cannot be used with a preposition:
That is the hotel where we stayed in.

28
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct relative pronouns, and DECIDE IF THEY CAN BE
OMITTED.
1. We will meet in a park ___________ we can eat and drink something.
2. The body of a man ___________ jumped off the Severn Bridge has been found in the River Severn.
3. My village was a lovely place ___________ we used to spend our summer holidays.
4. I bought a new book ___________ cover attracted me very much.
5. 13 is the number ___________ people regard as unlucky.
6. My father bought me a bike ___________ had a nice color.
7. 1999 was the year ___________ a big earthquake happened.
8. At first, I couldn’t recognize my sister ___________ face was covered with mud.

Exercise 2. Combine the following sentences to make relative clauses.

1. He is a very talented man. He can play 5 different musical instruments.
______________________________________________________________________________.
2. A remote control is a device. People use it to change channels on TV.
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. They closed down the café. We used to go there at weekends.
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. We threw away the table. Its legs were broken.
______________________________________________________________________________.
5. We’ve recently moved to a new flat. Its rent is quite high.
______________________________________________________________________________.
6. We’ve recently moved to a new flat. It is in Oxford Street.
______________________________________________________________________________.
7. We’ve recently moved to a new flat. We’ll live there from now on.
______________________________________________________________________________.
8. We’ve sold our old flat to a doctor. He is working in the local hospital.
______________________________________________________________________________.
9. Why did you buy a house? It is so far away from the center.
______________________________________________________________________________.
10. A part of the plan was removed at our last meeting. I objected to it.
______________________________________________________________________________.
Exercise 3. Combine the sentences using “whose”.
1. She is the lady. Her house was broken into last week.
______________________________________________________________________________.
2. Is that the great country house? Its gardens have been opened to public.
______________________________________________________________________________.
3. We've booked our holiday with a company. Its tours combine hiking with luxury hotel
accommodation.
______________________________________________________________________________.
4. The man was her first husband. She still keeps his portrait above the fireplace.
______________________________________________________________________________.
5. The candidate won the election by a small margin. I am strongly opposed to his ideas.
______________________________________________________________________________.

Non- Defining Relative Clauses

A non-defining relative clause is the type of relative clause that provides additional information about a
noun/noun phrase in a sentence, but is not essential to understanding its meaning. Unlike defining
relative clauses, which are used to identify which particular person or thing is being referred to, non-
defining relative clauses simply provide extra information about something that has already been
identified/something that is already known.

29
 In non-defining relative clauses, “that” cannot be used as a pronoun because “that”
cannot be used after a comma “,”:
Colin told me about his new job, that he is enjoying very much.
,which he is enjoying very much.

The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in non-defining relative clauses even if it is the
object of the sentence:
Clare, who I work with, is running the London marathon this year.
Clare, I work with, is running he London marathon this year. (“who” cannot be omitted.)

Relative pronoun “which” can also refer to a whole sentence.

She got a rather low grade in the exam, which surprised me.

SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSION

PEOPLE who who/ whom whose
His wife Sarah, who is His wife Sarah, His wife, whose car was
French, speaks three who/whom I met in stolen, called the police.
languages. Paris, is French.

THINGS/ which which whose

ANIMALS
Her first book, which Her first book, which I Her first book, whose title I
was published in read last week, is can’t remember, has already
2011, is brilliant. sold thousands of copies.
brilliant.

ADVERB OF PLACE / SUBJECT OBJECT

TIME
PLACE where which which
Lyon, where I grew up, Lyon, which is located Lyon, which we visited last
is a big city. in France, is known as year, is a beautiful city. (We
the capital of visited it last year.)
gastronomy. (It is
known as the capital of
gastronomy.)

TIME when which which

December, when Christ December, which is my December, which I always
mas is celebrated, is a favorite month of the spend with my family, is a
summer month for the year, is a summer summer month in southern
southern hemisphere. month for southern hemisphere. (I spend it/this
(Christmas is celebrated hemisphere. (It is my month with my family.)
then.) favorite month.)

30
Exercise 4. Combine the two sentences using the second sentence as a non-defining relative
clause. Be careful to choose the correct relative pronouns, and put commas where necessary.
1. The police want to interview Robert Watson. He was driving a white van on the day of the murder.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
2. The Shire Café is more prestigious than the others in West Bromwich. It has just opened.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
3. Tina Larson is now a famous local musician. Maria gave her private lessons.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
4. The Wisteria Building no longer has flats for rent. We were hoping to move into this building.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
5. Harold never phones before visiting, and that is annoying.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
6. That's a painting of the Bodiam Castle. My uncle worked there as a cook in the 80s.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
7. I joined the company in 1995. I graduated from college then.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
8. The Svart Hotel is the world’s first energy-positive hotel. We stayed there for 3 nights last year.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
9. The island country Madagascar is located in the Indian Ocean. Many unique species such as lemurs
live there.
__________________________________________________________________________________.
10. 5th December 1934 is an important date for Turkish political history. Turkish women were granted
the right to run for office and vote then.
__________________________________________________________________________________.

Exercise 5. Restatement
Which of the following sentences best expresses the meaning in the given sentence?
1. In the 1500s, most people had one set of clothing which they never changed, which resulted in
many skin diseases.
A. Skin diseases were common in the 1500s because many people owned one set of clothing, which they
always wore.
B. Widespread skin diseases in the 1500s were a result of the style of clothing of that century, which
never changed.
C. Due to their poor clothing and severe skin problems, the 1500s was a period of time when nothing
changed for most people.
D. In the 1500s, almost everyone would wear the same clothes day after day to bring an end to skin
diseases.
2. A five-kilo dog which has eaten just 50 grams of chocolate could die due to stress to its heart.
A. Just 50 grams of chocolate leads to lots of stress on the heart of a five-kilo dog and could be fatal.
B. On account of stress to its heart, a five-kilo dog will die while eating just 50 grams of chocolate.
C. Consuming only 50 grams of chocolate has hardly any effect on the heart of a five-kilo dog.
D. As a five-kilo dog has lots of stress on its heart, only 50 grams of chocolate is likely to harm it.
3. Antibacterial soap is a cleaning product to which antibacterial ingredients have been added.
A. Including antibacterial ingredients in cleaning products has strengthened antibacterial soaps.
B. Containing antibacterial ingredients, antibacterial soaps are effective cleaning products.
C. A cleaning product that has antibacterial ingredients put in is called antibacterial soap.
D. Antibacterial ingredients which are in cleaning products are known as antibacterial soaps.
4. Six people were inside the bank which was set on fire by people taking part in the riots.
A. Six people who were rioting set fire to the bank in protest.
B. Six rioters involved in the arson attack were from the staff of the bank.
C. The bank was set on fire by six people who were taking part in a riot.
D. The bank which was set on fire by rioters had six people inside.

31
5. My mother-in-law has made an appointment with a chiropodist to ask about her foot, which has
been troubling her lately.
A. A chiropodist is treating my mother-in-law's foot, which has been unbearably painful for ages.
B. My mother-in-law should go and see a chiropodist about her foot because it has been very painful to
walk on lately.
C. My mother-in-law suggested that I arrange to visit a chiropodist about my foot, which has been quite
sore lately.
D. In order to find out what is wrong with her foot, from which she has been experiencing pain lately,
my mother-in-law has arranged to see a chiropodist.
6. Canaima is home to the yellow-banded poison dart frog, which is easily differentiated from other
species by its brightly-coloured body.
A. Canaima is the natural habitat of the yellow-banded poison dart frog, whose colours cannot be
detected easily by other animal species.
B. The natural habitat of the yellow-banded poison dart frog, whose brightly-coloured body enables us
to distinguish it easily from other animals, is in Canaima.
C. In Canaima, a yellow-banded dart frog that has a very different type of poison from other animals
became extinct.
D. Canaima, which is a yellow-banded poison dart frog, draws our attention with its different bright
colours on its body.
7. The brains of astronauts who have spent long periods of time in space can develop abnormalities.
A. Living in space for a long time causes astronauts to feel that their brains are abnormal.
B. Astronauts with abnormal developments in their brains can spend lots of time in space.
C. Abnormalities start in the brains of the astronauts long after they come back from space.
D. It’s possible for astronauts to have abnormalities in their brains if they stay in space for a long time.
8. A homeless man who was seen stealing a blanket from a shop was ignored by the shopkeeper.
A. An arrogant shopkeeper did not hesitate to call the police when he saw a homeless stealing a blanket
from his shop.
B. A homeless man who stole a blanket from a shop later requested to buy it, but his request was
rejected by the shopkeeper.
C. A shopkeeper acted as if he did not notice the homeless man stealing a blanket from his shop.
D. A homeless man who was caught stealing a blanket from a shop was badly insulted by the
shopkeeper.
9. Vivaldi was one of the few composers whose works were fully recognized during his lifetime.
A. Many composers, with the exception of Vivaldi, were highly respected even before their death.
B. Only a few of the works composed by Vivaldi were widely recognized during his own lifetime.
C. Vivaldi’s compositions were entirely appreciated in his lifetime unlike those of many composers.
D. Vivaldi was among the fortunate few composers who enjoyed full recognition and wealth during his
lifetime.
10. Yesterday, we visited the studios where many well-known movies were filmed.
A. A lot of famous movies were filmed in the studios that we visited yesterday.
B. We visited many well-known studios yesterday, but no movies were being filmed.
C. Visiting studios where many movies were filmed is a well-known activity which we did yesterday.
D. The famous studios which we visited yesterday can be seen in many movies.
11. The eye, which needs to be protected with great care, is one of our most delicate organs.
A. The eye is the organ which is so delicate that it needs the most care.
B. The most delicate of our organs is the eye; thus, it should be well-protected.
C. We should protect our eyes with great care as they are among the most delicate organs of our body.
D. The eye, which is one of our most delicate organs, requires special care and treatment in case of an
injury.

