CONVERTER AND RECTIFIERS General Aspects Although A.C. system has been universally adopted for generation, transmission and distribution yet there are several cases where the use of D.C. current is either essential or else is advantageous to a degree sufficient to make it preferable to A.C. current. A few applications of D.C. system are given below: (i) D.C. motors (because of their excellent and over — load characteristics) are most suitable for traction purposes in tramways and railways. (ii) Arc welding (ili) Battery charging work (iv) Arc lamps for searchlights and cinema projectors (v) For operating relays, telephones, switches, and circuit breakers etc. (vi) In rolling mills, paper mills, colliery winding, etc., where fine speed control or speeds in both directions are required. (vii) For electrolytic and electro — chemical processes. Hence, it becomes necessary/essential sometimes to convert A.C. current into D.C. current by some suitable arrangement. The following methods may be used to convert A.C. system to D.C.: 1. Motor - generator Sets. 3. Rotary converters 2. Motor converters 4. Rectifiers MOTOR — GENERATOR SET A motor — generated set consists of two machines viz. an A.C. motor and a D.C. generator which are mechanically coupled. A.C. motor may be synchronous or an induction motor. In the case of larger units, the A.C. motor if employed should have damper winding on its pole faces to avoid hunting. Advantages: 1. The motor — generator set is simple and reliable. 2. D.C. voltage at nearly constant magnitude can be obtained from synchronous motor generator set. 3. D.C. voltage can be obtained between wide ranges. = ne synchronous motor generator set is reversible. . le synchronous motor generator set can ae g be employed for improving the The set can be operated on any frequency. The set is free from reversal of polarity and flashover. NO5: Converters CHAPTER, 425 intages: 1, Since a motor ~ generator refore, Set requires i : The se Is versace, COsts more and has poor efteerene ae : : WY and cannot be easily moved from one place to Induction motor ~ generator set is not reversible, Induction motor — cancel : generator set operates at low Power factor unless it is 5, At very high load, synchronism, the synchronous motor ~ generator set falls out of 6. The synchronous ~ motor is li * winding on its poles ee Set Is liable to hunting and requires a damping ay CONVERTERS MOTOR CONVERTER A motor converter essentially consists of an ordinary slip — ring induction motor coupled both mechanically and electrically to a D.C. generator. The rotor of the induction motor is usually wound for 12 phases to obtain better performance. A.C. voltage up to 11 kV can be directly fed to the stator. If A.C. voltage available ismore than 11 kV then it is economical to step down the voltage before feeding it to the stator winding. The rotor of the slip — ring induction motor is mechanically as well as electricaliy coupled to D.C. generator, D.C. generator is also known as amature of the converter. The motor input energy is partly transmitted mechanically (through the shaft) and partly electrically, i.e. as slip ring energy from the rotor of the induction motor. It is self - starting. cs The set is simple to operate and is reliable. It has sufficiently high power factor. It permits wide regulation in D.C. voltage. It can be operated on any frequency. It can be operated at high voltages. f ee ee 1 Tages: es low speed, it is more expensive and hence it fs not much 2 Ite possible to obtain D.C. voltage up to 1700 - 2000 V. jc. ends then it If P, and Py represent the number of poles on the a.c. and d.c. Nn be sh : : = ()) the pe at cascade speed i.e., the synchronous speed correspondi to the sum of the poles of both Machines. ~ Py +PAZE __Textdook - Reviewer in Electrical 2 Edition M.Valenzona P. (ii) the frequency of currents in d.c. generator is = fx B vP, i P, (ili) mechanical power transmitted through shaft = input x Reh . Py (iv) power transmitted electrically = input x BP, The motor converter possesses characteristics which lie in between those of motor generator set on one side and rotary converter on the other. It is self- starting and can be line started in most cases. It has sufficiently high power factor and permits of wide regulation is d.c. voltage. However, because of its low speed, it is more expensive and is hence not much popular. SYNCHRONOUS OR ROTARY CONVERTER A synchronous or rotary converter is a single machine with one armature and ‘one field. It combines the function of a synchronous motor and a D.C. generator. It receives alternating current through a set of slip — rings at one end of an armature that rotates at synchronous speed, iN 7 20) and delivers direct Current from the opposite end through a commutator and a set of brushes. ‘ The principle of operation of a synchronous converter is based on the fact that an alternating e.m.f. is induced in the armature of a D.C. machine