Everything You Need to Know About Distribution Boards

The Heart of Your Electrical System

se.com./uk
Contents

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs)

and best practice - Considerations
for selection and
erection

1 2 3 4 5

RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion

Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and Devices (AFDDs)
erection

6 7 8 9 10
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Introduction
Whether you are rewiring the simplest of domestic properties or a large
commercial unit, the heart of an electrical installation, is without doubt
the fuse board, or to give it its proper name, distribution board (DB). In
domestic properties such boards are more commonly referred to as
consumer units (CCUs).

Regardless of the name, the evolution of the fuse board over the years
has seen a progression from a straightforward device for isolating
power with crude but effective fuse wire systems, to the modern unit
crammed with highly complex electronic equipment and a plethora of
protective devices.
An old three-phase fuse Rewireable fuses replaced BS3036 rewireable fuses
This e-book considers the regulations that relate to the selection of board. Many of these old with BS EN 60898 plug- common in domestic
suitable DBs, how to choose appropriate protective devices and looks boards contain asbestos in cartridges. An earlier properties. Customers
so take care. version of push button often replaced fuse wire
at installation methods required to ensure your installations meet and type BS 3871s also with the wrong CSA
exceed the minimum regulatory requirements. existed. replacement wire.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Regulations
Statutory requirements laid out in the Electricity at industrial jobs may require multiple boards as well
Work Regulations 1989 must be met when selecting as consideration for selecting equipment capable
and installing a DB. Installations which conform of coping with larger cable cross-sectional areas,
to the standards laid down in BS 7671:2018 are bigger fault currents and larger current loads.
regarded by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Regulation 132.8 requires designers to select
as likely to achieve conformity with the relevant parts protective devices that will protect against the
of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 and thus effects of overload, fault current, overvoltage and
we begin by considering some of the pertinent undervoltage and 132.10 requires provision of
regulations. disconnecting devices to permit switching and/
or isolation of the electrical installation, circuits
Regulation 132.3 is a sensible starting point and or individual items of equipment as required for
requires the designer to consider the nature of operation, inspection, testing, fault detection,
demand such that they may determine the number maintenance and repair. 132.12 requires DBs to
and type of circuits required for lighting, heating, be accessible with sufficient space for the initial Spot the consumer unit. There it is,
power, control signalling, communication, information installation and later replacement of individual under the fire.

technology and so on. At a domestic level this items of electrical equipment, operation, inspection,
may require a single board, but commercial/ testing, fault detection, maintenance and repair.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Chapter 34 further backs this up, requiring an in January 2016, Regulation 421.1.201 BS 7671
assessment to be made of the frequency and quality was introduced. This regulation requires CCUs in
of maintenance reasonably expected. Domestic domestic (household) premises to comply with
electricians often fall victim to CCUs being located BS EN 61439-3 and be constructed from non-
in the most inaccessible of spaces such as under combustible material or be enclosed in a cabinet or
the stairs or in kitchen units and, wherever possible, enclosure constructed of non-combustible material
a replacement board should address the issues of and complying with Regulation 132.12. This is
access. Compliance with Chapter 34, BS 7671 will generally achieved by manufacturers constructing
also help to ensure that Regulation 15, Electricity at such equipment out of steel. This regulation does
Plastic consumer units allow the
spread of fire with molten burning Work Regulations 1989 is met, which legislates for the not, however, require installers to immediately swap
plastics dropping onto the floor requirement for working space, access and adequate the older plastic type boards, nor does it prohibit the
and, in this property, setting alight
Christmas presents and stored lighting. addition of new circuits, but an understanding of the
flammable materials. risks will enable clients to make an informed decision
Historically there have been numerous fires in domestic about planned work.
properties that have originated at the CCU. Given the
lack of public awareness about the need for regular Section 314 BS 7671 deals with the division of an
inspection and testing of electrical installations, installation and clearly this will impact our choice of
and the location of many CCUs being hidden away DB. In particular it is important to assess whether or
under wooden staircases in cupboards stacked with not danger will arise from inadequate separation of
flammable products, whilst electrical demand and loads circuits or indeed inconvenience which may arise in
have increased in many homes, it is really no surprise the event of a fault. This can often cause problems
that such catastrophes occur. As a consequence, for domestic installations where poorly designed