32
12. There are lots of women with AIDS in Africa, most of whose children suffer from the same disease.
A. Lots of women with AIDS in Africa are mostly the children of women who suffer from the same
disease.
B. The children whose mothers suffer from AIDS in Africa will probably have the same disease.
C. Lots of women in Africa have AIDS, and the majority of these women’s kids have AIDS, too.
D. There are countless women in Africa who carry the same amount of risk of the disease AIDS as their
kids.
13. The world’s longest fence, located in Australia, was erected to keep wild dogs away from sheep.
A. Despite finding another way to protect sheep from wild dogs, Australians built the world’s longest
fence.
B. While Australians were building the longest fence in the world, they didn’t let wild dogs eat their
sheep.
C. Wild dogs attacking their sheep kept the Australians from making a fence longer than any other in the
world.
D. In order to save their sheep from wild dogs, Australians constructed the world’s longest fence.
14. Foods rich in calcium should be included in your diet as they build up resistance to various
diseases.
A. It is a good idea to eat foods which contain high levels of calcium since they make you immune to
different illnesses.
B. Limiting your diet to foods with high levels of calcium does not keep you from getting sick.
C. Certain contagious diseases could be prevented by eating foods with high levels of calcium because
they increase your immunity.
D. Strengthening your immunity against a variety of diseases is possible only through including foods
with high levels of calcium in your diet.
15. Teens tend to have cell phones with a large variety of functions such as cameras or MP3 players,
while adults prefer simpler phones.
A. In contrast to adults who prefer to have phones which are less complex, teens choose phones which
can take pictures, play MP3 files and perform many other tasks.
B. Adults, who like phones which are easy to use, often criticize teens, who have a preference for
complicated phones containing things like cameras and MP3 players.
C. Teens, who have cell phones with diverse functions like MP3 players and cameras, don’t like adults,
who have basic models.
D. Teens, who demand phones that have cameras, MP3 players and many other features, prefer adults
with less advanced phones.

33
 ARTICLES
The United Nations is an international organization
founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51
countries committed to maintaining international peace
and security.
The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of
the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping,
conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance, there
are many other ways the UN affects our lives and
makes the world a better place. The UN works on a
broad range of fundamental issues in order to achieve
its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this
and future generations.

In 1907, an English soldier set up an organisation to educate boys,

particularly in outdoor pursuits. The soldier was Robert Baden-Powell,
who became Lord Baden-Powell, and the organisation was the
beginning of the World Scout Movement.

A. Read the information about two different organisations. Focus on the words in bold. Then, circle
TRUE or FALSE for the following sentences.

1. The definite article “the” can refer backwards in a text to something already mentioned.
TRUE / FALSE
2. When generalising about things, we usually use the plural form (for countable nouns) or
singular (uncountable nouns). TRUE / FALSE
3. We use a/an to introduce information that is not known to the listener/ reader. TRUE / FALSE
4. We use the definite article “the” when there is only one of it. TRUE / FALSE
5. We use the definite article “the” when we refer to one example of a group, e.g. a profession
or a species. TRUE / FALSE
B. Compare your answers with a partner. Then, analyze the table below for a more detailed
explanation.

a/an
• Use a/an with singular countable nouns when I want to buy a dress. (any dress)
talking about them in general.
• Use a/an when you mention a singular noun for There was a terrible storm last night.
the first time.
• Before jobs, use ‘a / an’. I'm a teacher. / My cousin is an engineer.
the
• Use ‘the’ when you refer to something that has The storm knocked down many trees in our
been mentioned before. neighborhood.
• Unique things have ‘the’. The Earth’s moon is a natural satellite.
The Sun was setting over the sea.

34
• Use ‘the’ with superlatives. Shanghai is the most crowded city.
It is the largest engineering project of its kind.

• Use ‘the’ before the names of geographical ‘The Baltic Sea’ , ‘The Pacific’ , ‘The Alps’, ‘The
features (rivers, deserts, mountain ranges, seas, Amazon’, ‘The Sahara’
oceans).
• Use ‘the’ if the country's name is plural or the The Republic of Turkey, The Philippines, The
name includes Republic, Kingdom, States etc. former Soviet Union
(!!!We don't use any articles if the country is (but → He lives in Taiwan.)
singular.)
• We use ‘the’ when we mean specific things or Did you like the coffee we had after dinner last
people. night? (but → Do you like strong black coffee?)

• We use ‘the’ before an adjective in order to refer Special schools must be founded for the disabled.
to a group of people. (disabled people)

• Theatres, cinemas, newspapers and hotels ‘The Hilton’, ‘The Rex’, ‘The Odeon’, ‘The
have ‘the’. Washington Post’

• Names with “of” usually have ‘the’. The Museum of Modern Art
The Great Wall of China
The University of Cambridge
but → Cambridge University (without “the”)

• Use ‘the’ for inventions, musical instruments, She plays the violin.
and dances. Thanks to the Internet, the world has become
smaller.
(!!! We use ‘a/an’ if we talk about any instrument The computer is the most important invention of
or invention.) our age.
(but → I bought him a computer as a birthday
present.)
No article
• With uncountable and plural countable nouns Fish live in water.
when talking about something in general.
• Continents, cities and towns don't have ‘Asia’, ‘Africa’, ‘Istanbul’
an article.
• Before abstract concepts, such as ‘love’, Happiness is enjoying the little things in life.
‘happiness’ and so on, or uncountable materials Water is becoming a scarce resource.
and substances, such as ‘coffee’, or ‘water’, there
are no articles. ‘by bus’, ‘by car’, ‘by train’, ‘by plane’
• with by + means of transport

Exercise 1. Add “a”, “an”, “the” or “—" where necessary.

1. One of ________ earliest official recognitions of ________ endangered species problem in

________ United States was ________ Buffalo Protection Act of 1894.

2. Diabetes is ________ disease which occurs when ________ body does not produce enough insulin
or when ________ body's cells cannot use ________ insulin that is available even if there is ________
sufficient amount.

35
3. I think I need some advice about where to put this painting. Should I put it on________ shelf above
________ fireplace, or hang it on ________ wall in ________ hall?

4. Look! Your old school friend is on ________ front page of ________ paper because she's won
________ medal at ________ Olympic Games.

5. ________ new salesman has already made ________ sale. He is either ________ extremely lucky
man, or he has ________ extensive experience in sales.

6. Lots of boats have sunk in ________ sea around ________ Bahamas, ________ group of 700
islands off ________ coast of America.

7. ________ gold is one of ________ most precious ________ metals in ________ world.

8. Some English politicians think ________ Euro is ________ important currency in business while
others are against joining it.

9. ________ eagles, which are among ________ rarest birds in ________ Britain, are more common
in ________ United States of America.

10. Because of ________ overwhelming heat at ________moment, ________ mayor has advised
________ elderly and ________ mothers with young children to stay indoors.

11. ________ Earth goes around ________ sun, and ________ moon goes around ________ earth.

12. I stayed in England for two months to learn ________ English, and ________ English people I met
there were all fond of black tea.

13. In many different countries around the world, ________ doctors are paid more than ________
teachers.

14. In England, there is an old story about a man called Robin Hood. It is said that he robbed
________ rich and gave the money to ________ poor.

15. Among the many different countries I have visited, ________ United States, ________ Italy,
________ Bahamas, ________ Brazil and ________ Dominican Republic were ________ most
interesting ones.

36
 WEEK 9
BE USED TO / GET USED TO
A. Study the definition below. Give examples of ecotourism.

ecotourism (noun): tourism directed towards exotic natural environments, intended to help the
environment and observe wildlife

B. You are going to read an article on ecotourism. Decide if the sentences below are TRUE or FALSE
and then check your answers.

1. Ecotourism is good for wild animals.

2. Ecotourism causes wild animals to relax around humans.
3. Ecotourism causes smaller wild animals to become less fearful of predators.
4. Birds that live in cities react very quickly when there is a danger.
5. Ecotourism creates a safe haven for smaller wild animals.
6. Humans can change the personality of animals.

Ecotourism harms wildlife because it 'domesticates' animals, says research

By winning the trust of animals, tourists unintentionally put wild animals in danger by
encouraging them to relax with other humans and natural predators.

The popularity of ecotourism is high as people 8 billion ecotourism trips take place around the
look for ways to get really close to exotic world each year. Apart from raising money for
wildlife. But while their dollars help pay for conservation and local communities,
conservation, these trips often do more harm ecotourism does have another benefit, says the
than good because they "domesticate" local report, which is based on an analysis of more
animals. And this is dangerous because there's than 100 studies into its effect on wildlife. The
more chance of being eaten, research says. presence of humans can keep away natural
predators. This creates a kind of safe haven for
By posing for photos, swimming with dolphins smaller animals.
and generally winning the trust of wild animals,
the animals relax with humans. And when they But do more relaxed and bolder behaviours
relax with humans, they relax around natural around humans put the animals at risk in the
predators – who may not be so friendly, the presence of their natural predators when there
study finds. are no humans present?

"When animals get used to feeling “We know that humans are able to change the
comfortable with humans, they may become personality of animals," says the report
more confident. If this confidence transfers to published in Trends in Ecology & Evolution.
real predators, then they will be killed."
Professor Blumstein says that ecotourism is "If animals get used to humans – particularly
similar to domesticating the animals. tourists – we might cause unexpected
changes, such as increased predation risk,"
Evidence has shown that urban foxes become they added. The scientists said more research is
less fearful because of regular interactions with needed.
people. Birds that live in cities are already
used to living near people, and they take more Article adapted from The Independent, by Tom Bowden, 09
October 2015
time to escape from danger, he says.