and is rectified only by means of a commutator, therefore, when the armature winding is connected directly to slip — rings, an A.C. voltage is obtained across the rings, and the machine may be connected through the latter to an A.C. circuit. Normally, a synchronous or rotary converter is used when a large — scale conversion from A.C. to D.C. power is required. Note. For machines whose output is less than 100 kW it is the usual-practice to adopt a wave winding. When wave winding is used, only one connection is required per slip — ring. But when lap, or multiple circuit, wining is adopted, then each slip - ring will have connections equal to the number of pole pairs. A simple rule to remember is that if a converter has N number of phases, there must be N slip — ring tapping points ir. This rules does not apply to single — phase machines. ree Following are the advantages and disadvantages of a synchronous converter: Advantages: 1. It has high efficiency. 2. It operates at a high power factor. 3. The running and operating cost is low. 4. itis portable. Disadvantages: 1, It is liable to flashover and reversal of polarity.15: Converters 427 2. The D.C. voltage regulation is limited. . D.C. voltage up to 1200 to 1500 V can only be obtained. 4, It requires a step — down transformer since high A.C. voltages cannot be fed into it. voltage and Current Relations tn general, for ™— phase rotary converter sin & mn OR v21, Mee m sin No nl mos? I, he v2 oe assu min g unity power factor and 100% efficiency sin msin = | 2.83 Tye : : (il) I, = ni assuming unity power factor and 100% efficiency where E, = rm.s. phase voltage, i.e., potential difference, across two armature tappings or Es,. Ip = 1.m.s. phase current, i.e., A.C. current flowing through the armature between adjacent tappings. It is not the same as J,,, 4e., load current. Table 15.1. Voltage and Current Relations ve I-phase ‘S-phase 4-phase | 6-phase 12- jottage/ | cormula | 2ring | Fring | 4ring | 6-ning | phase Current apcimg | | gore, | S50" | 0.707 ee | 0.612 Ex | 05 Ex | 0.354 Ex | 0.182 Ex B Tecurrent court | ae tac | BA Ue | 0.943 Le O77 | 0.472 te | 0.236 x leads m The following points are worth noting: 1. Conversion from 3 — phase to 6 — phase can be easily achieved by having two similar secondary windings for each of the primary of the three — Phase transformers. There are many ways of connecting the six Secondaries for this purpose such as: (i) Diametral (ii) Double - delta (li) Double — starM.Valenzona 4ZB__texook—Revewerin Becta Engineering 7" Eon 2. The output D.C. voltage of rotary converter can be changed by the following methods: (i) By using tap - changing transformer (ii) By reactance control method (iii) By induction regulator method (iv) By synchronous booster control method RECTIFIERS A ‘rectifier’ is a device which converts alternating current into unidirectional current by virtue of a characteristic permitting appreciable flow of currents in only one direction. Types of Rectifiers. Some of the common types of rectifiers used are given below: 1. Mercury arc rectifiers. 2. Metal rectifiers (such as copper oxide or selenium rectifiers). 3. Mechanical rectifiers. 4, Electrolytic rectifiers. > Where the power requirements are comparatively small, it is customary to employ solid materials types such as copper ~ oxide or selenium rectifiers, or the glass - enclosed hot ~ cathode type (such as Tungar or Rectigon). Mechanical and electrolytic types of rectifier have been used on occasion, but they are generally subject to operating difficulties and are of low e / > For installations requiring /arge amounts of power such as traction motors and the electromechanical industries the mercury — arc type of rectifier is the accepted standard. The commutator and its brushes on a D.C. machine are, of course, a mechanical rectifier that performs an important and reliable function, especially when used with interpoles and compensating windings. Mercury Arc Rectifiers A mercury arc rectifier in its simplest form consists of an evacuated glass vessel with a pool of mercury at the bottom acting as a cathode and at the top is anode (made of graphite). In the mercury pool is dipped a pointed electrode of semi — conducting material Boron carbide called the ignited or auxiliary anode. When the rectifier is fired, for a short duration current pulse is applied between the auxiliary anode and cathode which heats the surface of mercury and produces certain initial electrons. The high positive potential applied to anode attracts these electrons. The electrons reaching anode takes the form of an arc which starts at the anode and it is heated up subsequently.HAPTER 15: Converters —— 42 429 There is a luminous column next to " anode’ which gi is a dark gap followed by a white hot cathode Seareh revels wendacy oe mercy pool with high epee ich travels irregularly serfs, the battery nie gmt these electrons and is unable to receve i making the cade