Why Write an IMRaD?

We write an IMRaD to put in a very specific way:

- what you are doing?

- how you are doing it?
- the results that came out of developing your target
- finally a discussion about the whole research done and the results achieved.

IMRaD Structure
It is composed of 4 main parts:

 Introduction (Why did I do this study?)

Write the main idea of what we are doing and its purpose, then we need to decide the scope of the work to
be more specific.

- Why do this study?

Background: What do we already know?
Rationale: Why does it matter?
Aim: What gap in our knowledge does this fill?
Research question: What do I want to find out?

 Methodology/Method

- Describe and state clearly what is the process you are going to follow to reach your specified scope and goal
as stated in the introduction earlier.
- Very handy and helpful when you are doing a long-term project.
- Enables you to check if you missed something or you are working in the correct direction, you missed
something or you are working in the correct direction, did you finish all what you have stated or there is still
something missing, is it easier to follow this part or you will need to change your methodology to reach your
goals.

All these thoughts and questions can be easily answered or figured when you have a clear written and stated
methodology.

- What do I do?
Study design: What sort of study am I doing?
Population: Who are in the study? Who are excluded?
Setting: Where and when does the study take place?
Measurements: What do I measure?
Analysis: How do I make sense of these data?

 Results

This part is describing in full details what you have discovered throughout the project.

This could include a survey of what you were searching for during the project; a survey is helpful in:

- Fully understanding a system, a technique, theory.

- Getting the different point of views for important point in your stated scope.
- What did I find?
Describe the sample: Who were they?
Response rate: How many did I lose?
Outputs: What were the results of my analyses?
- Results for quantitative ‫كمي‬
- Findings for qualitative ‫نوعي‬

 Discussion

- Explains the conclusions that you are able to make as a result of the research done.
- Explains the results and why are they in that format, are the results achieved good, bad or neutral.
- So what?
Principal findings: How does what I found fit into what we already know?
Strengths and weaknesses: What are the strengths and limitations of my study?
Implications ‫الهدف‬: For practice? For policy? For further research?
Conclusion
 Job Applications Material

To produce an effective resume and letter, you need to:

 Analyze the situation

- To write an effective resume and letter, you must understand:

Your goals
- Goals are to get an interview and to provide topics for discussion at that interview
- If you present your strengths and experiences convincingly ‫ بشكل مقنع‬in the letter and resume,
prospective ‫ محتمل‬employers will ask to interview you
- Show how your strengths fill the reader’s needs.
Your Audience
- Any number of people in an organization from the personnel manager to a division manager
- A manager might have 100 resumes and letters to review.
On the initial reading, the manager spends only 30 seconds to 3 minutes on each application
quickly sorting them into: “Yes” and “No” piles.

- Managers read to see if you write clearly, handle details and act professionally.

The field in which you are applying for work

Find out what workers and professionals actually do in your field, so that you can assess your
strengths and decide how you may fill an employer’s needs
Your own strengths
- Review all your:
- Work experience (summer, part-time, internship, full-time)
- University courses and extracurricular activities
- Seek qualifications that distinguish you from your competitors
- Some questions to help you analyze yourself:
- What work experience have you had that is related to your field?
- What special aptitudes ‫ كفاءات‬and skills do you have?
- What special project have you completed in your major field?
- What honors and awards have you received?
- What is your grade point average?
- Are you a member of a professional organization?
- Can you communicate in a second language?
The needs of your employers
- To promote your strengths, study the needs of yours potential employers.
- Discover the names of persons to contact for employment information and details describing the
company
- Read annual reports and company brochures and visit company web sites.