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

installations incorporating split load boards may result in avoidable loss RCDs may also be required for additional protection and 415.1.1
of power. specifies that RCDs with a rated residual operating current (I∆n) up to
30mA provide additional protection for AC systems in the event that
Section 314 also requires that each final circuit be connected to a basic and/or fault protection fails, or against carelessness by the end
separate way in a DB. The designer will need to consider the best way user. Of course, 415.1.2 states that the use of RCDs is not recognised as
to separate circuits. A problem that often arises in the domestic market a sole means of protection and does not obviate the need to apply one
occurs when a customer with an already fully populated board wishes of the protective measures specified in Sections 411 to 414.
to add an additional circuit. The regulation does not necessarily prohibit
the combining of two similar separate circuits (such as two small radial Socket circuits will generally require RCD additional protection in
socket circuits) into one suitable protective device, in order to free up a accordance with 411.3.3 and the 18th Edition BS 7671 introduced the
way in the CCU, but this may only be done where combination makes requirement for domestic lighting circuits to likewise be protected by
sense and the new circuit meets with relevant design criteria. RCDs with a rated residual operating current not exceeding 30mA. Part
7 – Special Installations or Locations – may also confer requirements for
Fault protection will often be achieved by automatic disconnection of the use of RCDs.
supply (ADS) and the designer will need to consider coordination of
such devices to ensure compliance with earth fault loop impedance Where walls comprising metal partitions are used, the requirements of
values such that disconnection will occur within the maximum times given 522.6.203 will need to be met and this is most commonly achieved by the
in 411.3.2.2, 411.3.2.3 or 411.3.2.4. RCDs may also be used to achieve use of RCDs compliant with 415.1.1. Regulation 522.6.20 also requires
fault protection, as is commonly the case in TT systems where earth loop that cables installed in a wall or partition at a depth of less than 50 mm
impedances are high and Regulation 411.4.204 directs designers to from a surface of the wall or partition are installed in zones and in the
table 41.5 to select suitable nominal ratings. absence of the extra protection outlined in regulation 522.6.204, an RCD
compliant with 415.1.1 should be selected.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

When selecting RCDs, the designer will need to is rated at a lower value. In domestic properties the
consider Regulation 531.3.2 to avoid unwanted size of the fuse is normally unknown but no bigger
tripping by careful sub division of circuits and than 100A. A straightforward solution, therefore,
limiting protective conductor currents and earth is to select RCCBs and switches rated at 100A.
leakage to no more than 30% of the rated residual Where devices are used with lower ratings it will
operating current. need to be established that the main service fuse
is sized accordingly or, where 80A or 63A rated
A common oversight is the requirement to provide devices are utilised, a designer can ensure that the
overload protection for RCCBs and switches, which loads attached will not exceed the rated value. For
do not provide overcurrent protection in accordance example, an RCCB supplying 4 x 6A devices will not
with Regulation 536.4.3.2. Furthermore, Regulation overload a 63A rated device. However, any spare
536.4.203 states that overload protection shall not ways will need to be considered in case additional
solely be based on the use of diversity factors circuits are added at a later stage, bringing the
of the downstream circuits. To achieve overload demand over the rated value of the device.
protection of RCCBs or switches, the rated current
of the OCPD shall be selected according to the A further complication is covered by Regulation
manufacturer’s instructions. In the case of RCBOs 531.3.3, which states that different types of RCD
this is not a problem since overcurrent protection is exist and, depending on their behaviour in the
provided. However, with main switches and RCCBs presence of DC components and frequencies, an
where lower rated units are selected (e.g., 63A or appropriate RCD should be selected.
80A), care needs to be taken to ensure that the main
service fuse (or a fuse downstream commercially) Protection against overvoltage is covered in Section

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

443 and the use of surge protective devices recommends arc fault detection devices
should generally be applied in both domestic (AFDDs) conforming to BS EN 62606 as a
and commercial sectors. 443.4 lists four means of providing additional protection
occasions where surge protection should be against fire caused by arc faults in AC final
used in the commercial sector and it is highly circuits. It recommends that such devices be
unlikely that at least one of these bullet points used in:
will not apply. For domestic designs, the
regulation simply states that protection need • premises with sleeping accommodation
not be considered where the total value of the • locations with a risk of fire due to the nature
installation and equipment therein does not of processed or stored materials
justify such protection. Given the insignificant
cost of a single-phase SPD it is illogical not • locations with combustible constructional
to fit one, especially given the cost of even materials
the simplest equipment contained within • fire propagating structures
a domestic property that may be plugged
• locations with endangering of irreplaceable
in, such as televisions, fridges and mobile
goods.
phones.
The use of AFDDs in the domestic sector,
Fire safety has always been important but although recommended, has been inhibited
the danger of fire has really been driven by the cost of individual AFDD units.
home recently following the tragic loss at Nevertheless, customers should be informed
Grenfell Tower in 2017. Regulation 421.1.7 of their benefits and given the option.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Regulation 434.1 requires the prospective fault Designers also need to be mindful of the Statutory
current to be determined at every relevant point of Building Regulations – in particular Approved Documents
an installation. Relevant points are switchgear and L2A and L2B, which relate to the conservation of fuel and
protective devices that may have to operate and power. Applicable in England and Wales only, the content
possibly disconnect a fault current. The devices is still useful in other locations. The regulations require
have to be able to withstand the fault currents the provision of energy meters so that at least 90% of
safely and protect downstream equipment from the annual energy consumption can be linked to end use
damage in the event of a fault. Designers will such as lighting and heating. Distribution boards can
need to determine the values of anticipated fault thus be selected with lighting and power split across two
current such that devices can be selected that are sections in the board with separate provision for metering.
suitably rated. In domestic (household) or similar In buildings with a total useful floor area greater than 1000
premises where a consumer unit to BS EN 61439- m2, automatic meter reading and data collection should be
3 is used, and the maximum prospective fault incorporated. Designers working in Scotland or Northern
current declared by the distributor is 16 kA, it is Ireland should be aware that they have their own local
not necessary to measure or calculate prospective building regulations.
fault current at the origin of the installation. This is
largely due to the fact that fault currents up to this
magnitude would be disconnected by the service
cut out fuse, despite the switchgear in most CCUs
being rated at 6kA.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Types of board
Manufacturers commonly refer to Type A and Type Single-phase boards come in three designs – split
B boards. This nomenclature refers to the load, RCBO and high integrity. The most adaptable
arrangement of busbars and types of protective version being a full RCBO board which permits
devices with Type A generally having horizontal separate overcurrent and RCD protection for each
busbar arrangements and Type B having vertical circuit as well as, where required, overcurrent
busbar arrangements. protection only, which may be applicable on
suitable circuits that have downstream RCD Schneider
Schneider Electric
RCBO high
board. *** integrity board***
Three-phase boards are relatively straightforward in protection such as garage boards and EV chargers.
design commonly ranging from small boards
having 4 x triple pole ways up to 24 x triple pole Split load boards offer a cheaper method of
ways on larger boards. These boards are generally providing RCD protection by grouping circuits
rated at 125A and 250A with options to allow dual together and protecting them with one RCD. Care
and tri metering. Panel boards are also available needs to be exercised to ensure that Regulation
which are not covered in this e-book but can often 531.3.2 is complied with and nuisance tripping
be rated at 250A to 800A. does not occur due to the accrual of protective
conductor currents across the group of circuits
Schneider
Schneider Electric
RCBO RCBO
board. *** board***