postive, the electrons wil be repeled and no cunt il ow, Thus as a id Ear th a bee Current to flow only in one direction, i.e. ‘from anode to : ery is replaced at fowing only during the +ve half of the eet A.C. supply, there will be current Arc volt drop. The voltage drop between the anode and cathode comprises the following: (Anode drop (il) Cathode drop (il) Arc drop » Anode drop. The anode collects the electrons emitted by the cathode and the waiting electrons here form a negative space and the coming electrons are repelled by this space charge. The repelled electrons overcome a certain potential drop which is of tune of about 5 V. » Cathode drop. The cathode is bombarded by the positive ions, consequently a high potential gradient is caused due to which a large voltage drop takes place. The cathode drop is about 9 V. > Arc drop. The potential drop in the arc varies from 0.05 V to 0.2 V per cm length of the arc. The average value of this drop can be assumed to be 0.1 Vx, where | is the arc length. Thus total drop equal (5 + 9 + 0.11)V. Rectifier. The mercury arc rectifier has made large Merits of a Mercury Arc station field. It entails the inroads in the railway and manufacturing sub — following merits/advantages: Light weight and occupies small floor space. Comparatively simple in operation. Readily made automatic in operation. Comparatively noiseless. High efficiency. Quick responses to load demands. Maintenance and attention small. i — load capacity. - . feat higher rating are economical. 0. Easily adaptable to variable frequeny oe dl 1. It is comparatively less affected by A.C. system account of high voltage surges. Single — phase Mercury Arc Rectifier eek ification. A half ~ wave rectifier having one 2! ® wich one | Re ie secondary of the transformer is connected. ig bibl a iereeh al load flows only when the anode is positive, l.€., tt flows during the 7 e cen Oe tee — half of the cycle, no current half when anode is negative. jisturbances especially on Hee eNO eenAZO _ Textbook - Reviewer in Electrical E 2” Edition M.Valenzona (b) Full — wave Rectification. (\ full wave rectifier has two anodes A; and A, and the load is connected between the cathode C and the center of the secondary of the transformer. When the current in the secondary is +ve, say from right to left, the anode A, will conduct. During the second half of the cycle the current in the secondary of the winding is from left to right. So now anode A, will conduct while the direction of the current in the load remains the same. The period of conduction of each anode is 2n/2 = x. Such a rectifier which utilizes both halves of the alternating wave is called a full ~ wave rectifier. Polyphase Mercury — Arc Rectifier These may be (i) Three - phase rectifiers (li) Six phase rectifiers Note 1. Glass rectifiers, because of inherent mechanical weakness of glass, cannot be manufactured for very large outputs. These are usually made into units capable of D.C. ‘output of 500 A at 500 V (maximum continuous rating). Note 2. Steel rectifiers are mounted in a vacuum chamber of steel, are cismountable, continuously evacuated and are water cooled. Because water cooling is employed, hence the condensing chamber is much smaller than that of the glass bulb type rectifier. The arc ‘operates in a large vacuum tank which is made out of a special quality of sheet iron that resists the action of mercury vapors and helps in maintenance of consistently good vacuum. In between the condensing chamber and the vacuum tank is the anode plate which carries the main anodes in the ring. Necessary high vacuum is maintained by a pumping system Consisting of a mercury vapor diffusion pump backed by a rotary pump working under oil, Ignition ang excitation of steel tank rectifiers is different from that of the glass — bulb type rectifiers. Such units have been constructed for as much as 16000 A at comparatively low voltages, 2500 kW at 3.3 kV and for voltages as high as 20 kV at 600 kW. Voltages up to 30 KV can be obtained only by derating the current. Voltage and Current Relations Exe = 2 E, Nsin* nN L Where Ey = average value of no - load Exc = r.m.s. value of secondary phase neutral voltage Trims, = Value of secondary current Iams. = = hag D.C. voltage hoe Utility Factor. Utility factor is defined as the ratio of the volt - amperes obtained from the rectifier on the output side to volt - amperes supplied from A.C. input side. Excl, Utility factor = —#—ac_ gi NE linagurmeecomenen a VE, ()s Ld PES AN x lems Wii) « N NEaclems. ™ The current in a mercury ~ arc rectifier can be controlled with the help of perforated grids placed between the anode and the cathode. ° various grid — control methods can be broadly divided int 3 4, Soft control method 2. Hard control method eee By increasing the relative phase difference between jode and grid voltages, the establishment of the arc between the ald and the ‘athode can be delayed by any amount and so D.C. output