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Friction On Horizontal Plane

The document discusses mechanical fundamentals of dynamics related to friction. It introduces the laws of dry friction, factors that affect friction, and friction on a horizontal plane. The key points are: (1) friction force is proportional to the normal load and depends on the coefficient of friction, (2) factors like temperature, relative hardness, and presence of films influence friction, (3) the friction angle is the angle at which a block will start to move when a force is applied and is related to the coefficient of friction.

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21 views

Friction On Horizontal Plane

The document discusses mechanical fundamentals of dynamics related to friction. It introduces the laws of dry friction, factors that affect friction, and friction on a horizontal plane. The key points are: (1) friction force is proportional to the normal load and depends on the coefficient of friction, (2) factors like temperature, relative hardness, and presence of films influence friction, (3) the friction angle is the angle at which a block will start to move when a force is applied and is related to the coefficient of friction.

Uploaded by

snsrer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mechanical Fundamentals I Dynamics

Notes

Friction: Laws of dry friction, factors affecting friction, friction on a horizontal plane

1. Introduction
Laws of dry friction, factors affecting friction, angle of friction and friction on a horizontal
plane will be introduced in this lesson

2. Laws of dry friction

 If a force is applied to move a body resting over a surface, there arises a resistance to
motion due to friction between the mating surfaces
 The higher the applied force, the higher is the interface resistance, but there exists a
limit, beyond which the friction force will not increase
 The limiting friction force is proportional to the normal load and independent of the
area of contact
 The ratio of the friction force and the normal reaction is a constant for a given pair of
surfaces
F
 =μ, known as the coefficient of friction
N
 When the applied force is increased beyond the maximum possible static frictional
force, sliding begins and again, the sliding force F = µkN, where µk is the kinetic
coefficient of friction. The kinetic coefficient of friction is usually slightly smaller than
the static counterpart

3. Friction on a horizontal surface

Hannah and Hillier, 1995, Applied Mechanics, Third Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical
 Consider the mass m resting on a horizontal plane
 When a force is applied parallel to the surface, then the forces acting on the block
are as shown in the FBD on the left
 Considering the static equilibrium, it can be shown that

∑ F y =0⇒ N =W =mg
When limiting friction condition is reached, F=μN

∑ F x =0 ⇒ P=F=μN =μmg
 When the applied force is inclined at some angle as shown in the second case, the
same equations apply, but the force P needs to be resolved into X and Y
components

4. Factors affecting friction

 Friction increases as the normal reaction increases, due to the increase in the true
contact area
 Molecular attraction is an important cause of friction, where the mating surfaces
are intimately in contact with each other
 High temperatures also affect friction
 Adhesion at contact points rises friction
 Presence of a thin film of oxide, oil, dirt or other substances will also have an
influence on friction
 Relative hardness of mating surfaces would have some influence

5. Friction angle

 Consider a block resting on a horizontal surface.


 If a normal force is applied on the block, its effect is to simply press the block onto the
supporting surface
 However, if the same force is applied at a certain angle to the vertical, it will have a
horizontal component that would try to move the block
 The frictional resistance opposes this motion
 As the angle of inclination of the force with respect to the vertical is increased, the
horizontal component also increases in magnitude, and at a certain angle,
corresponding to the given force, when the limiting friction value is reached, the block
will experience impending motion

Hannah and Hillier, 1995, Applied Mechanics, Third Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical
 The angle at which this happens is known as the friction angle Ф, and tan ϕ=μ
 As limiting friction condition can be reached by applying this force at the friction angle
at any position around the vertical, there exists a cone of friction angle. The block
remains stationary as long as the given force is applied within the cone, and motion
impends when the force lies on the surface of the cone

Hannah and Hillier, 1995, Applied Mechanics, Third Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical

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