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

being protected. Furthermore, Regulation 341.1 will need consideration when

dividing circuits across two RCDs to avoid danger and minimise
inconvenience. This is often achieved by combining upstairs lights and Easy9 Compact
downstairs sockets on one RCD and vice versa on the second RCD, such that The easy choice for a compact, reliable and fully tailored solution. Easily
if one RCD trips and, for example, downstairs lights are lost, the downstairs select the specific configuration for your installation, in compliance with
sockets are still functioning, allowing plug-in lights to be used temporarily. BS 7671. No need for re-working and no left-over devices.

Many electricians argue that the use of split load boards does not comply Features
with Regulation 314.1. However, engineering judgement needs to be
o Compact size for renovation and retrofits
exercised. Where a split load board may work in one home perhaps with a o RCBO or split load configuration
young couple, the same may not be true in a home occupied by an elderly o Incomer position on left or right
frail couple with mobility and health concerns. o Removable DIN rail and more...

tHigh integrity boards are also available and have an additional neutral bar
permitting circuits to be divided, as with a split load board, but also having
the capacity to add separate RCBOs or MCBs for non-RCD protected circuits.

Full RCBO set ups can sometimes be expensive, restricting customers to split
load boards. However, installers should be aware that such boards can often
be modified and upgraded at a later date when budgets permit, to allow for
full RCBO or partial RCBO configurations simply by swapping neutral bars
and with the addition of busbars supplied by manufacturers.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Dressing boards and best practice

Fire sealing methods

The introduction of Regulation 421.1.201 relating to steel enclosures for sensible to seal the opening using a proprietary fire rated seal such as
domestic consumer units made electricians a lot more aware of the intumescent strip. Cables entering through side surfaces would be best
risk of fire in switchgears assemblies. The regulation was not intended fitted in fire retardant grommets, subject to the requirements of
to result in fire sealed enclosures, indeed 416.2.1 (relating to basic Regulation Group 416.2 being met, or glands as well as utilising metal
protection against electric shock) only requires a degree of protection blank plates instead of plastic, coupled with a metal lid that self closes.
of IPXXB or IP2X (finger size openings) on all but horizontal top Intumescent sealing compound is also available where openings may
surfaces of enclosures and this clearly does not equate to a fire sealed allow the passage of flames.
compartment. Instead, the main concern was that a fire be contained
and not spill out setting materials below the consumer unit alight. This Cutting (shortening) RCBO tails
ties in with Regulation 422.4.1 which directs installers to guard against
electrical equipment igniting walls, ceiling and floors where the Regulation 134.1.1 states “Good workmanship by one or more skilled
construction of a building utilises combustible materials. Adequate or instructed persons and proper materials shall be used in the
steps must therefore be taken to minimise the risk of fire spreading erection of the electrical installation. The installation of electrical
from within a consumer unit. Subsequently, where cables enter via the equipment shall take account of manufacturers’ instruction.” Installers
rear, if the board is mounted on a flammable surface, it would be are therefore clearly directed to take account of how a manufacturer
intends their equipment to be installed. Manufacturers differ in their

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

opinion on whether RCBO fly leads should be cut, Regulation 526.1 guides us, stating “Every
so the question remains whether or not it is good connection between conductors or between
practice. In any event, if you cut the fly leads and conductors and other electrical equipment shall
then attempt to return the item, it is likely that a provide durable electrical continuity and adequate
refund or replacement will not be forthcoming. A mechanical strength and protection”. With this in
neutral fly lead is provided for all RCBOs allowing mind, given that fly leads are comprised of fine
the device to detect earth faults. Some RCBOs are wire, installers should consider Regulation 526.9.1,
also provided with a cream-coloured functional which states “in order to avoid inappropriate
Ferrules***
earth lead. The lead increases sensitivity and separation of individual wires of multiwire, fine wire
speed of operation as well as allowing the device to or very fine wire conductors, suitable terminals shall
detect an earth fault in the event of a lost neutral. be used or conductor ends shall be treated”. Thus,
However, the chance of losing the neutral and the use of ferrules should be sufficient to ensure
having a simultaneous earth fault is slim and thus adequate connection.
some manufacturers do not utilise a functional
earth. If a functional earth is provided, it must be Termination of larger cables and conductors
connected.
Occasionally an installer will come across the
Thus, regardless of whether you choose to cut fly problem of terminating a cable that is bigger than
leads short, of most importance is the connection the terminal can accommodate. Regulation 526.1
of the fly lead to the terminal in an acceptable and 526.9.1 apply again and, additionally,
manner. To achieve a good mechanical connection, Regulation 526.9.2: “Soldering (tinning) of the