 Plan the contents of the resume and letter

- Your resume is one-page (sometimes two-page) document that summarizes your skills, experiences and
qualifications for a position in your field
- Decide what information to include and in which format to present
- Information to include in a resume:
Personal information:
- Name
- Address
- Phone number
Educational information:
- Degree
- Name of faculty and university
- Major
- Date of graduation
Work history:
- Titles of jobs held
- Employing companies
- Dates of employment
- Duties
- A career objective
Achievements:
- Grade point average
- Awards and honors
- Special aptitudes ‫ كفاءات‬and skills
- Achievements at work
- The chronological resume
Employers are accustomed to this order, they can easily know where to find information they need.
Sections in chronological resume:
- Personal data
- Name, address and telephone number
- You can give information on hobbies and interests
- You do not need to mention your birth date, height, wright, health or marital status
- Career objective
- States the type of position you are seeking or what you can bring
- Education
- Includes information abbot your degree
- List your faculty and university, the years you attended it
- If you attend more than one school, present them in reverse chronological order (the most
recent at the top)
- You can list relevant courses, honors and award
- You do not need to include your high school
- Work Experience
- Include the positions you have held that are relevant to your field of interest
- List your jobs as the most recent first
- List all full time jobs
- You do not need to include every part-time job
- Each work experience entry should have four items:
- Job title
- Job description
- Name of company and dates of employment
- Describe your duties, the project you worked on
- Write the job description in the past tense words
- Put important skills first
- The functional resume
This kind of resume presents the applicant to the employer in the same way the employer looks at the
applicant: in terms of relevant skills

 Present each in an appropriate form

- Drafting your resume includes generating, revising and finishing it.

- Ask a knowledgeable person to review your drafts for wording and emphasis
- Resume must be easy to read
- To make that information accessible, use highlight strategies:
- Indicate the main divisions at the far left margin, boldface heads
- Boldface important words such as job titles or names of majors
- Use bullet which emphasize individual lines effectively
- Single-space entries, and double-space above and below
- Use 2.5cm for the left margin
- Use 10-or-12-point type
- Treat items in each section consistently
- Print resumes on good-quality paper
- Avoid brightly colored paper

 Planning a letter of application

- The goal of sending a letter is to be invited to an interview

- Analyze the employer’s needs
Analyze the ad or analyze typical needs for this kind of position
- Match your capabilities to the employer’s needs
The whole point of the letter is to show employers you will satisfy their needs

 Writing a letter of application

- You may organize the letter in one of two ways: by skills or by categories.
- A letter of application has three parts:
- The introductory application
- The explanatory conclusion
- The request conclusion
- Apply in the introduction
- The application paragraph should be short
- Inform the readers that you are applying for a specific position
- If it was advertised, mention where you saw the ad
- If someone recommended that you write to the company, mention his name
- Present a brief preview that summarizes your qualifications
- Convince in the Body
- The body is the heart of the letter
- This section is to show convincingly that your strengths and skills will meet the reader’s needs
- Show how your skills meet those requirements
- Request an interview
- In the final section, ask for an interview and explain how you can be reached
- Explain when you are available
- Select a format
To make a professional impression, follow these guidelines:
- Type the letter in A4 paper
- Use black ink
- Use block or modified block format
 - Sign your name in black or blue ink
- Proofread the letter carefully
Mail the letter, folded twice, in a business envelope.

 Interviewing

- Usually the candidate talks to one or more people

- To interview successfully, you need:
Prepare well
Investigate the company and analyze how you can contribute to it
Assess what you have to offer
Use social tact
- Behave professionally and in an appropriate manner
- Acting too lightly or too intensely are both incorrect
- First impressions are extremely important
- A few common sense guidelines:
- Shake hands firmly
- Dress professionally, as you would on the job
- Arrive on time
- Use proper grammar and talk clearly
- Watch your body language sit appropriately ‫بشكل مناسب‬
- Find out and use the interviewers’ names.

Perform well

- Answer the questions directly and clearly

- Be willing to talk about yourself and your achievements

- Follow these guidelines:

- Be yourself, don't imitate ‫ تقلد‬anyone's behavior

- Answer the question asked

- Be honest, if you do not know answer, say so.

- In your answers, include facts about your experience

Ask questions

- You have the right to ask question

- If no one has explained the following items to you, ask about them:

- Methods of on-the-job training

- Your job responsibilities

- Types of support available

- Possibility and probability if promotion

- Policies and relocating

- Salary and fringe benefits

The offer

- You have the right to request a reasonable amount of time to consider the offer

- If you get another offer from a second company at a higher salary, you have the right to inform the
first company and to ask if they can meet that salary