can be controlled. Such method is known as phase — shift contro! method. The phase — shift can be eat with the help of an induction regulator or by bias ~ shift control Metal Rectifiers The metal rectifiers are preferred to valve rectifiers as these are mechanically stronger and do not require any voltage for filament heating. The metal rectifiers are of the following two types: 1. Copper oxide rectifiers 2. Selenium rectifiers Copper Oxide Rectifiers Copper oxide rectifiers are made from copper discs which are usually 25 mm in diameter or smaller. These discs are heated to form a copper oxide on their surface. After the heat treatment they are quenched and the oxide film is removed from one side. The remaining oxide film ‘provides rectifying action. Contact is made which it is formed and a lead disc pressed on to to the film through the copper on the upper surface. The rectifier thus formed will permit a current flow from the film to the copper and will block currents from flowing in the opposite direction. This device is not a perfect rectifier. : > This type of rectifier is usually designed to operate at 45°C or less. The voltage impressed on each cell is usually limited to a range of 5 to 11 volts, depending on whether the rectifier is used on continuous or intermittent duty. > The efficiency of the copper ‘oxide rectifier seldom exceeds 65% to 75%, This indicates a voltag' ulation ranging between 25% to 35%. 1 i ae ily life. The resistance in the forward > This rectifier i: stable during ©2! rection ede, eee with use at a rate dependent on temperature of operation and its load. The over = all change of about 15% can be expected in the output voltage. The change is gradual and may continue for a period of several years. This feature must be taken into consideration in adapting It to its circuits. The copper - oxide rectifier, because of low rectifying large amounts of power. efficiency, is unsuitable for432 Textbook - Reviewer in Electrical Engineering 2% Edition M.Valenzona » This type of rectifier finds use in contro! circuits and is adaptable to various voltages and currents. Selenium Rectifiers ™ The method of construction of a selenium rectifier is similar to that of the Copper oxide rectifier. The cell consists of an iron or aluminum disc, one side of which is coated with a thin of selenium. After heat treating this assembly to form the copper crystalline structure, the selenium is sprayed with a metal of low-temperature melting point. The ell is then ‘formed’ by supplying it with a direct current in its reverse direction for several hours. The rectifying action takes place at the selenium film. The selenium cell claims the following advantages over the copper oxide cell: 1. Changes in temperature have less effect on the selenium cell than on the copper oxide unit. The selenium cell can withstand larger reverse voltages. It can be operated at temperatures as high as 75°C. Efficiencies ranging from 75% to 85% are attainable. If the selenium cell is idle for along period of time, its reverse resistance tends to decrease and current that it takes when reconnected to the circuit is abnormally high. Ageing of this rectifier may change the output voltage by 5% to 10%. ge swn lied following points of selenium rectifiers are worth noting: They can be used on polyphase circuits to supply large values of current. 3 They can easily adapted to various voltages and currents by selecting proper series and parallel connection of the cells. 3. They can /ess efficient than the mercury-arc erated when used on high- voltage systems. 4. They are available in capacities up to 50 or 100 kW, ‘and their range can be extended. 5. Their applications are usually limited to potential of 100 V or less. These rectifiers have been used extensively in supplying direct current for electroplating. METHODS OF REPRESENTATION OF RECTIFIERS The conventional method for representation of rectifiers. The full arrow or half arrow shows the forward direction or the direction of current flow, > — The positive direction or red mark represents that the current leaves the rectifier at this point, i.e., for load this is the +ve point. > Mechanical Rectifiers Mechanical rectifiers are of the following two types:TER 15: Converters 3 ae ; er enon cere 4, Commutating type rectifier. Such devices are subject to sparking and therefore its use is limited to the applications where small currents and voltages are to be dealt with. 2, Vibrating rectifier. This type of rectifier is widely used for inverting direct current into alternating current, although the resulting wave is far from sinusoidal. Electrolytic Rectifiers The working principle of electrolyte rectifiers is as follows: “if two plates of different metals (e.g. lead and aluminum) are placed in an electrolyte (€.9. sodium bicarbonate or aluminum phosphate solution) and connected to an A.C. voltage then current can pass only in one direction.” These rectifiers are