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

whole conductor end of multiwire, fine wire or very fine wire conductors • Cutting a slot in the ferrous metal which can interrupt the magnetic
is not permitted if screw terminals are used.” Accordingly, a suitable field circulating in the plate, commonly referred to as key holing
ferrule or reducer is best used to terminate multiwire cable where the
termination is likely to cause spreading or poor connections. • Placing line, neutral and protective conductor together in the same
hole, thereby creating opposing magnetic fields in order to effectively
Eddy currents cancel out magnetic induction in the ferrous metal.

Eddy currents are created by the fluctuating magnetic field that occurs A further issue in larger distribution boards is often seen where multiple
around an alternating current carrying conductor, which induces a circuits are dressed within the enclosure with the line and neutral
current in a conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field. In simple conductors being separated and run through separate entries to the
terms, a conductor entering a ferromagnetic enclosure can cause DB. Although this often looks aesthetically pleasing, it is not
eddy currents in the steel enclosure, with currents being proportional recommended as this can cause a build-up of magnetic flux, which in
to the magnetic field created by the electrical current according to turn can create eddy currents leading to a build-up of heat. It is
Faraday’s law of induction Eddy currents oppose the magnetic field recommended that both line and neutral are always run together
which created them and the resistance of the material in which they through the same aperture. For single-phase domestic enclosures, it
flow creates heat, which can damage any cables passing through the may not be possible to replace the ferrous metal with non-ferrous
ferrous metal. removable plates since they are not provided. In this case, best
practice is considered to be where conductors enter through the
This problem can be eliminated in a number of ways, including: ferrous metal, they should be contained within the same hole as stated
in Regulation 521.5.1. Suitable glands may be required for this
• Replacing the ferrous metal where the cable enters the enclosure – depending on point of entry with regard to Regulation 416.2.1 and the
often known as adding a gland plate – with a non-ferrous metal such need to conform to IP2X and IP4X.
as aluminium

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Grouping factors Fixing of cables as they enter an enclosure

When conductors are placed close to each other the heat dissipated Regulation 522.8.5 states “Every cable or conductor shall be
by the cables can reduce the current carrying capacity of the cables supported in such a way that it is not exposed to undue mechanical
in the bunch. Many installers will go to painstaking lengths to dress strain and so there is no appreciable mechanical strain on the
boards with cables tightly clipped together in order to make the terminations of the conductors, account being taken of mechanical
installation look aesthetically pleasing. Unfortunately, this practice is strain imposed by supported of the cable conductor itself.” Note: the
best avoided. Where cable ties have been used during the installation, consumer unit meter tails are included in the requirements of this
it is best to remove them on completion to allow the cables to relax and regulation. This then means that we must provide a means of support
introduce some air and space around them.

Another factor often overlooked is the protective devices which can

also suffer from localised heating. Where a protective device is going
to be heavily loaded this may result in the neighbouring devices having
to be derated. Cheaper brands may require derating by up to 60%!
Installers may therefore choose to place MCBs with adjacent spaces
left blank or place devices so that they alternate with heavy and light
duty circuits being next to each other. BS EN 61439-3 provides details
on the loading of distribution boards likely to be used my most
manufacturers.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

for all cables entering an enclosure to prevent strain Installation of supply to TT systems
on the connections within, also referencing
Regulation 522.8.4. When installing a DB on a TT earthing system,
automatic disconnection of supply in the event of
Cable entry within trunking can be considered to an earth fault is unlikely to be achieved using
be a sufficient cable entry method for consumer normal overcurrent devices since the fault current is
units, provided consideration is given to the unlikely to be high enough. (E.g., 230V x 0.95/200Ω
prevention of mechanical damage as cable enters = 1Amp). Section 411.5 BS7671 therefore directs
the enclosure and suitable materials are used with installers to utilise RCDs to achieve disconnection in
regard to cable support and the prevention of the the required time in the event of a fault. All circuits
risk of spread of fire, paying attention to Regulation will therefore require careful selection of RCDs to
521.10.202. provide fault protection. Regulation 411.3.2.2
requires disconnection times to be no more than
Wherever cable enters an enclosure, it is a 0.2 seconds for circuits with a rated current not
requirement of Regulation 522.6.1 that “Wiring shall exceeding 63A for one or more socket outlets, and
be selected and erected so as to minimize the 32A for circuits supplying only fixed connected
damage arising from mechanical stress e.g., by current using equipment.
impact, abrasion, penetration, tension or
compression during installation use or Regulation 411.3.2.4 states a maximum of 1 second
maintenance.” Therefore, to prevent this, grommets where distribution circuits or circuits not covered by
and glands should be used. 411.3.2.2 are used.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Only the circuits downstream of the RCDs are It goes on to stipulate that the wiring must be
protected. This poses a problem for the installer carried out in such a way as to reduce the risk of
since the supply tails will not have fault protection in fault to a minimum, and in such a manner as to
the event of damage, allowing a live conductor to reduce to a minimum the risk of fire or danger to
come into contact with a steel DB. persons. This can be achieved by using double
insulated tails, keeping the length to a minimum,
A person coming into contact with the board may using a plastic tail gland and installing them in such
sustain a shock current of 1A, which is easily a way that damage to the tails is unlikely to occur.
enough to cause death by electrocution. Where a
split load board is utilised, there is also a risk that Where a split load board is utilised, the risk of
the internal wiring connecting the main switch to damage to the internal wiring that feed the RCDs,
the RCDs may also be at risk of damage and be although very unlikely, can be protected by using a
unprotected from earth faults. Regulation 434.3 time delayed 100mA (or higher rated) RCD as a
allows the omission of devices for protection main switch. Where an RCBO board is used, there
against fault protection where, at the origin of an is generally no internal wiring to be concerned with
installation, the distributor installs one or more since the live conductors are rigid busbars and not
devices providing protection against fault current likely to come into contact with the steel case.
and agrees that such a device affords protection to
the part of the installation between the origin and Spare ways
the main distribution point of the installation where
further protection against fault current is provided. A well-designed installation would not necessarily
need provision for the installation of further circuits