37
 be used to / get used to

Look at the sentences from the text and the rules below.

- When animals get used to feeling comfortable with humans, they may become more
confident.
- Birds that live in cities are already used to living near people.
- If animals get used to humans – particularly tourists – we might cause unexpected
changes.

• We use the structure be used to something / be used to doing something when we say
that something is normal for us, not strange or new.

• We use the structure get used to something / get used to doing something when we say
that something becomes normal for us.

We can use get used to in all tenses. Be used to is not used with perfect tenses or the continuous
form.
I hope I will get used to my new phone.
He is still getting used to working on a farm.
The children aren’t used to going out alone. That’s why they feel reluctant to go out now.
Beverly wasn’t used to wearing high-heeled shoes when she first started work.

The negative of get used to is often formed with can’t/couldn’t.

Cats sometimes can’t get used to a new home.
Jeremy couldn’t get used to being famous.

Exercise 1. Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

1. When I started to work here, I needed a lot of help, but now I am used to/get used to doing all the
work on my own.
2. He is used to/is getting used to reading several pages before sleep. He cannot fall asleep any other
way.
3. Don't worry, it's a simple program to use. You are used to/will get used to it in no time, I'm sure.
4. My work starts very early in the morning, and it has been this way for years. Therefore, I will get
used to/am used to getting up very early.
5. I'm afraid I was never used to/will never get used to living in this place. I simply don't like it, and I
am sure I never will.
6. I am used to/am getting used to sleeping on a hard and flat pillow. I cannot sleep on anything
else.
7. At first, the employees didn't like the new open-space office, but in the end, they got used to/are
used to it.
Exercise 2. Complete the sentences below with “be used to” or “get used to” in a suitable tense
and form.
1. When James moved to London, it took him a while to ________________ the rain.
2. I come from the countryside, so when I moved to the city, I just couldn’t ________________ the
fast pace of life.

38
3. They live in Canada. They ________________ hot weather.
4. Working with his wife was a bit strange at first. But after a while, he ________________ it.
5. Jerry is a barman. He ________________ going to bed late.
6. Adele ________________ eating spicy food. She’s been living in India for almost 20 years.
Exercise 3. Study the situations below and create a sentence using be/get used to + -ing.
1. Tony doesn’t feel tired after jogging for 30 minutes. He does it every day.
Tony _____________________________________________________________________________.
2. After a few months, it became normal for Grace to travel without her car.
After a few months, Grace ____________________________________________________________.
3. When Kate took her first driving lesson, she was very nervous.
Kate ______________________________________________________________________________.
4. Sam will work alone in his new job, but this will become normal for him.
Sam ______________________________________________________________________________.
5. At first, it was hard for Jason to live next to a noisy neighbour. But now it’s not a big deal for him.
Jason _____________________________________________________________________________.
6. When Mark started his new job, he had to get up very early. This was difficult for him.
When Mark started his new job, he _____________________________________________________.
Exercise 4. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of “be used to” or “get used to”. In some cases,
more than one answer is possible.
1. I have always had lessons in the afternoon and never in the morning, so I ____________________
(not/get up) so early.
2. Most teenagers nowadays _________________________ (send) text messages, but older people
don’t prefer them so much.
3. Helen loves living in the city today, but when she first moved here, she ______________________
(live) in such a noisy neighborhood.
4. My father has just bought a computer, so now instead of calling his clients, he is trying to
___________________ (send) emails.
5. Amy moved to Scotland only a few months ago, and she is trying to _________________________
(survive) in the cold weather.
6. When he started his new job as a postman, he found it very hard to _________________________
(walk) such long hours.
7. At first, people a. _____________________ (surf) the Internet, but everyone b. _________________
(use) the Internet after some time.
8. After the holidays, it takes me a week to _________________________ (get up) early again.

39
 INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
A. Work with a partner and discuss the reasons why people work.

B. You will now watch a video about the reasons why people work. Look at the list
below and tick the ones mentioned. (The video is here:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8hdWy_Y9oM)

People work ....

• for betterment of science and humanity.
• to have more control over their lives.
• to break records.
• for the positive atmosphere.
• to go higher up.
• for a sense of achievement.
• to meet new people.
• to feel good about themselves.
C. Analyse the sentences above and complete the rules regarding the use of “to” and “for”.

To say what the p_________ of an action is, or the reason why we do something, we can use to

+__________ and for + __________.

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE : to + verb

• Use “to + verb” to express the reason for doing Paul has stopped playing tennis to spend more
something. time with his family.
Kate phoned the station in order to find out the
“In order to” and “so as to” are used with the times of the trains.
same meaning as “to + verb”. It is important to use public transportation so as
to help reduce pollution.

• (In order) to can also come first. In order to reduce waste, you can recycle glass,
plastic, and paper.

• The negative is “in order not to” / “so as not I took a taxi in order not to be late.
to”.
He went to the shops to buy a shirt.
!!! “For” is also used to express purpose, but it is a He went to the shops for a shirt.
preposition and is followed by a noun phrase.

40
Exercise 1. Match the pairs of sentences. Then rewrite them using “in order to” or “in order not
to”.

1. The teacher tested the students.

2. He usually wears a hat.
3. I have taken out a loan.
4. He put the keys in his briefcase.
5. Andrew’s friends visited him.
6. Write this phone number down.
7. The doctor examined the patient.
8. They’re talking in whispers.

a. He doesn’t want to get sunburnt.

b. They wanted to congratulate him on his graduation.
c. He wanted to see if they remembered the things they had learnt.
d. You don’t want to forget it.
e. I want to buy a car.
f. They don’t want to wake up their little sister.
g. He didn’t want to lose them.
h. He wanted to find out what was wrong with him.
1. ______________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________

3. ______________________________________________________________________

4. ______________________________________________________________________

5. ______________________________________________________________________

6. ______________________________________________________________________

7. ______________________________________________________________________

8. ______________________________________________________________________

SO ... THAT / SUCH ... THAT

• We can use “so + adjective/adverb + (that)” to It was so cold (that) we all had to put on extra
explain the consequences or results of a situation. clothes.
The salad was so delicious (that) I asked for
more!

• We can also use “so” with much, little, many There was so much snow (that) they couldn’t get
and few (+noun). the car out.
Gary’s eaten so many apples (that) he feels sick
now.

• We can also use “such (a/an) + adjective + noun It was such an awful film (that) most people left
+ (that)” to express the consequences or results of before the end.
a situation.

41
Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with so, such, or such a/an.
1. I was _________ amusing film that I laughed all the way through.
2. She is _________ interesting person that I could spend hours talking to her.
3. I’m _________ hungry that I could eat anything for lunch.
4. It was _________ late when we got home that I didn’t have dinner.
5. They have got _________ fashionable furniture in their house that it is often photographed for
magazines.
Exercise 3. Complete each sentence using the words in brackets.
1. I had a lot of homework to do, so I couldn’t go out.
I had __________________________________________________________________________. (so)
2. It was very exciting news, and I couldn’t wait to tell everyone.
It was _______________________________________________________________________. (such)
3. His luggage was heavy. He decided to call a porter.
He had ______________________________________________________________________. (such)
4. He was sleeping soundly. We couldn’t wake him.
He was ________________________________________________________________________. (so)
5. Peter did a lot of work yesterday, so he has nothing to do today.
Peter did ____________________________________________________________________. (much)
6. She is a very clever girl, and her parents are very proud of her.
She is _______________________________________________________________________. (such)
Exercise 4. Join the sentences below using “so…that” or “such…that”.
1. The country has a high level of unemployment. Many of its citizens have to work overseas to
support their relatives back home.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. Some countries are very dangerous. People risk their lives to go to safer places.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Employers’ expectations are very high. Many people cannot match the criteria.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. The USA has good economic prospects. It has the highest population of immigrants in the world.
__________________________________________________________________________________

42
 ENOUGH
• In positive sentences, “enough” is used to say We have got enough apples to last until January.
that we have the right amount of something while We don’t have enough money to pay the bills.
in negative sentences it is used to say we do not
have as much of something as we need.

• We use “enough” BEFORE nouns. I am afraid we haven’t got enough milk.

•We use “enough” AFTER adjectives and adverbs. This car isn’t comfortable enough, and the other
one doesn’t go fast enough.

• A phrase with “enough” can continue with “an This bike is light enough to carry as hand
infinitive”. baggage.
I haven’t got enough space to pack my hairdryer.

TOO
• We use “too” to mean more than enough or I want a simple camera. This one has too many
when we have more of something than we need. buttons.

• We use “too” BEFORE an adjective or adverb. It’s only 6 o’clock. It is too early to go to bed.

•We use “too much”, “too many”, “too few”, and We bought too much paint.
“too little” BEFORE a noun.

• A phrase with “too” can continue with “an It’s too hot to sit in the sun.
infinitive”. It’s too hot for me to sit in the sun.
It can also take “for + a noun/pronoun”.
I am too short to touch the ceiling.
• “too+adj” and “not+adj+enough” mean the I am not tall enough to touch the ceiling.
same thing.

