Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules / APIs are

delivered to sites of action within the body to produce opt imum

desired effects and minimum adverse effect.

Need of Dosage
Forms
Dosage forms
ASRA SKOJSOS
Drug Safety / Patient Safety
Benefit / Benefit

Need for dosage forms Need for dosage forms

1. To protect the drug substance from
destructive influences of atmospheric oxygen 4. To provide liquid preparations of substance that are insoluble in desired
(coated tablets, sealed ampuls) vehicle(suspensions)or as clear preparations
(solutions)
To protect the drug from the destructive 5. To provide for insertion of a drug into one of the body’s orifices
(rectal or
influence of acid after oral vaginal suppositories)
administration (enteric-coated 6. To provide optimal drug action from topical administration sites,
. etc
(ointments,creams, transdermal patches, and ophthalmic,
ear, and nasal
preparations)
To conceal the flavored 7. To provide for placement of drugs directly in the bloodstream or body tissues
2.
(injections)
gastric
tablets)
3.
a drug substance
bitter, salty, or offensive
syrups)
taste or odor of
(capsules, coated
tablets,

Solid dosage forms

Based on physical form
SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

Tablets Capsules Powder Granules

Tablets Tablets
 Tablets may be defined as the solid unit dosage form of
medicament or medicaments with suitable excipients and
prepared either by molding or by compression.
Compressed tablets Multiple Compressed tablets Sugar-Coated Tablets Film Coated Tablets

Gelatin Coated Tablets Enteric Coated Tablets

Semisolid dosage forms Semisolid dosage forms

 Ointments, creams and gels Ointments, creams and gels are
semisolid dosage forms intended for topical application . They may
be applied to the skin, placed onto the surface of the eye or used

 The majority of these preparations are used for the effects of the
therapeutic agents they contain . Those which are non -medicated
are used for their physical effects as protectants or lubricants .
 Topical preparations are used for the localised effects produced at
the site of their application, although some unintended systemic
drug absorption may occur, it is usually in sub -therapeutic
 nasally, vaginally or rectally. quantities.

Semisolid dosage forms Semisolid dosage forms

 Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to
Gels Gels are usually clear, transparent non-greasy semisolids containing
the skin or mucous membranes. Ointments may be medicated or non-
solubilised active substances in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-
medicated, non-medicated ointments are used for the physical effects that
like by the addition of a gelling agent.
they provide as protectants, emollients or lubricants.
Among the gelling agents used are synthetic macromolecules such as carbomer,
cellulose derivatives as carboxymethyl cellulose or hydroxypropyl cellulose  Ointment Bases-
and natural gums as tragacanth.
 Ointment bases may be used for their physical effects or as vehicles in the
preparation of medicated ointments.
Creams – semisolid emulsion systems (o/w, w/o) containing more than 10%
 Ointment bases are classified into four general groups:
of water.
o/w creams - more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable as
 1. Hydrocarbon bases (oleaginous bases)
they are less greasy and more easily water washable  2. Absorption bases
w/o creams – accommodate and release better lipophilic API,  3. Water-removable bases
moisturizing, Cold creams
 4. Water-soluble bases

Monophasic for internal use

Solutions – a homogenous mixture that is prepared by
dissolving a solid or liquid or gas in another liquid; it Liquid Dosage forms
 Suppositories
represents (for rectalinadministration)
a group of preparations which the molecules
 different
of the solute shapes
or dissolved substances are dispersed among
those of the solvent
 Melting/dissolving at body temperature
Syrups: Sweet, viscous, (cacao
 Oleaginous concentrated
butter,liquid preparations
adeps neutralis)
or aqueous
containing with or without(PEGs,
sugar glycerinated
and medicamentsgelatine)
Pessaries
Elixirs: Liquid (vaginal
preparation forsuppositories)
oral containing medicaments
with suitable excipients
 Similar as above, PEGs or glycerinated
gelatine
Monophasic forare often useduse
External as base.
 Gargles – aqueous solutions used for treating the
pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the
lungs through the gargle which is held in the throat.
 Mouthwashes – aqueous solutions which are most
often used for their refreshing, or antiseptic effect.
 Enemas – also known as evacuation enemas. They
are rectal injections employed to evacuate bowel
retention enemas to influence the general system by
absorption, or to effect locally the seat of disease.
Biphasic liquid Dosage Forms Gases 20
EMULSION – a two phase system prepared by combining
Medicinal gases, inhalation/volatile anaesthetics
two immiscible liquids one of which is uniformly dispersed
through the other; they consist of globules that have
(vaporised before administration by inhalation)
diameters equal to or greater than those of the largest
colloidal particles. Aerodispersions of solid particles (e.g., antiasthmatic
inhalations) or liquid particles (antiasthmatic
SUSPENSIONS – a two-phase system consisting of finely inhalations or sprays)
divided solid dispersed in a solid, liquid, or gas.