primarily used for charging of low voltage batteries from A.C. supply. Their efficiency is low, nearly 60%.434 _ronoook- nevewern BecvealEngnening Eaton _ vane OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS: 1. Ina single phase rotary converter the number of slip rings will be A. two C. four B, three D. six 2. Arotary converter is a single machine with A. one armature and one field B. two armatures and one field C. one armature and two fields D. none of the above 3. Arrotary converter combines the function of A. an induction motor and a D.C. generator B. a synchronous motor and a D.C. generator C. a D.C. series motor and a D.C. generator D. none of the above 4, Arotary converter operates at a ‘A. low power factor C. zero power factor B. high power factor D. none of the above 5. Ina mercury arc rectifier positive ions are attracted towards A. anode C. cathode B, shell bottom D. mercury pool 6. The internal efficiency of a mercury arc rectifier depends on A. voltage only C. voltage & current B. current only D. rm.s. value of current 7. To produce cathode spot in a mercury arc rectifier A. anode is heated B, tube is evacuated C. an auxiliary electrode is used D. low mercury vapour pressures are used 8. Ina three-phase mercury arc rectifiers each anode conducts for A. one-third of a cycle C. one-half of a cycle B. one-fourth of a cycle D. two-third of a cycle 9. Ina mercury arc rectifier characteristic blue luminosity is due to A. color of mercury C. high temperature B. ionization D. electron streams 10. In a mercury arc rectifier ___ flow from anode to cathode A. ions C. ions & electrons B. electrons D. any of the above ANSWER: 1.(A), 2.(A), 3.(B), 4.(B), 5.(C), 6.(A), 7.(C), 8.(A), 9.(B), 10.(A)Ina mercury arc rectifier, the anode is usually made of i. copper C. silver B. aluminum D. graphite yz. The voltage drop at anode, in a mercury arc rectifier is due to A. self restoring property of mercury B. high ionization potential C. energy spent in overcoming the electrostatic field D. high temperature inside the rectifier 43. Ina mercury pool rectifier, the voltage drop across its electrodes A. is directly proportional to load B. in inversely proportional to load C. varies exponentially with the load current D. is almost independent of load current ile 14, In a grid control of mercury arc rectifiers when the grid is made positive relative to cathode, then it___ the electrons on their may to anode. A. accelerates C. any of the above B, decelerates D. none of the above 15. In mercury arc rectifiers having grid, the arc can be struck between anode and cathode only when the grid attains a certain potential, this potential being known as A. maximum grid voltage C. any of these B. critical grid voltage D. none of these 16. Which of the following rectifiers have been used extensively in supplying direct current for electroplating? A. Copper oxide rectifiers C. Mercury arc rectifiers B, Selenium rectifiers D. Mechanical rectifiers 17. A commutating rectifier consists of commutator driven by A. an induction motor C. a D.C. series motor B. a synchronous motor D. a D.C. shunt motor 18. The ignited or auxiliary anode in mercury arc rectifier is made of A. graphite C. boron carbide B. aluminum D. copper 8. It is a single machine with one armature and one field, and combines the function of a synchronous motor and a dc generator A. motor-generator set C. motor converter B. rotary converter D. amplidyne 22. The electrical angle between adjacent tappings in a 12-phase synchronous Converter is b 30° c.45° Bas D. 22.5° | 15.(B), 16.(B), 17.(B), 18.(C), 19.(B), 20.(A) (0), 12.(C), 13.(D). 14.436 __ Textbook - Reviewer in Electrical Engineering 2” Edition 21. 22. 23. 8 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. “Answer: 21.(C), 22.(B), 23.(A), 24.(B), 25. (B), 26.(D), 27. Which of the following devices cannot convey from dc to ac? A. Motor generator C. Mercury arc rectifier B. Motor converter D. All of the above In large motor generator sets ac motor is usually A. induction motor squirrel cage type B. synchronous motor C. induction motor wound rotor type D. any of the above For single phase rotary converters, when the power factor is unity, the ac line to de current ratio will be A.14 C. 0.707 B. 1.0 D.0.5 ‘A 1000 kW motor generator set has induction motor of six poles and de generator of eight poles. If the supply frequency is 50 Hz, the speed of the set will be A. 214.3 rpm. C. 536. 4 rpm B. 428. 6 rpm. D. 624.8 rpm The number of slip rings in a single phase synchronous converter will be Al a3 B.2 D. none For 3 phase rotary converters, when power factor is unity, the ac line to de current ratio is A15 C.1.0 B. 1.1 D. 0.942 Ifa synchronous converter is supplied with 12 phase ac supply, the number of slip rings will be AB C. 12 B.6 D. 24 In a synchronous converter, the no ~ load ratio of the voltage &, between successive slip rings (i.e. the armature phase voltage) to the commutator voltage £> for 3 phase supply on ac side is A.1.0 C.0.6 3 B. 0.7 D. 0.16 In a rotary converter FR losses as compared to dc generator of the same size will be A. four times more C. same B. double D. less In a mercury arc rectifier positive ions are attracted towards A. mercury pool C. cathode B. shell bottom D. anode 29.