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

in the future and BS 7671:2018 does not state that spare ways are a Pollution rating
requirement. Nevertheless, installers are often challenged with adding
new circuits, and with technologies constantly evolving it is sensible to Another consideration that is often overlooked is the degree of pollution
install a DB leaving spare ways to permit future additions. that protective devices must be able to cope with. This relates to the
amount of conductive or hygroscopic dust, ionized gas or salt and the
Mixing brands of protective devices relative humidity and its frequency of occurrence, resulting in
hygroscopic absorption or condensation of moisture leading to
Installers may come across DBs with a mixture of different reduction in dielectric strength and/or surface resistivity. Devices are
manufacturers’ MCBs within consumer units. It is not recommended rated in degrees from 1 to 4. Degree 1 is the least stringent, suitable for
that this practice be adopted since different devices may have different completely dry, pollution-free areas with switchgear in sealed units.
dimensions and methods of connections. Furthermore, the devices will Degree 2 is slightly more robust, suitable for offices and homes. Degree
not have been type tested for the assemblies and will therefore not 3 copes with harsh environments such as farms and unheated rooms
comply with the standard for consumer. units - BS EN 61439-3. and Degree 4 suits extreme conditions such as outside where there is
high risk of moisture and contaminates.
Torque drivers
While most domestic installations will utilise Degree 2 protection, where
Manufacturers of protective devices provide technical data for all their CCUs are installed in cold, poorly sealed garages or outbuildings, there
products and a suitable calibrated torque driver should be used to may be a need to use a higher degree rating.
check the terminations are tight enough. ‘Old school’ electricians will no
doubt still wish to ‘feel’ the terminations manually, which is of course
fine, once the terminations have been carried out with a torque driver to
the specified limit.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

MCBs (RCBOs) - Considerations for selection and erection

Gone are the days of selecting a suitable size of bimetallic strip and an electromagnetic coil. During an overload, perhaps caused by a user
fuse wire. Today’s designers must choose from plugging in too many devices, the bimetallic strip heats up relatively slowly and starts to
miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) complying with bend. Once it bends up to a critical point the mechanism is tripped, cutting the supply and
BS EN 60898 or residual current circuit breakers protecting the cable from thermal damage. When a fault current occurs, perhaps due to a
with overcurrent protection (RCBOs) complying with short circuit, the electromagnetic coil is instantly magnetised, causing it to pull a small
BS EN 61009-1. These devices are selected to ferromagnetic plate which causes the device to trip instantaneously.
protect downstream cables from over current in the
event of an overload or fault current. Where the
requirements of Chapter 41 are met in relation to
earth loop impedances and disconnections times,
these devices can also be used to protect against
electric shock for both fixed and portable
equipment. The devices are effectively spring-
loaded switches, much like a mouse trap. The
mechanism is released and tripped by one of two
possible methods. Internal components comprise a Time current
Schneider characteristics***
RCBO board. ***

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
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When considering the time/current characteristics given in BS 7671 Fig • Type C devices are normally selected for commercial and industrial
3A4, 3A5 and 3A6, the curves illustrate clearly how these two applications where some degree of
components work. The gradually changing curve relates to the function electrical inrush is expected.
of the bimetallic strip which bends more quickly as the overload
current increases up to a critical point, at which the electromagnetic • Type D devices are normally selected in industrial applications where
coil is energised to such an extent that instant disconnection occurs, high inrush currents may be expected.
resulting in the sudden vertical drop in the chart.
Examples include large battery charging systems, motors,
In selecting a suitable device, one must consider the ability of the transformers, x-ray machines and some types of lighting.
device to cope with inrush currents since the devices are available in
three types: B, C and D. These classifications relate to the fault current LED lighting can cause nuisance tripping and installers are often
rating at which instantaneous tripping occurs during a fault. A surprised that such high inrush current can occur on LED lighting
comparison of Fig 3A4, 3A5 and 3A6 should highlight that Type B circuits, given the incredibly low values of design current often
devices are designed to trip at fault currents of 3-5 times rated current achievable. When LED lighting is switched on, a transient peak lasting
(In). Type C devices are designed to trip at 5-10 times In and Type D up to 1ms that is several hundred times higher than the load current
devices are designed to trip at 10-20 times In. can occur. The inrush current is caused by the charging of capacitors
in the power supplies or due to low magnetic flux in the transformer.
• Type B devices are normally selected for domestic or light BS EN IEC 63129 gives a detailed explanation on calculating inrush
commercial applications where switching surges current characteristics so that a suitable protective device can be
are low or non-existent. selected.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
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RCDs - Considerations for selection and erection