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences using “TOO” or “ENOUGH” with the words in brackets.
e.g. I couldn’t work. I ___was too tired_____. (tired)
1. Can you turn the radio down, please? It ____________________________. (loud)
2. I don’t want to walk home. It ____________________________. (far)
3. Don’t buy anything in that shop. It ____________________________. (expensive)
4. You can’t put all your things in this bag. It ____________________________. (big)
5. Your work needs to be better. It ____________________________. (good)
6. I can’t talk to you now. I ____________________________. (busy)
7. I thought the film was boring. It ____________________________. (long)

43
Exercise 6. Rewrite the sentences using an infinitive after too + adjective.
e.g. Susan can’t go to school because she is too young. Susan is too young to go to school.
1. Mr. Cook is old. He can’t drive anymore.
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Robert is short. He can’t touch the ceiling.
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Susie doesn’t want to go to the party because she is tired.
___________________________________________________________________________
4. I’m full. I can’t eat another sandwich.
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Sam didn’t go to the zoo because he was very busy.
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 7. Rewrite the sentences using “too + adj + for smo + to infinitive” and “not +adj +enough+
for smo + to infinitive”.
e.g. Bob can’t lift the box because it is very heavy.
The box is too heavy for Bob to lift. / The box is not light enough for Bob to lift.
1. Mrs. Rivers can’t swallow the pill. It’s very big.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. We can’t go swimming because the weather is very cold.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. I can’t buy this book. It is too expensive.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Nick cannot study in the dorm because it is very noisy.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

44
 WEEK 10
ZERO CONDITIONALS

ZERO CONDITIONALS
• It is used to talk about scientific facts or If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
personal routines / habits that are always true. If you freeze water, it becomes solid.
If there is something good on TV, I usually stay
in and watch it.

• The Present Simple is used both in the “if” and If I eat too much, I get stomachache.
“result” clauses.

• In zero conditionals, “if” or “when” can be When you freeze water, it becomes solid.
used with little or no change in meaning. When there is something good on TV, I usually
stay in and watch it.
Exercise 1. Match the sentence beginnings with their endings.

1. If the milk smells bad, a. it produces magnesium oxide.

2. Most things expand b. it lasts longer.
3. When magnesium burns in oxygen, c. I don’t drink it.
4. If the weather is bad, d. you get static electric.
5. If you touch a live wire, e. you get an electric shock.
6. Green plants can’t survive f. if you heat them.
7. When a bicycle speeds up, g. it is more difficult to stop.
8. If you put food in a fridge, h. when there is no light.
9. If you rub a balloon with a cloth, i. people don’t prefer going out.
10. If you fill a balloon with hydrogen, j. it floats in the air.

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences using the Zero Conditional and the verbs in brackets.
1. When she _______________ (be) upset, she _______________ (go) to her friends for advice.
2. If I _______________(feel) lazy, I _______________ (sit) on my sofa and watch TV.
3. He _______________ (not/feel) energized if he _______________ (not/work) out every morning.
4. If instructions _______________ (not/be) clear, I _______________ (get) confused.
5. If I _______________(be) nervous before a presentation, I _______________ (breathe) and
remind myself to calm down.
6. If my mum _______________ (be) stressed, she _______________(do) yoga for an hour.

Exercise 3. Work with a partner and ask and answer “What do you do if ...?” questions using the
Zero Conditional.
What do you do if .......
..... you receive bad service in a restaurant?
..... you don’t understand your teacher?
..... you need to borrow some money?
..... the Internet goes down?
..... you feel hungry in the middle of the night?

45
 WEEK 11
NOUN CLAUSES
A. Analyze the clauses in bold.

A professor of psychology at New York University studied why some

very good students often fail exams. Professor Iris Fodor conducted
research on the anxiety of some students before taking exams.
Professor Fodor stated that many students fail exams because they
become extremely nervous and cannot think logically. Furthermore,
although they have studied, they wonder whether they will be
successful or not. Extremely nervous students forget everything they have studied, and some even
become sick before a test. Dr. Fodor says how a student feels before a test is very important. She
worked with fifty students and taught them how they could reduce their test anxiety and perform
well on their exams. She found out that the students in the program were able to cope with their
anxieties better.
Adapted from http://www.englishforums.com

A noun clause is a group of words that act together as a noun.

I don’t know her address. I don’t know where she lives. (object of the sentence)
noun noun clause

Her address is unknown. Where she lives is unknown. (subject of the sentence)
noun noun clause

THREE TYPES OF NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause can start with

that a question word whether / if

Noun Clauses Beginning with That

A. Underline the noun clauses in the following dialogue.

Darren and Caroline are talking at work. Darren is Caroline’s boss.

Darren : Caroline, I’m very happy that you accepted the position of team leader.
Caroline : Thank you. I just hope that I do well.
Darren : Oh, I’m sure that you will. I believe that you’re perfect for this job.
Caroline : Do you think that the staff will respond to me positively as a team leader? After all, I
am quite a bit younger than most of them.
Darren : Oh, I wouldn’t worry too much about it. I expect that some of them will be a bit
unfriendly to you at first, but they’ll soon get used to the fact that you’re the boss. It’s
important that you appear confident in your position, even if you don’t feel very
confident. Don’t forget that you got this position at your age because you’re good.
Caroline : Well, I hope that I will live up to your expectations of me. I will certainly try.

46
B. That clauses often follow verbs or nouns. Find and circle these words that come before each
noun clause in the dialogue between Darren and Caroline.

For a statement of a fact or an idea, the word that is used to introduce the noun clause.

Statement Noun clause (Object position) Noun clause (Subject

position)
She doesn't like pop music. It is surprising (that) she doesn't That she doesn’t like pop
like pop music. music is really surprising for
me.
He committed the crime. Everybody knows (that) he That he committed the
committed the crime. crime is obvious.
You have made good I’m pleased (that) you have That you have made good
progress in English. made good progress in English. progress in English pleases
me.
Watch out! Watch Out!
- “that” can be omitted (left out) - “that” cannot be omitted
in object position. in subject position.
- Using noun clauses in the
subject position is formal.

“that” clauses are used commonly after:

“be” : The result is (that) nobody is satisfied with the program.
The truth is (that) I do not get on well with my flatmate.
“some verbs” : The teacher claims (that) he cheated during the exam.
He never admits (that) he has made a mistake.
“some adjectives”: It is very surprising (that) she passed the driving test.
I'm glad (that) you helped me with the housework.
“some nouns” : It's a wonder (that) she survived the accident.
Have you heard the rumor (that) the famous athlete was murdered?
“the fact” : The fact that she couldn't pass the exam disappointed us.
I am not responsible for the fact that we lost the contract.

WATCH OUT!
If the ‘that’ clause follows a preposition, THE FACT THAT is used instead of THAT. ‘That’ in ‘the
fact that’ CANNOT be omitted.
I am not responsible for that we lost the contract. (because of the preposition!)

Exercise 1. Underline the noun clauses in the following sentences.

1. That James isn't feeling well is obvious.
2. It is unfortunate that Sarah won't be able to attend the ceremony.
3. That the doctor gave you the wrong prescription is unlikely.
4. That the little boy survived the plane crash is a miracle.
5. It surprises me that Rosa didn't finish the project on time.
6. It is clear that no one will pass this class without additional help from the teacher.

47
Exercise 2. Combine the following sentences to make noun clauses.
1. He is still alive. It is a miracle.
Object : __________________________________________________________________________.
Subject : __________________________________________________________________________.
2. Pollution affects the quality of our lives. That is obvious.
Object : __________________________________________________________________________.
Subject : __________________________________________________________________________.
3. No one claimed the prize. It was surprising.
Object : __________________________________________________________________________.
Subject : __________________________________________________________________________.
4. He will try everything to achieve his goal. I know that.
Object : __________________________________________________________________________.
Subject : __________________________________________________________________ is obvious.
5. The concert was crowded. I was surprised by that.
Object : __________________________________________________________________________.
Subject : __________________________________________________________________________.

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences using your own words.

1. Turkish people believe that _______________________________________________________.
2. I'll never forget that _____________________________________________________________.
3. It is a well-known fact that ________________________________________________________.
4. __________________________________________________________ was really disappointing.
5. _________________________________________________________ affected the world greatly.

Noun Clauses Beginning with Question Words

Question words such as when, where, why, how, who/whom, what, which, and whose can introduce
a noun clause.

Question Noun clause (Object position) Noun clause (Subject

position)
Who is coming to the party I don't know who is coming to Who is coming to the party
tomorrow? the party tomorrow. tomorrow is not certain yet.
When did he leave the Nobody knows when he left When he left the country is
country? the country. still unknown.
Where are they going on We don’t know where they are Where they are going on
holiday? going on holiday. holiday is not known.
What is happening in that Reporters want to know what What is happening in that
country? is happening in that country. country interests reporters.
Why did they choose him as I have no idea why they chose Why they chose him as the
the new chairman? him as the new chairman. new chairman is a mystery.
How much has the It’s surprising how much the How much the population
population increased? population has increased. has increased surprised
everyone.

48
 Watch Out!
In noun clauses with question words
● do not use question word order. Instead, use positive/negative statement word order.
Nobody knows when did he leave the country. → Nobody knows when he left the country.
● do not use “do, does or did”.
● do not omit question words.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences below using noun clauses.

1. Why is there an ambulance outside Peter’s house?
I wonder _______________________________________________________________________.
2. How can she take on another part-time job at the moment?
I don’t know ____________________________________________________________________.
3. How long will it take us to get there?
I would like to know ______________________________________________________________.
4. What is the advantage of this new product?
The salesman will explain __________________________________________________________.
5. Which bank does Jerry work at?
I have forgotten _________________________________________________________________.
6. Where did he find his glasses?
He refuses to tell me _____________________________________________________________.
7. Which of these reports belongs to Shelia?
I need to know ___________________________________________________________________.
8. What was he trying to conceal with his lies?
____________________________________________________________________ is not certain.
9. How far will my new car travel on a full tank of petrol?
Can you guess ___________________________________________________________________?
10. How does she manage to be in debt although she earns such a high salary?
___________________________________________________________________ is unbelievable.

Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether or If

When a yes/no question is changed into a noun clause, whether or if is used to introduce the clause.
Question : Is she coming to the party?
Noun Clause : I wonder whether she is coming to the party or not.
whether or not she is coming to the party.
whether she is coming to the party.
if she is coming to the party or not.
if she is coming to the party. (object of the sentence)

Noun Clause : Whether she is coming to the party or not isn't certain yet.
Whether or not she is coming to the party isn't certain yet.
Whether she is coming to the party isn't certain yet. (subject of the sentence)
If she is coming to the party isn't certain yet. “if” cannot be used in subject position.

Watch Out!
‘If’ is not used
- after “be” : My worry is whether he has considered all the risks.
- after prepositions : Her success depends on whether she is determined or not.

49
Exercise 5. Complete the sentences using noun clauses.
1. Is she an effective worker?
I’m not sure _______________________________________________________________________.
2. Should I accept the offer and go abroad?
I don’t know _______________________________________________________________________.
3. Is Pat feeling better today?
I wonder __________________________________________________________________________.
4. Does the bus stop here?
Sam wants to know _________________________________________________________________.
5. Is there life on other planets?
_______________________________________________________________________ is not certain.
6. Has Steve moved to Qatar?
_______________________________________________________________________ concerns me.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions below.

• Can you give some examples of questions children ask?
• Do you know any questions which cannot be answered?
Watch the video and write any three questions the speaker asks. (The link for the
video is here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9vnuaPGxrg )
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Now turn your questions to noun clauses.
As a boy, the speaker wondered ________________________________________________________
He wanted to know __________________________________________________________________
He wasn’t sure ______________________________________________________________________
Exercise 7. Rewrite the questions with noun clauses. Begin all responses with “I wonder”.
Example: Can we understand good without evil?
I wonder whether (or not) we can understand good without evil (or not). Or I wonder if we can understand
good without evil (or not).
1. Do guns protect people or kill people?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Will I ever be who I want to become?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Is true beauty subjective or objective?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. Is it more important to be respected than be liked?
____________________________________________________________________________
5. Does an ideal government exist?
____________________________________________________________________________

50
Noun Clauses with -ever Words
-ever words give the idea of ‘any’ or ‘...doesn’t matter who, which, where, when, how ...’ and
can be used either as the subject or object of a sentence.

Give these clothes to whoever needs them.

whoever
Give these clothes to anyone who needs them.
whomever [who(m)ever + sentence]
I think I have the freedom to talk to whoever /whomever I like.
Whoever/whomever I spoke to said that they didn't like the party.
He always says whatever comes into his mind.
whatever
He always says anything that comes into his mind.
There are four good programs on TV at eight o’clock.
whichever
We can watch whichever program (whichever one) you prefer.
You may leave whenever you wish.
whenever
You can leave at any time that you wish.
She can go wherever she wants to go.
wherever
She can go anyplace that she wants to go.
The students can dress however they please.
however
The students can dress in any way that they please.

Watch Out!
I don’t want to interfere in your choice about the furniture; however (but), I prefer modern style.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences by using "-ever" words.
1. You are welcome to come and stay with us ____________________ you like.
2. I'd like to speak to __________________ is in charge of sales.
3. __________________ you do, don't forget to call me as soon as you arrive.
4. It comes in three colours; choose __________________ you prefer.
5. A: What do you want to do on Saturday? B: I don't mind - _________________ you like!
6. He always makes friends quickly __________________ he goes.
7. __________________ borrowed the scissors should return them as quickly as possible.
8. The teacher says I don't participate enough, but _______________ I try to speak, someone
interrupts me!
9. There is no entrance fee; you give _________________ you can afford.
10. It takes three hours _________________ route you take.
11. I don’t know what you should do about the problem. Do ____________ seems best to you.
12. There are five flights to Chicago every day. We can take ______________ one fits in best with your
schedule.
13. I want you to be honest. I hope you feel free to say __________ is in your mind.
14. Irene does ___________ she wants to do, goes ___________ she wants to go, gets up __________
she wants, makes friends with ___________ she meets, and dresses _______________ she pleases.

51
Exercise 8. Restatement
Which of the following sentences best expresses the meaning in the given sentence?
1. That schools ought to offer environment-awareness courses immediately seems to be an inevitable
course of action to the Environmental Protection Agency.
A) The Environmental Protection Agency thinks that schools should protect the environment.
B) According to the Environmental Protection Agency, schools should teach courses about how to protect the
environment as soon as possible.
C) The Environmental Protection Agency feels that schools are in no position to offer courses on environmental
protection.
D) The Environmental Protection Agency seems to be forcing schools to offer courses on environment-awareness.
2. It is impossible that you finished writing such a long composition in just an hour.
A) It can't have taken you just an hour to write a composition this long.
B) The longer the composition, the more time it takes.
C) You can't possibly finish writing a long composition in just an hour.
D) You should have taken more time to write this composition.
3. It is possible that it will be more difficult to convince the two sides than you think.
A) What made you think that the two sides might easily reach an agreement?
B) To persuade the two sides for an agreement may not be so easy as you imagine.
C) It won't be so difficult as you think to convince the two sides to reach an agreement.
D) There might have been trouble as the two sides didn’t agree on the case.
4. Why this car broke down on the mountain will probably remain a mystery forever.
A) It appears that it will take a very short time to prove why this car broke down on the mountain.
B) The reason for the breakdown of the car has to be discovered.
C) It isn't yet clear why such a breakdown of the car on a mountain top took place.
D) It is likely that the reason for the breakdown of this car on the mountain will never be known.
5. He should face the fact that he'll never be as great a pianist as his father.
A) The father is a wonderful pianist, but the son shows even more promise than his father.
B) The father is a great pianist, and the son is hoping to be at least his equal in the future.
C) I don't think he'll ever admit that his father is the greatest pianist in the family.
D) It is good for him to accept the fact that he’s not the equal of his father as a pianist and never will be.
6. He really doesn’t mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good.
A) It is the money that interests him, not his employer.
B) With him, it is the money that matters, not the type of work.
C) To his way of thinking, the job should be well-paid.
D) He is the kind of person who will do anything for money.
7. My teachers had always told me that studying to be a doctor would be hard, but I didn’t believe
them until I experienced it myself.
A) Not believing my teachers who told me that studying medicine was difficult, I decided to do it anyway.
B) That studying to be a doctor would be difficult was hard to believe until my teachers told me.
C) It wasn’t until I started to study medicine that I realized that my teachers who had told me it would be
difficult were right.
D) Despite believing that studying medicine was hard, my teachers told me I should experience it myself.
8. When he asked which one I wanted, I said that I didn't mind.
A) He said I could choose between the two, but I said it didn't matter to me.
B) He said that I had to choose, but I didn't want to.
C) It was up to me to choose between the two, but I really didn't want to.
D) He wanted me to choose for him, and I agreed to do so.
9. In the United States, some schools require that students wear uniforms, but most of them don’t.
A) In most schools in the United States, students mustn’t wear uniforms.
B) In the United States, it is common for students to wear uniforms to school, but some schools don’t
care.

52
C) Many schools in the United States generally say that students don’t have to wear uniforms.
D) Students at some schools in the United States don’t have to wear uniforms, but most students do.
10. Over the years, researchers have learned a lot about how and why cancer forms.
A) Through their research into cancer, scientists have finally discovered the causes of the disease and
suggested various forms of treatment.
B) For many years, scientists have carried out much research into different types of cancer, and they are now
able to discuss them fully.
C) It has taken a long time for scientists to find out about various kinds of cancer and suggest different
methods of treatment.
D) Researchers who are involved in cancer research have, over time, come to know much about the ways and
causes of the disease’s development.

53
 QUANTIFIERS
A. In pairs, answer the questions.

1. Have you ever had a part-time job? If yes, what was it like?
2. Do you think students should be encouraged to work part time?
3. What are the pros and cons of having a part-time job as a student?
B. Below is an extract taken from a teenage forum. Which comment(s) do you agree with and
why?

Haylee 15 My mum is telling me to get a job and earn a bit of money — but I don't want
to. What do you think?
Kris01 Many teenagers in my class have a job, but it's not just for the money. Even just
working a few hours a week will help you grow up!

worriedmum My teenage son always wants the latest clothes, games, and music. It costs a lot
of money. How many clothes does one person need? He has a part-time job,
but he has very little time to see his friends. I think it's a shame.

sisterT I work at a restaurant every Saturday. But my boss often asks me to work a
couple of evenings too, perhaps Thursday and Friday. I can't work and study at
the same time — it's too much for me.

2368 Only a few teenagers don't work these days, but you're right Haylee. You need
plenty of time to do your homework, and you need to get enough sleep.
Teenagers who work a lot will not do well in their exams.

C. Look at the underlined quantifiers in the extract and decide whether the statements below are
TRUE or FALSE.

1. “Little” is used with uncountable nouns, and it has a positive meaning like some or enough.
TRUE / FALSE
2. “Too much” has the same meaning with “a lot of”. TRUE / FALSE
3. “A bit of” can be used instead of “a couple of”. TRUE / FALSE
4. “A few”, “a couple of” and “a bit of” are quantifiers expressing a small quantity. TRUE / FALSE

D. Now, study the grammar box below and check your answers to Part C.

PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

“a few” and “(very) few” “a little” and “(very) little”

“A few” has a positive meaning like “A little” has a positive meaning like some
some or enough. or enough.
- All she wanted was a few moments on - She saves a little money every month.
her own. (some, a small number) (some, a small amount)
small
quantities “Few” has a negative meaning, like not “Little” has a negative meaning, like not as
as much as may be expected or wished much as may be expected or wished for.
for. - They had little money to spend.
- She had few moments on her own. (not much, almost nothing)
(not many, almost none)

54
 “a small/limited number of” “a small/limited amount of”
- A small number of supporters came to - You only need a very small amount of
the match. The stadium was nearly half cement to mix with the sand.
empty.
“a couple of” has the same meaning as “a bit of” is used to express a slight but not
“a few”. a serious amount of something.
- I have a couple of things to do now. - Maria's put on a bit of weight, hasn't she?
“Hardly any” is used to give the “hardly any”
meaning of “almost no”. - There is hardly any milk for the baby. Why
- There were hardly any people don’t you go and get some?
yesterday, so the meeting was
postponed to a further date.
“some” “some”
- We had some friends round for dinner - I've just had some chocolate.
on Saturday.