(0), 30.(C)querer 15 core (Ovjectve ype) 437 31. oun er rating of a glass bulb mercury arc rectifier is usually A.50 A C. 500 A B. 100A D. 1000 A 32. Which of the following rectifiers can withstand maxi voltag (A. Mercury arc rectifier C. Steel tank ectiies ee B. Glass bulb rectifier D. None of the above 33, Inan arc rectifier the drop in voltage at the cathode is approximately A. 1 volt C. 60 to 70 volts B. 6 to 7 volts D. 1.2 WV volts 34. In arc rectifiers mercury is chosen as the liquid for rectifier because A. it has low specific heat B. it has low ionization potential C. it has high atomic weight D. all of the above 35, Least undulating current will be delivered by which mercury arc rectifier? A. 1- phase C. 3 - phase B. 2- phase D. 6 — phase 36. Which of the following devices cannot convey from dc to ac? A. Motor generator C. Mercury arc rectifier B. Motor converter D. All of the above 37. For single phase rotary converters, when the power factor is unity, the ac line to de current ratio will be A14 C. 0.707 B.1.0 0.0.5 38. A 1000 kW motor generator set has induction motor of six poles and dc generator of eight poles. If the supply frequency is 50 Hz, the speed of the set will be A. 214.3 rpm C. 536. 4 rpm B. 428. 6 rpm D. 624.8 rpm 38. The number of slip rings in a single phase synchronous converter will be AL C.3 B.2 D. none 40. Ina nchronous converter, the no ~ load ratio of the voltage £ between successive slip rings (i.e. the armature phase voltage) to the commutator voltage £> for 3 phase supply on ac side is A10 C.06 8.0.7 D. 0.16 ER: 31 (C), 32 (C), 33 (8). 34 (0). 35(0) 36(C). 37 (A), 38 (B), 39.(B), 40.(C)438 “Textbook — Reviewer in Electrical Engineering 2 Edition M.Valenzona 41. For 3 phase rotary converters, when power factor is unity, the ac line to de Current ratio is AAS C.1.0 Bit D. 0.942 42. If a synchronous converter is supplied with 12 phase ac supply, the number of slip rings will be A3 C.12 B.6 D. 24 43. Ina rotary converter PR losses as compared to dc generator of the same size will be A. four times more C. same B. double D. less 44. In a mercury arc rectifier positive ions are attracted towards A. mercury pool C. cathode B. shell bottom D. anode 45. Maximum current rating of a glass bulb mercury arc rectifier is usually restricted to A.50A C. 500 A B. 100A D. 1000 A 46. Which of the following rectifiers can withstand maximum voltage on de side A, Mercury arc rectifier C. Steel tank rectifier B. Glass bulb rectifier D. None of the above 47. In arc rectifiers mercury is chosen as the liquid for rectifier because A. it has low specific heat B. it has low ionization potential C. it has high atomic weight D. all of the above 48. Least undulating current will be delivered by which mercury arc rectifier? A. 1- phase C.3- phase B, 2- phase D. 6 - phase 49. In mercury arc rectifier, voltage drop at anode is due to A. energy spent in overcoming the electrostatic field B. high temperature inside the rectifier C. self — restoring property of mercury D. high ionization potential 50. For mercury arc rectifiers, the anode is usually made of A. Aluminum C. Tungsten B. Copper D. Graphite Answer: 41.(D), 42.(C), 43.(D), 44.(C), (C), 47.(D), 48.(D), 49.(A), 50.(0)—$——______srearoviemsy_ 439 goLVED PROBLEMS: 1, Asingle-phase rotary converter delivers full load of S kw Va.c. 4 Determine the a.c. input current if the + factor at 230-V a.c. supply. is unity. Neglect losses. Solution: We use subscript 1 for single-phase converter Vi = 230 volts V = 1.414 Vv, = 1.414(230) V = 325.3 volts Po = 5000 watts = 5000 _ 3053 7 15.37A Ty = 1.4141 = 1.414(15.37) I, =21.73A 2. A 3-phase rotary converter delivers a dc load of 300 A at 250-V dc ‘supply. Determine the slip ring current if the P.F. is 0.80. 250-V dc supply. Solution: Neglecting losses are fy = 9941609) - 352.9 3. A 3-phase rotary converter supplies a load of 100 kW at 550 V on the d.c. side. Find the current supplied from the a.c. side if the converter works on 0.90 p.f. and 92% efficiency. Solution: y = 100000 - 191.824 550 _ 0.941(181.82) _ 296.64 b= ~990(0.92) 4 1800-kwW, 6-phase synchronous converter delivers full load d.c. voltage of 600 volts, Determine the a.c. voltage between adjacent slip rings and the slip Ting current. Solution: Ve = 0.353 V Vv 00 volts Ve = 600(0.353) = 211.8 volts 1 = 1800000 — 3000 600SERO_Texboon-nevewerin Beenie Engineering 7” Eton Valen Assuming unity p.f. and 100% efficiency Ig = 0.4711 = 0.471(3000) Ig = 1413 A | \chronous converter develops 250 volts on the 7 Cami ooiiel tom a 2200-V network through three single phase delta connected on the H.V. side and Y-connected on the low