Designers must give careful consideration to the selection of RCDs
and a knowledge of the loads present is vital. Regulation 531.3.3 refers
to the different types of RCD that should be selected at the design
stage.

Modern electrical installations comprise equipment that utilises

electronic circuitry powered by direct current (DC). Such equipment
commonly leaks DC current to earth during normal operation, which
can compromise the effective operation of standard AC Type RCD
devices. This occurs because the direct current saturates the toroidal
core and the magnetic field strength may be insufficient for the trip coil
to operate. The use of Type A RCDs in place of Type AC is therefore
preferable. Note 1 of Regulation 531.3.3.ii states for Type A RCDs that
tripping is achieved for residual pulsating direct currents superimposed
on a smooth direct current up to 6mA, permitting the RCD to operate
correctly in most modern installations. It is anticipated that Amendment

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
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2 to the 18th Edition BS 7671 will see the Type AC required on circuits for car charging equipment, PV
RCD become obsolete and, in any case, many installations and UPS systems. These units, in
manufacturers will be scaling down the production essence, do the same job as an F Type device but
and sale of AC Type devices. operate independently of the polarity and can
detect earth leakage currents from pulsating
Type F RCD devices may be selected where the rectified direct currents which may result from two
requirements are as for an A Type device, but or more phases. Tripping with a B Type RCD is
where tripping is achieved for residual pulsating achieved for residual pulsating direct currents on a
direct currents on a smooth direct current up to smooth direct current up to 0.4 times the rated
10mA. The use of Type F devices would likely be residual current or 10mA, whichever is the highest
reserved for composite residual currents. They are value.
intended for circuits supplied between line and
neutral or a line and earthed middle conductor. Regulation 531.3.4.1 states that RCDs intended for
Typical appliances requiring Type F RCDs would use by ordinary persons must be compliant with BS
include some washing machine and dishwashers EN 61008 for RCCBs, BS EN 61009 for RCBOs or, if
with frequency-controlled motors and some air F Type or B Type devices are used, they should
conditioning units with variable frequency speed comply with BS EN 62423 (Regulation 531.3.4.1
drives. refers). The difference between these two devices
being that an RCCB (a residual current operated
B Type RCDs are not common and often come circuit breaker) offers fault protection (electric
installed on a piece of electrical machinery where shock) but not overcurrent protection whereas an
the frequency may be varied. They are also often RCBO device provides both.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Regulation 531.3.5.2 states that in TN systems the RCDs may be used for fault protection according to
RCD shall be installed at the origin of that part of 411.5.3. The disconnection time must still meet the
the circuit to be protected. Regulation 531.3.5.3.1 requirements of Regulation 411.3.2.2 or 411.3.2.4,
states the requirement for TT systems. and RA × I^nn 50 V. Designers are reminded that
these requirements are met where the maximum
Installers will no doubt be aware of the recent earth fault loop impedances comply with table 41.5
proposals for the Amendment 2 to BS 7671:2018,
which may see Regulation 411.3.3 revised, Where there is a particular risk of fire in a location,
removing the exemption for RCD protection for Regulation 532.2 states that RCDs with a rated
socket outlets in installations other than a dwelling residual current not exceeding 300mA shall be
where a documented risk assessment determines used. These may also be used in conjunction with
RCDs are not necessary. This will have ramifications arc fault detection devices. In the future we may
for industrial and commercial electrical contractors well see the use of residual current monitoring
since the addition of RCD protection for all 13 amp devices (RCMs) being adopted for general use, not
BS 1363 socket outlets and 16 & 32 amp single and just in the instance of IT systems, which could give
three-phase socket outlets to BS-EN 60309 may not prior warning of increases in earth fault leakage
be desirable. In the case of a specific circuit where current in systems where RCDs are used in
RCD protection will prove to be problematic, for conjunction with vital but sensitive equipment such
example a circuit that serves data centre as lifesaving equipment.
equipment, an RCD may still be omitted if the final
connection is made via a rotary isolator or fused Designers are reminded of the extensive
connection unit. requirements for RCDs throughout Part 7 BS 7671,

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and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
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in particular additional protection by 30mA RCD as well as other

nominal ratings. For example, on construction sites, Regulation
704.411.3.2.1 states that any socket outlets on construction sites with a
rated current exceeding 32 amps must have an RCD with a rated
residual operating current not exceeding 500mA.