“some of” is used before the definite “some of”

article (the), demonstratives (this, that), - Some of the information in the book was
medium pronouns (you, us) or possessives (my, simply wrong.
quantities your).
- I wasn’t sure about some of the
answers.
“enough” “enough”
- I don’t have enough eggs to bake a - There was enough food for about ten
cake. people.
“Several” expresses an amount that is
not exact but is fewer than many. ---
- It took several hours to clear the road
after the accident.
“lots of”, “a lot of”, “plenty of” “lots of”, “a lot of”, “plenty of”
- There are lots of advertisements for - I found a lot of information on the
accommodation in the paper. Internet.
- Don’t worry. There are plenty of - Well, we’ve got plenty of rice. How about
options. risotto?
“Many” is usually used in questions and “Much” is usually used in questions and
negatives. In affirmative sentences, it is negatives. In affirmative sentences, it is
used in more formal styles. used in more formal styles.
- There aren’t many women priests. - Is there much unemployment in that
- Have you read many books in French? area?
large
- Many politicians have suffered at the - It was pouring with rain but there wasn’t
quantities hands of the popular press. (formal) much wind.
- There is much concern about drug
addiction in the US.
“Too many” is used to mean more than “Too much” is used to mean more than
necessary. necessary.
- There are too many cars on the road. - I bought too much food. We had to throw
More people should use public some of it away.
transport.
“a large number of”, “a good many” “a great / good deal of”, “a large amount
- There were a good many/ a large of”
number of people there. - A good deal of research has been done
already.
- A large amount of effort has been spent
on the project.

55
 “all” “all”
- All tickets cost 25 pounds. - All information about the new product is
confidential.
“All of” is used before personal
pronouns (us, them) or demonstrative “All of”
pronouns (this, that, these, those). - All of this has to go out into the rubbish
- All of these workers were given a pay- bin.
rise at the end of the year.
everything “Each” and “every” are used to mean
“all”. ---
- There was a party in every street.
(There were parties in all the streets.)
- Each child was given a prize. (All the
children were given a prize.)
“Both” is used to refer to two things or
people together. ---
- Both those chairs are occupied, I’m
afraid.
(The two chairs are occupied.)
“no” “no”
- There are no pockets in these trousers. - There's no butter left.
“Any” is used before nouns to refer to “any”
indefinite or unknown quantities or an - Did you bring any bread?
unlimited entity. It is mostly used in - Call 0800675-437 for any information
negative and question sentences. about the courses.
- There aren’t any biscuits left. They’ve
eaten them all.
nothing - Mr. Jacobson refused to answer any
questions.
“None” can be used as a pronoun to “None” can be used as a pronoun to
replace countable nouns to mean “not replace uncountable nouns to mean “not
one”. any”.
- My mother had two brothers. My father - A: How much money do you have?
had none. B: None.

“None of” is used before the definite “none of”

article (the), demonstratives (this, that), - It doesn’t matter. None of it was your
possessives (my, your) or pronouns. fault.
- None of his old friends knew what had
happened to him.
Exercise 1. Underline the best option.
1. There is hardly any / too much milk left, so we’ll have to buy some more.
2. I don’t think there is enough / plenty of salt in the soup; it does not taste nice.
3. You don’t have to hurry. There’s lots of /much time.
4. There’s only a little / a few paint left. Do you think it will be enough?
5. Can you wait a minute? There are a few / few things I have to do before I leave.
6. We need to find a larger room for the lecture. Enough / Too many people have turned up.
7. A large number / Too many people are being taken in by fraudsters on the Internet.

56
8. I have to work with the window closed on such a hot day because there is a lot / too much noise
outside.
9. A large amount of / A good many money raised by the charity has been donated to Somalia.
10. The current government has done few / little to alleviate the suffering of the poor.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
1. _______ children need the support of their parents in order to lead a happy and secure life.
a. Each b. Most of c. All d. A great deal of
2. My son doesn’t want to become a doctor because it takes _______ of time and study.
a. a great many b. a great deal c. too much d. hardly any
3. Do you think the police have collected _______ evidence to convict him?
a. enough b. so many c. several d. a few
4. There is _______ need to worry about your exam as I am sure you have done _______ revision.
a. some / none of b. much / very few c.no / plenty of d. none / lots of
5. We were _______ given a text of the same length, but the context was different in _______ text.
a. some / any b. every / some c. all / each d. each / all
Exercise 3. Complete the travel brochure. Use few, a few, little, or a little.

Very few people live on these small islands. In the summer, 1. ________ tourists come to enjoy the
peace and quiet, but very 2. ______ people visit the island in the winter. The islanders earn 3. ______
money from tourism, but they earn more from farming and fishing.
Getting there is difficult: you have to go in a small plane, and you can take very 4. ______ luggage –
just one small bag. But when you do get there, it is an amazing experience. You are in a place which
has 5. ______ contact with the outside world: no televisions, Internet, or mobile phones. There are no
cars or buses – only 6. ______ bikes. There are no cinemas or theatres, of course, but there are
7. ______ cafes and restaurants.
Exercise 4. Underline the correct answer.

Our new house is in a small street, not far from the town centre. I haven’t taken 1. no / any photos
of the house yet, but I’ll send you some soon. My room isn’t very big, but there’s 2. enough / much
room for my furniture.
Our part of town’s lively, but there are 3. too much / too many cars. There’s a nice park near us – it’s
got 4. plenty of / too many trees and a little lake. I spend 5. several / a bit of hours a week there. It’s
a beautiful place.
I’d love to come back and see you and everyone soon, but I haven’t got 6. too much / enough money
at the moment. With 7. a bit of / much luck and 8. several / a lot of hard work (!), I’ll be there in
December.
Exercise 5. Rewrite the sentences with the same meaning using the word in brackets.
1. There’s too little time to finish now. (not)
___________________________________________________________________________
2. All of my answers were right. (wrong)
___________________________________________________________________________

57
3. There isn’t any money in your wallet. (is)
___________________________________________________________________________
4. There weren’t many customers this morning. (very)
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Hundreds of people were queuing at the front entrance. (large)
___________________________________________________________________________
6. There wasn’t much snow last night. (any)
___________________________________________________________________________
7. A lot of money has been spent on this project. (amount)
___________________________________________________________________________
8. There are hardly any taxis at this time of the night. (very)
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 6. Restatement
Which of the following sentences best expresses the meaning in the given sentence?
1. You have plenty of time to finish the exam since it will go on until 12 o’clock.
A) Because the exam ends at 12, you have little time to complete it.
B) You have lots of time to finish the exam, which will be ending after 12.
C) There is not much time for you to take the exam because it will already have finished by 12.
D) You don’t have to complete your exam before 12, so you have more than enough time to do that.
2. Though many claims are made, relatively little is known about the health effects of peppery
foods.
A) There are many theories regarding how peppery foods affect health but few definite facts.
B) Most researchers doubt that peppery foods have beneficial health effects despite the many
positive claims.
C) A large amount of research has failed to reveal much useful knowledge of the health effects of
peppery foods.
D) It is uncertain whether it is worth investigating the useful effects peppery foods may have on
health.
3. Eating plenty of “fatty fish” such as salmon and tuna while limiting red meat provides the body
with the healthy fats it needs.
A) Being careful to eat only a little “fatty fish” like salmon and tuna and just a small amount of red
meat still gives your body enough of the healthy fats.
B) A diet with a great deal of “fatty fish” like salmon and tuna but a small amount of red meat
supplies the body with the necessary healthy fats.
C) The body can get all the healthy fats it needs with very little “fatty fish” such as salmon and tuna
and small amounts of red meat.
D) A number of meals with “fatty fish” such as salmon and tuna and red meat are necessary to
guarantee the body has the healthy fats it needs.
4. Researchers have recently found a link between genes and obesity, but only in a small number
of people.
A) Few people are obese on account of genetic factors according to newly released research.
B) Recent research shows that very few people see the link between their obesity and their genes.
C) Current research showing genetic causes for obesity has only been noticed by a few people.
D) Lately a few researchers have become aware of the connection between people’s genetic make-
up and obesity.