voltage side. The converter operates on full load at 0.90 lagging p.f. and 91% efficiency. Determine the kVA load on each transformer. Solution: V = 250 volts = 280000 = 1990 4 250 V3 = 0.613(250) = 153.25 volts Voltage per phase = ae = 88.48 volts = 0.941(1000) _ = Soo = 148.968 Current per phase = Ig = 1148.96 A KVA load on each transformer = $8:48(1148.96) = 101.67 A 12-pole, 6-phase, lap wound synchronous converter delivers @ current of 1600 A on the d.c. side. It has 1000 armature conductors a flux of 60 mWb per pole and runs at 600 rpm. Determine the voltage between slip rings on the a.c. side. Solution: = OPNZ v= "eoa, 4 = 60 x 10° Wb, P = 12, N = 600 rpm Z = 1000, a=P=12 v = (60x10 )(12)(600)(1000) _ EO = 600 votts = 0.3535 V = 0.3535(600) Ve =212.1V 7. In problem no. 6, what is the current per slip ring? Assume a unity power factor on the a.c. side and armature efficiency of 95%. Solution:————————$___———___soved Protiems)_ #47, — 0.4711 : n pf. I= 1600A 1, = 2471(0600) 095th) = 793-264 g, A 60-Hz, 3-ring synchronous converter has in each slip-ring lead a 2-ohm reactor of negligible resistance. The line voltage is 1100 volt on the ac side. ogni ing eon brush voltage when the slip ring current is 20 A wit e excitation adjusted to give a 0.866 power factor secondary side terminals. : one : ae Solution: Input Phase voltage = = 635 volts ; B With this voltage as reference, and I = 202-cos 10.866 Secondary phase voltage 135 — (202-30°)(2290°) 135 — 40.260° 35 — (20 + j34.64) = 6162-3.22 Slip ring voltage = 616/3 = 1067 volts Brush voltage V = 1.63 V3 = 1.633(1067) = 1742.4 volts 9. A 1500-kW, 750-V, 6-phase synchronous converter has a full load efficiency of 96% and a power factor of 0.92. It is supplied by a bank of transformers connected in delta on primary and diametrical on the secondary. The 3-phase primary supply is 13.2 kV. Fine the line current on the primary side. Solution: Ve = 0.3535(750) = 265.125 volts Secondary phase voltage = 165.125(2) = 530.25 volts son ratio = 13200. = 24.89 Transformation ratio = 53955 1500000 _ 2999 750 Slip ring current is also the secondary phase current nae 0.4711 _ 0.471(2000) 1s = Tepe) 0.96(0.92) Ig = 1066.6 A 1066.6 _ Primary phase current = yaq° = 42.74 Primary line current = J (42.7) = 73.95 ABAZ _Tentook_netewen Becrea Engneeing 7" féven______ Veseruone 10. A 6-phase 500-KW converter has an efficiency of 90% at full load and operates at a power factor of 0.92. The transformer primaries are connected in delta and the secondaries in 6-phase diametrical. Determine the slip-ring current if the dc voltage is 550 votts. The slip ring current 1g = 24711 _ 0.471(2000) ~ Wipf) 0.96(0.92) I, = 517.13 A 11. In problem no. 10, determine the slip ring voltage to neutral. Solution: Vs = 0.3535 V = 0.3535(550) = 194.4 volts Ve is the voltage between slip rings or voltage between adjacent secondary terminals. Since it is diametrically connected, the voltage to neutral is also equal to 194.4 volts 12. In problem no. 10, determine the diametrical secondary voltage. Solution: : 1944 The diametrical secondary voltage is 2¢---7,7 2 94.4(2) = 388.8 volts 13. In problem no. 10, determine the kVA rating of each transformer. Solution: Using the secondary side values, the voltage across each winding i: volts and the current is 517.13 volts. Therefore vee KVA rating of each transformer = 517153688 8) = 201Voltage per phase = voltage between slip rings Vo = 0.3535(460) = 162.61 volts Diametrical voltage = 2(162.61) = 325. volts Secondary current = slip ring current 1g = 2471117) 0.84(0.92) I, = 71.3 15. A three-anode mercury arc rectifier supplies a load of 15 kW at 250 volts. The arc drop is 15 volts. Determine the total kVA rating of the transformer. E, = AC voltage per phase N = no. of anode V2, (sing) _ Ec ad = 1.169 E = 285. = 226.6 volts © = 69 ~ 7? Tee = dene 15000 — 9 Te= Faq" = 004 60 = 80 234648 mene rating of transformers Total KVA rating 0% (226.6)(34.64) “7000 = 23.55444 _ Textbook - Reviewer in Electrical Et 16. A 6-anode mercury arc rectified has transformer is delta-double star connected to a 3300-volt, 3-phase line, Determine the turns ratio of the transformer assuming that the arc drop is 25 volts. Solution: Ey = 230 + 25 = 255 volts N=6 V2E, sin Ey = 255 = VRE SING = 1.35 6p n/6 255 = 222 = 188.85 volts Ey = Typ = 188.85 vol Primary phase voltage = 3300/ V3 = 1905 volts _ 1905 _ Turns ratio = 55 gq = 10.087 since there are two secondaries, the turns ratio of each = 10.987 = 5,04 17. In a 700-kW motor converter the induction motor has 6 poles and the generator has 8 poles. If the supply frequency is 60 Hz, determine the speed of the set in rpm. Solution: Nn = 220f_ , 120(60) PrP, 6+8 N = 514.29 rpm 18. In problem no. 17, determine the frequency of currents in the generator. Solution: Pa fo atx gto o P,+P, 8 fs = 60/5] = fs so I 5) 34.2857 19. In problem no. 17, calculate the mechanical power transmitted through shaft. Solution: Power transmitted through shaft = Input x —fa P,+P,ure is comers sone rations) 4S 20. 