Having complied with all of the requirements for selecting RCDs,

designers may be faced with the problem of two or more RCDs in
series. For example, a DB on a farm may be supplied via a 300mA RCD
protected distribution circuit with final circuits having 30mA RCD
protection. Whilst a fault downstream of a magnitude of 30mA will only
cause the local RCD to operate, a larger earth fault current may cause
both the 300mA and the 30mA to trip, subsequently failing to achieve
selectivity. In these instances, an S Type or time delayed RCD may be
selected. These devices provide selectivity in circuits where RCDs are
connected in series. The time delayed RCD should be installed
upstream of the general device, so that the device nearest a fault will
trip. RCDs with built in time delays should not be used to provide
personal protection and, subsequently, there is no such thing as an S
Type 30mA RCD.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
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Surge Protection Devices (SPDs)

Modern electrical installations invariably comprise large numbers of by equipment within an installation, such as a lift within a tower block.
expensive electronic devices. Take for example a modern domestic
property which may contain a fridge-freezer with LED lights that A transient overvoltage can be in the order of a hundred/s volts over
illuminate when the door is opened, a digital temperature display and the usual nominal 230 / 400 volts, or thousands of volts, and usually last
frost protection modes. Numerous other devices can also be found, for a duration in the order of microseconds. Consequently, care should
such as smart televisions, laptop chargers, phone chargers, Wi-Fi be taken when examining the different types of surge protective device
routers, personal computers, socket outlets with USB charging units to be installed, as well as the point in the electrical system that surge
onboard (essentially an AC-DC rectifier), many of which are used protection is to be installed.
constantly. With the recent increase in people working from home due
to the Covid-19 pandemic, the ongoing reliability of this equipment has Some of the earliest SPDs were developed in the nineteenth century
become essential, and thus protecting this delicate equipment from and were used to prevent surges on telephone systems. Known as a
surges becomes an important design consideration. “spark gap” they consisted of a carbon rod electrode held within an
insulator at a specific distance from a second carbon electrode. Usual
Section 443 in BS 7671 refers to two ways an electrical installation may modern methods of surge protective devices, which are categorised as
be subjected to a transient overvoltage, including surges of Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 devices, use a metal oxide varistor (MOV) for
atmospheric origin or those due to switching over voltages generated their operation. A MOV in its normal state will have a near infinitely high

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

resistance, but being made from a semiconductor Zener diode) and Trisils which are thyristor surge
material (often a sintered zinc oxide) when protection devices (TSPDs).
presented with an overvoltage at a specific value
they can conduct large currents, typically short When selecting the correct type of surge protective
circuit currents. These devices are able to absorb device for a given application, Regulation 534.4.1.1
and divert transients to earth or dissipate energy in states that where SPDs are required to be installed
the form of heat. However, the material a MOV is at the origin of an electrical installation, they should
constructed from has a shelf life and degrade when be of Type 1 or Type 2, and where required to be
subjected to transients of lower value over a period installed close to sensitive electronic equipment
of time. Some combined units manufactured by and to further protect against switching transients
companies such as Furse use MOVs in conjunction originating within the building, they should be of
with gas discharge tubes, where a special gas Type 2 or Type 3. Figure 534.1 shows where these
mixture is contained in a tube trapped between two should be installed in conjunction with lightning
electrodes. This gas can conduct current after it protection zones. Regulation 534.4.1.1 Note states
has been ionized by a high voltage spike. Modern that Type 1 devices are often referred to as
SPD devices have an indicator window showing equipotential bonding SPDs and their prime
green when in a healthy state and red when they purpose is to prevent dangerous sparking or arcs
need to be replaced. Often, there is a carrier part to which could lead to an electrical fire, and that Type
the module and then either one, two or three 2 and 3 devices will need to be installed
cartridge modules that are replaceable. Other types “downstream” from equipotential bonding SPDs to
of devices, not within the scope of this e-book, are protect sensitive and critical equipment, perhaps
transient voltage suppression diodes (a form of hospital life support systems and fire and security

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
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alarms equipment. Appendix 16 of BS 7671 gives further information kept to an absolute minimum.
for the connection of SPDs at the origin of an installation to provide
effective operation and coordination with over current protective Section 443, Regulation 443.4 states that protection against transient
devices for different types of earthing arrangements. over voltages is to be provided where the consequence caused by
overvoltage could:
Figure 534.8 provides an illustration and discussion on the importance
of keeping the conductor lengths for the connection of SPDs as short (i) Result in serious injury to, or loss of human life
as possible, preferably less than 0.5m and no more than 1m. It is
recommended that if a wiring length exceeds 0.5m, an SPD with a (ii) Result in interruption of public services and/or damage to cultural
lower voltage protection level is selected due to the inductive effects of heritage
additional cable length where in this application a huge difference in
voltage drop can occur, which then limits the effectivity of the device. (iii) Result in interruption of commercial or industrial activity, or
The pulse which would be experienced in the event of a transient
(iv) Affect a large number of co-located individuals.
would be short and have a very large spike, so the usual very minimal
amount of inductance of a cable that can ordinarily be negated at a
For all other cases, a risk assessment according to Regulation 443.5
normal frequency in the instance of surge protection is not the case,
shall be carried out to determine whether or not protection against
hence the importance of keeping the cable length as short as possible.
transient over voltages is required. This section states that if the risk
assessment is not carried out then protection against transient over
When installing a three-phase distribution board it is sensible to locate
voltages shall be installed. The only exception being if in the case of a
the SPD at the bottom of the board closest to the earth bar. Bear in
single dwelling unit, the value of the installation and equipment therein
mind that the length of busbar within the board counts towards the
does not justify such protection. As has been previously mentioned, in
conductor length and thus this method ensures that conductor length is
the vast majority of installations, SPDs will need to be fitted.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
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 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Selection of Arc Fault Detection Devices (AFDDs)