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5. Savannas are habitats characterized by a great deal of grass vegetation and the absence of
forests or thick tree stands.
A) No forests and very few trees are found in places called savannas which are covered with grass
plant life.
B) The main characteristic of savannas is that grass regularly grows taller than trees on them.
C) Savannas, where grass vegetation is widespread, are known to have been covered with vast
forests with huge trees once.
D) Lack of forests and rain in a habitat indicates the fact that the place is a savanna dominated by
grass vegetation.
6. Although private higher education has existed for many years in most countries, not long ago
just a small number of students preferred this type of education.
A) While private universities have long been found in many nations, they were attracting few
students only a short time ago.
B) Private universities would be better known if they had been present in more places for a longer
time.
C) Despite their long history all over the world, private universities still fail to have a significant effect
on university life.
D) Hardly any private universities managed to appeal to top students in spite of being part of the
world of higher education for years and years.
7. Having served on trade or naval ships, many men turned to piracy due to the great wealth they
could gain.
A) A large number of men who had made a great deal of money as pirates would later work on
trading and military ships.
B) The majority of pirates were very wealthy because of all the money they had made while working
on trading ships or in the navy.
C) A lot of men who worked on other types of ships, like commercial or military ships, had to work
on pirate ships, where they could make a lot of money.
D) Many sailors preferred working on pirate ships rather than the trade or military ships they had
previously worked on because they could make lots of money.
8. Little is known about Precambrian time despite its making up roughly seven-eighths of
the Earth's history, and what is known has largely been discovered in the past 50 years.
A) Although scientists have tried hard to discover the facts about Precambrian time for the last 50
years, we do not have much information about it.
B) In the past 50 years, we have learnt a great deal of information about Precambrian time, which
forms about seven-eighths of the Earth's history.
C) Most of the information we have about Precambrian time, which forms most of the Earth’s
history, has been found out in the past 50 years, but it is still very limited.
D) The first time Precambrian time was studied was 50 years ago; for that reason, we do not have
enough information although it is very important for the Earth's history.
9. In Wolong Panda Reserve, two pandas died as a result of the earthquake, but fortunately most
of the others escaped injury.
A) Since pandas in Wolong Panda Reserve are threatened by earthquakes, we must move most of
them to another place to prevent their possible injury or death.
B) Tragically, all of the pandas, except two of them, died or were injured due to the earthquake in
Wolong Panda Reserve.
C) The earthquake caused the loss of two pandas in Wolong Panda Reserve, yet most of them were
lucky enough not to get injured.
D) Despite the efforts to save the pandas from the earthquake, none of the pandas, except a couple,
in Wolong Panda Reserve could be saved.

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 WEEK 12
WISH CLAUSES

A WISH ABOUT THE PRESENT

A. Read the diary entry and answer the questions.

Dear Diary,
I feel really unhappy! First of all, I hate going to bed early on school days. I wish I could stay up late
every night without worrying about waking up early for school. What is worse, my parents are so strict.
They have rules about every single thing in my life. I wish they would let me have more freedom to
hang out with my friends without always checking up on me. But they never leave me alone!

Whenever I ask my parents for a bigger allowance, they say “no”. I wish I could have more money so
that I could buy more clothes and accessories. My phone is rubbish. I wish I had a better phone with
the latest features and technology because I love posting on social media. Finally, my siblings and I
never get along. I wish we never fought and had a good relationship. Sometimes I feel like no one in
my household is happy. I wish we were one of those poster families with happy faces and big smiles.
Unfortunately, we are not.
1. Can she stay up late on school nights? YES / NO
2. Do her parents give her the freedom she wants? YES / NO
3. Does she have a good phone? YES / NO
4. Does she fight with her siblings? YES / NO
5. Are they a poster family? YES / NO

WISH / IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS

We use this structure when we want to say that we would like something to be different in the
present.

I wish / If only I was/were tall. (= but I’m not.)

I wish / If only I was/were going on holiday with you. (= but I’m not.)
Harry wishes his brother was/were here. (= but he isn’t.)
I wish / If only I didn’t have to take the train to work every day. (= but I have to.)
- We use wish / if only + could to talk about things we are unable to do.
I wish / If only I could speak French as well. (= but I can’t.)
I wish / If only I could run faster. (= but I can’t)
I wish / If only I could drive. (= but I can’t)

Exercise 1. Vicky feels exhausted these days. Make sentences about her wishes.
She is too tired. → She wishes she had more energy. / If only she had more energy.
1. She is very busy at work.
____________________________________________________________.
2. She often gets headaches.
____________________________________________________________.
3. She has problems with her family.
____________________________________________________________.
4. She can’t concentrate.
____________________________________________________________.
5. Life is so complicated.
____________________________________________________________.

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A WISH WITH “WOULD”

What do you see in the picture? How does the girl feel?

She wishes / If only her husband wouldn’t watch so much football.

WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD

This structure is used:
a. for a polite imperative.
b. to express our desire for a change in a situation or someone’s behaviour.

You never listen to me carefully. → I wish / If only you would listen to me carefully.
He always gives me too much work. → I wish / If only he wouldn’t give me so much work.
She keeps interrupting me. → I wish / If only she wouldn’t interrupt me while I am
talking.
Exercise 2. Answer these questions in pairs. Then express your wishes.

1. What annoys you about where you live now?

_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What annoys you most about living at home with your family?
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. What annoying habits does your best friend have?
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the most annoying thing about your partner?
_______________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given in parentheses.
1. I wish you ____________________ (stop) pulling your sister's hair, Johnny. How would you like it if
she pulled yours?
2. I wish I ____________________ (can / take) the children to the park, but it is pouring down with
rain.
3. Abra and Nike and their children are refugees from Sudan. Sometimes, they wish they
____________________ (be) back in their beautiful country, but most of all, they wish that the civil
war there ____________________ (end) soon.
4. If only I ____________________ (have) darker skin, then I could sunbathe without getting burnt so
easily.
5. At this very moment, I wish I _______________ (eat) grilled salmon and _________________
(drink) champagne at a luxurious hotel by the sea.
Exercise 4. Write sentences with “I WISH” and “IF ONLY”.
1. Ayşe isn’t here.
I wish _________________________________________________________.
2. She lives in Istanbul, and she hates it.
She wishes _____________________________________________________.
3. He can’t give up smoking.
If only _________________________________________________________.

61
4. I’m not on a beautiful sunny beach, and that’s a pity.
If only __________________________________________________________.
5. They don’t know anything about cars, and their car has just broken down.
They wish _______________________________________________________.
6. She has to work tomorrow, but she’d like to stay in bed.
She wishes _______________________________________________________.
7. My brother doesn’t keep his room tidy, and it is really annoying.
I wish ____________________________________________________________.
8. Mary often plays the piano in the middle of the night. Her neighbors are highly annoyed by this.
Mary’s neighbors wish _________________________________________________.
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1. I wish I knew (know) how to cook. I always eat out because I am a terrible cook.
2. If only I ___________________ (be) older, then I could have a driving license.
3. I wish I ___________________ (can / remember) where that book is.
4. Tony wishes he ___________________ (go) to Paris with his brother, but he has to work.
Exercise 6. Write WISHES as shown in the example.
1. Your friend is listening to music with the volume up, you cannot concentrate.
You say: I wish you would turn down the volume.
2. It’s very dark outside, and you can’t find your torch.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________.
3. You are looking at a beautiful flower. You don’t know what it is called.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________.
4. It’s raining outside, and you want it to stop.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________.
5. You are having a party, but nobody has come yet.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________
6. You have short, straight hair. You would like long, curly hair.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________
7. It is Christmas Day and it doesn’t look like it is going to snow.
You say: ___________________________________________________________________________.

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 A WISH ABOUT THE PAST
A. Read Robert’s regrets in life.
I wish I had taken better care of my health when I was younger. I didn’t exercise regularly or eat healthy
foods, and now I'm dealing with health issues. Also, I wish I had saved more money when I was in my
twenties. I had plenty of opportunities to put money away, but I always found something else to spend
it on. Now that I'm older, I regret not having more financial security. Additionally, I wish I had pursued
my passion for music more seriously. I used to love playing the piano and singing, but I stopped
practicing and performing after college. If I had kept it up, who knows where my musical talents might
have taken me? Finally, I wish I had spent more time with my family when I was living closer to them.
I took for granted that we could see each other anytime, but now that I live far away, I miss them
terribly. If only I had made more of an effort to visit and spend time with them and created more
meaningful memories.
1. Did Robert take good care of his health? YES / NO
2. Did he save enough money when he was young? YES / NO
3. Did he pursue a career in music? YES / NO
4. Did he spend enough time with his family? YES / NO

WISH/IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT

We use this structure to express regret about something that happened or didn’t happen in the
past.

I wish I had taken your advice. (= but I didn’t take it.)

If only I had bought those shoes we saw yesterday. (= but I didn’t buy them.)
I wish/If only I had studied harder for the exam. (= but I didn’t study.)
She wishes she hadn’t married at such a young age. (= but she did.)

Exercise 7. What are your regrets when you think back on your life? Make a list of three regrets and
talk to your partner about them.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 8. Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs given in parentheses.
1. I wish my son ____________________ (enter) the painting competition as, in my opinion, his
paintings are just as good as the winner's.

63
2. He was offered two jobs at the same time — one in administration and one in teaching. He took the
administrative position, but he is really bored now and wishes he ____________________ (take) the
teaching position.
3. Look at those trousers in the window! They are lovely, aren't they? I wish I ____________________
(not spend) so much on this blouse because now I don’t have enough money to buy the trousers.
4. I ignored my doctor’s orders and stopped taking my medication, which caused me to get even worse.
If only I ____________________ (follow) her advice.
Exercise 9. Write what these people wish they HAD or HADN’T DONE as shown in the example.

1. John drove his car so fast that he had an accident.

John says: I wish I hadn’t driven my car so fast.

2. Julie was late, and she missed the beginning of the film.
Julie says: ___________________________________________________________________

3. Jack ate too much, and he was sick.

Jack says: ___________________________________________________________________

4. Claire was very nervous during her driving test, and she didn’t pass.
Claire says: __________________________________________________________________

5. Susan didn’t take off her gold ring when she went swimming, and she lost it in the sea.
Susan says: __________________________________________________________________

6. Jack spent all his money on books last week. Now he hasn’t got enough money.
Jack says: ____________________________________________________________________

7. We didn’t buy the concert tickets when they first went on sale, and now they are sold out.
We say: _____________________________________________________________________

8. You stayed up late last night, and today you’re very tired.
You say: _____________________________________________________________________

9. You have just left your house and left the keys inside.
You say: _____________________________________________________________________

10. It didn’t snow on Christmas day.

You say: _____________________________________________________________________

Exercise 10. Put each verb into the correct form.