Data on fires in the UK indicates that electrical fires damaged between live conductors or live
are still prevalent and whilst devices such as RCDs conductors and earth. AFDDs utilise electronic
and MCBs have reduced the number of fires, the technology to monitor the waveform of electrical
use of arc fault detection devices adds further current in an installation. During normal service, a
capacity to protect installations from dangerous relatively smooth waveform exists. Noise is
arcing which is not detected by overcurrent devices generated on this waveform during normal use, for
or RCDs. AFDDs must be added at the origin of example, you will have noticed that when a light
individual circuits and, as such, the cost in the switch is operated, a small flash occurs as the
domestic market has been hugely inhibitive. circuit is made or broken which disrupts the
Industrial and commercial electricians will have no waveform. Motors can also create small arcs during
doubt had much more contact with these devices normal operation. These arcs generate noise on the
where budgets for electrical installations are waveform and the electronic equipment is designed
commensurately larger. to recognise these as expected arcs. Faults giving
rise to arcs, however, create more distinctive
Arcs occur in series when a conductor is broken, patterns and AFDDs disconnect the supply when
perhaps due to damage or a loose termination, and such faulty waveforms are detected.
they can occur in parallel when insulation is AFDD***
Schneider RCBO board. ***

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Manufacturers produce a variety of devices including AFDD devices

designed to be used in line with other protective devices, integrated
AFDD and RCBO modules, which can be single module or double
module devices, as well as AFDD add-on modules designed to be
incorporated with a suitable MCB or RCBO.

Contrary to popular belief, AFDDs will detect arc faults in ring final
circuits where the fault is of a parallel nature. Where the ring is broken,
the load current would not normally arc; instead simply flowing along
the radial sections of the broken ring. AFDDs have a manual test button
that should be utilised six monthly to test the function and maintain the
moving parts.

The recent proposals for the Amendment 2 to BS 7671:2018 may see

Regulation 421.1.7 change from recommended to required and thus it
is important for all electricians to be aware of these devices as they will,
without doubt, become more common place and affordable.

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
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The future
The UK government has set the world’s most ambitious climate change anywhere near the capacity of their vehicle’s battery in normal usage.
targets, aiming to bring the UK three quarters of the way to net zero Currently, owners of domestic PV systems do not fully benefit since
carbon by 2050 – this will no doubt drive the technological advances in peak use of power tends to be early and late in the day when
the construction of DBs in the future. If it is true that “the meek shall generation is low, and peak generation occurs at midday when many
inherit the earth” it is without doubt electricians and engineers that will homeowners are out at work. Adding battery storage permits
ensure our future generations have something worth inheriting. homeowners to utilise the charge generated at midday, when buy back
tariffs are poor, and put it to better use at times when PV generation is
As the use of fossil fuels for heating are replaced by greener electrical low. The cost of batteries has meant many customers have not been
heating systems, and with the proliferation of electric vehicle charging, able to use power intelligently like this. However, when more people
we will likely see increased demand. Already in the UK we are seeing own electric vehicles, this smart use of power may see DBs also
many new builds provided with three-phase supplies to allow for load becoming smart, enabling them to draw current either from the grid or
balancing and increased demand in the UK domestic sector, and thus local storage, throttle back demand on circuits when usage puts the
three-phase boards may become more common in people’s homes. main service fuse at risk of blowing, as well as providing accurate data
to consumers on their use of power across different circuits. Intelligent
As more people purchase electric vehicles, it paves the way for greater use of power is certainly going to drive this progression in technology.
use of battery storage since many vehicle owners will never use

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
 Life is On | Schneider Electric

Conclusion
The design, selection and erection of DBs is a complex endeavour. It normally make well informed choices, so please strive for quality. In
is essential that a full inspection of the wiring is undertaken prior to the our experience, focusing on quality is the way to build a profitable
installation of a new board to identify any latent defects. Old wired fuse business.
boards, for example, will not protect against neutral earth faults and
simply pressing ahead with a board change may result in a situation While the authors believe that the information and guidance given in
where power cannot be restored. Despite the technical expertise this document is correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and
required, the hardest part of the job is often that of educating the judgment when making use of it. The authors do not assume any
customer so that they fully understand what the technology provides. liability to anyone for loss or damage caused by any error or omission
The lack of consumer knowledge is compounded by the fact that in the work, whether such error or omission is the result of negligence
replacement boards are often recommended off the back of a or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed.
condition report. In most cases, electrical systems will be working
correctly and therefore customers may fail to see why the work is
required. The cost of labour, expertise and parts can also come as a
shock, especially when professional installers may be quoting against
installers who are happy to ‘cut corners’ and install cheap, poorly
designed systems. Regardless, a customer who is well informed will

Introduction Regulations Types of board Dressing boards MCBs (RCBOs) RCDs - Surge Protection Selection of Arc The future Conclusion
and best practice Considerations Considerations Devices (SPDs) Fault Detection
for selection and for section and Devices (AFDDs)
erection erection
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