1. This train journey seems endless. I wish we (have) _____________ a car.
2. I wish the government (do) _____________ something about the pollution here.
3. I’m getting really soaked! I wish I (not leave) _____________ my umbrella at home.
4. I wish you (not leave) _____________ your dirty shoes in your bedroom!
5. I wish you (not do) _____________ that! It’s a really annoying habit.
6. I wish I (study) _____________ harder for my exams. I’m not going to pass.

64
7. I like my job as a salesman, but sometimes I wish I (sell) _____________ something a bit more
interesting than those clips.
8. I wish you (attend) _____________ the family reunion yesterday, Grandma. Everyone would have
liked to see you.
9. I liked the second house we saw best, but I wish it (not, situate) _____________ next to a stadium.
10. I wish they (promote) _____________ me. I'm sure I could do a better job than the new manager,
who doesn't know anything about interior design.
11. You say you wish you (can, move) _____________ to Canada, but I'm sure you would change your
mind if you knew just how cold it gets there in winter.
12. The man sitting at the next table keeps blowing cigarette smoke in my face, and it is really getting
on my nerves. I wish he (not smoke) _____________ here.
Exercise 11. Restatement
Which of the following sentences best expresses the meaning in the given sentence?
1. I wish I had learnt French when I was at high school.
A. If only I could learn French at high school.
B. If I had learnt French at high school, I would be regretful now.
C. I regret not learning French at high school.
D. I want to learn French when I start high school.
2. I wish my friend wouldn’t spend so much of his time on the Internet.
A. My friend would have been happier if he had spent less of his time on the Internet.
B. I’d rather my friend did other things than waste his time on the Internet.
C. Spending more time on the Internet may not be beneficial to my friend.
D. I think my friend should have spent less of his time on the Internet.
3. It is hard to believe, but now that I have finally retired, I wish I had more to do.
A. It is not easy to believe that I used to have to do such a lot before I retired.
B. I have a funny feeling that I should have more to do even though I am no longer working.
C. I cannot believe that I am retired again although I have so little to do.
D. Surprisingly, after starting my retirement at last, I am not enjoying having so little to do.
4. I wish you had called me from the station to inform me that you were on your way home; I
would have picked you up.
A. If you call me from the station when you are going home, I will pick you up.
B. I won’t pick you up from the station unless you phone me to inform that you are coming home.
C. If only you had phoned me from the station to tell me that you were coming home; then I would
have come to give you a ride.
D. If you had phoned me from the station, I wouldn’t have waited for you at home.
5. Some former US soldiers regret not being merciful towards the Viet people.
A. The Viet people wish former US soldiers had been gracious towards them.
B. If some US soldiers hadn’t been forgiving towards the Viet people, they would regret it now.
C. A few US soldiers are sorry for the fact that they weren’t generous enough to meet the Viet
people’s needs.
D. Several former US soldiers wish they had been kind and forgiving towards the Vietnamese.
6. At this precise moment, I wish I had never enrolled on this Celtic Myth course.
A. Right now, I regret my decision to take this Celtic Myth course.
B. Ever since I enrolled on this Celtic Myth course, I have been regretting it.
C. If only Celtic Myth didn't form part of this literature course.
D. If it had not been compulsory, I wouldn't have taken a Celtic Myth course.

65
7. She wishes that she had been polite to her boss this morning.
A. As usual, she wasn't very polite to the boss this morning.
B. Generally, she is polite to her boss, but this morning she was a bit rude.
C. The remarks her boss made to her this morning were unfair.
D. She was rude to her boss this morning, and now she regrets it.
8. Saying they should have done more research, more than one-third of people regret buying their
latest car.
A. Over a third of car purchases are made by people who would do more research if they had time.
B. Over a third of recent car-buyers wish they had done more research and purchased a different
car.
C. If they did more research, more than one-third of people would be considering a more recently
made car.
D. If they had done more research, more than a third of new car-buyers would have bought a more
expensive vehicle.
9. I wish I had supernatural powers that could eliminate all evil from the earth.
A. If I had supernatural powers, I'd first eradicate all the bad things from the earth.
B. There are so many bad things on the earth that I can't help wishing I had some supernatural
powers.
C. If only I possessed supernatural powers which could eradicate all evil from the earth.
D. I wish I could eliminate all the evil things from the earth, but I need some supernatural powers for
that.
10. I wish my parents had told me the truth about their plans.
A. I should have told my parents a long time ago that I would like to know about their plans.
B. My parents regretted that they have been unable to tell me the truth about their plans.
C. My parents didn’t tell me the truth about their plans, but I would rather they had.
D. While I was talking to my parents about their plans, I realized they were not telling me the truth.

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 WEEK 13
PRESENT MODALS OF DEDUCTION
A. Answer the questions according to the text.
1. Why is it good to do puzzles?
2. What are the different things people
may see in the puzzle picture?

The brain, just like the body, needs exercise.

Some scientists say that doing puzzles may help
you to think more clearly. Puzzles could also
improve your memory, especially as you get
older. One puzzle a year may not make much
difference, but doing one every day might even
prevent mental illness.

Sudoku are puzzles which are very popular in

Japan, the UK, and the USA. In this example,
each row, column and box should contain each
of the shapes only once.

This blue
square can’t Now, look at this puzzle picture. What do you
be a .
see? It might be a woman’s face. She might be
The green looking down. It could be a man’s face. He
one must could be looking over his shoulder. Turn the
be a . picture on its side and you may not see a
picture any more – you may see a word
instead.

B. Examine the highlighted modal verbs in the text above. Then, put them in the correct places on
the scale below.

might can’t could must may

IMPOSSIBLE POSSIBLE CERTAIN

1. 2. 5.
___________ ___________ ___________
3.
___________
4.
___________

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 MODALS OF PRESENT DEDUCTION
may/might/could It is possible that - Don’t call him. He could be asleep.
something is true in the - She looks pale. She may be sick.
may not/might not future or in the present. - Ali is not coming to the cinema with us.
He might not have the money for it, or
he may not be in the mood.
We are almost sure that - Mike must be at home because the lights
must something is true in the are on.
future or in the present. - They live in a big house. They must earn a
lot of money.

can’t We are almost sure that - He can’t be a professor. He is only 24

something is impossible in years old.
the future or in the
present.

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS OF DEDUCTION

must - Where is your sister? She must be
studying in her room. She has an exam
may/might/could tomorrow.
may not/might not + be Ving
- Look! Isn’t that Elif going up Bahariye
Street? Where may/might/could she be
can’t going in such a hurry?
- She looks very worried. She can’t be lying
about her mom’s health.
Exercise 1. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.
1. Dennis said he was going to the airport today to pick up his friend, but he _______ be there right
now. I just saw him outside.
a. might b. can’t c. could d. must
2. A: Ebru has just been accepted to the Erasmus program.
B: She _______ be excited. I know she really wants to study abroad next year.
a. could b. might c. must d. can’t
3. Glen's wife is Japanese. There is a picture of a young Japanese woman on his desk. That _______
be his wife.
a. can’t b. may c. must d. could
4. I wonder why Mary and Fred are late. They _______ know how to get here.
a. mustn’t b. might not c. don’t d. may
5. Alex wanted to get the promotion very much, but he didn't. He _______ disappointed.
a. must be b. might be c. may be d. can’t be
6. This assignment is far more difficult than I expected it would be. I _______ finish it on time.
a. may not b. don’t c. mustn’t d. couldn’t

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7. James was up all night writing a paper for his philosophy class. He is falling asleep in class today.
He _______ be exhausted.
a. could b. might c. can d. must
Exercise 2. Rewrite the sentences below using the words given in brackets.
1. That woman drives a very expensive car. I’m sure she has a lot of money. (MUST)
_______________________________________________________________
2. This bill is definitely not right! 300 TL for two cups of coffee! (CAN’T)
_______________________________________________________________
3. Why is that man looking around like that? He is definitely lost. (MUST)
_______________________________________________________________
4. You’ve already eaten enough for three people! You are definitely not hungry anymore! (CAN’T)
_______________________________________________________________
5. There is a possibility that this cup of hot milk will help me sleep. (MAY)
_______________________________________________________________
6. There are some weird lights in the sky tonight; perhaps they are the Aurora borealis. (MAY)
_______________________________________________________________
7. I’m certain this is John’s car. See, his blue backpack is lying in the back seat. (MUST)
_______________________________________________________________
8. Julie certainly doesn’t have much money, or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
(CAN’T)
________________________________________________________________
9. I’m possibly interested in going to the cinema tonight. I like the film you want to see, but I’m not
sure I have enough money. (COULD)
________________________________________________________________
10. It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That certainly isn’t correct! (CAN’T)
________________________________________________________________
11. It’s possible that vitamin tablets are not the best thing for your health. (MAY)
________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with modal verbs and the correct form of the words in
brackets.
1.The lights are on in your friend’s house, but she isn’t answering the door.
A. She ______________________________________ (watch/favourite show). It’s on now.
B. She ______________________________________ (sleep/now). It’s 7 pm and she never goes to
bed before midnight.
2. You wake up in the middle of the night. You hear a strange noise.

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A. It ______________________________________ (be/burglar). All the doors and windows in the
house are locked.
B. My cat ______________________________________ (run) up and down the stairs. He’s full of
energy at night.
3. The witness who is answering the judge’s questions seems very nervous, and he’s speaking very
quietly.
A. He ______________________________________ (feel/guilty).
B. He ______________________________________ (tell/truth). Otherwise, he wouldn’t be so
nervous.
4. You see a neighbour driving a very expensive car.
A. She ______________________________________ (have/very good job) and a high salary.
B. This ______________________________________ (be/own/car). I saw her this morning in a
different car.

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