2. 6 = 700| =| = (5) 300 kw A motor converter consisting of 6-pole induction motor driving a 4-pole dc machine is fed from a 3-phase, 60-Hz, 6,600-V source and supplies a direct current network at 400 volts. If the machine is loaded at 400 kW, determine the nh current and power supplied electrically to the dc side from the a.c. Solution: Pin = 400000 = /3 (6600)I 1=35A Power supplied electrically =P, = 400(—4_) = Pr 400( 545) 160 kW A 6-phase synchronous converter while supplying dc load of 500 kW at S00 volts is supplied from a 3300-V 3-phase source through a delta connected primary-six phase diametrical connected secondary transformer. The converter efficiency is 90% and power factor is 0.90. Determine the transformation ratio of the transformer and the primary phase current. Solution: The voltage between adjacent slip rings = 500(0.3535) = 176.75 volts For 6-phase diametrical connection, diametrical voltage is equal to secondary winding voltage = 2 x voltage between adjacent slip rings = 2(176.75) = 353.5 volts _ 3300 _ tums ratio = 3555 9.33 = 04711 Slip ring current = secondary current = apt = 500000 = 1000A 1 = “59 1000 _ 0.471(1000) _ sgi5 Slip ring current = —-99(0,90) 581. Secondary current = 581.5 A 1.5 Primary current = a = 623ASERS _textoor - Reviewer n lecrkal Engineering 7" Fave 22, 23. 24. 25. A transformer Y-connected on the primary on the 6.9 kV, 3-phase source supplies a 6-ring rotary converter having diametrical tappings and connected to dc system of 550 volts between terminals. Determine the turns ratio of the transformer. Solution: voltage between slip rings = 0.3535(550) = 194.43 Diametrical voltage = 194.43(2) = 388.85 volts Primary phase voltage = 6900/ /3 = 3983.7 volts 3983.7 ® eee = 10.25. Turns ratio 388.85 0. A single-phase converter has a commutator voltage of 100 volts. If the dc output is 250 A, determine the line current on the ac side assuming a power factor of 0.90 and 92% efficiency. Solution: Input current for single-phase converts 1, = 24711 1 np 1 = 250A dc = 1.414(250) _ h = Faqog2) = 4274 A 3-phase synchronous converter supplies a 250 A, d.c. load at 500 volts. Determine the line voltage and current on the a.c. side if the p.f. is 0.87 and the efficiency 91%. Solution: V3 = 0.612 V = 0.612(500) = 306 volts 1, = 29431 _ 0.943(250) (PF) 0.87(0.91) I, = 298A The dc output of a 6-ring converter with diametrical tappings is 500 KW at 440 volts. If the power factor is 0.866 and the efficiency Soe, find the voltage and current in each phase of the transformer secondary. Solution: Ve = 0.3535 V = 0,3535(440) = 155.54 V Phase voltage = 2(155.54) = 311.08gores scones tnesprotiens) 447° i, = O47 np. — 500000 I= = 000 = 1136.36 A = 0.471(1136.36) 1g = 9:471(1136.36) _ 6 "0.866(0.92) ~ 974.788 Also equal to secondary phase current 26. A 6-ting converter with diametrical tapings is operating at a power factor of 0.87. The secondary phase voltage and current of the transformer are 200 volts and 1200 A, respectively. Determine the dc voltage and dc current output. Assume efficiency to be 0.92. Solution: Secondary voltage per coil = 200 V Ve = 200. = 100 2 _ 100 _ V = Gage = 282.88 volts Is = 1200 _ _ 0.4711 2 0.87(0.92) I = 2039.2 A 77. A 6-ring converter is connected to 3300-V, 3-phase supply. The dc supply is 440 V. If there are 32 turns per phase on the low voltage side of the transformer, what is the number of turns per phase on the high voltage side, which is delta connected. Solution: V = 440 volts V, = 0.3535(440) = 155.54 V Secondary phase voltage = 2(155.54) = 311.08 Primary phase voltage = 3300 Vv Secondary no. of turns, N, = 32 Me YON V, _ 32(3300) Np = Nay = “311.08 Np = 339.5 turns44.8 Textbook - Reviewer in Electrical Engineering 2” Edition M.Valenzona 28. 29. 30. i hose internal A full wave single-phase rectifier consists of two diodes wi resistance may be taken as a constant value of 400 ohms. The load resistance is 2500 ohms. The transformer winding is center tapped with a total voltage of 500 V, rms from end-to-end. Determine the peak inverse voltage. Solution: 250 volts Eq = 250 V2 = 353.55 V Ip = = 353-55, ™ 2500+ 400 Im = 0.1219 A PIV =2Em-In Ra = 2(353.55) — 0.1219(400) PIV = 707.1 - 48.76 = 658.34 V In problem no. 28, determine the power output. Solution: Im = 0.1219 A (Prob. No. 28) Iwve = 0.636 Ip, = 0.636(0.1219) = 0.0775 A Pave = Iave” Ri = (0.0775)°2500 = 15 W The total voltage between the center tap and the two terminals of a transformer secondary supplying a two-anode mercury arc rectifier is 120 volts rms, 60 Hz. The arc drop of the tube is 18 volts. The tube is used to charge a 60-cell storage battery in which the emf of each is 2.0 V and the resistance is 0.005 ohm. What is the maximum instantaneous value of the current if an external resistance of 0.60 ohm is connected in series with the battery? Solution: Max voltage between center tap and anode terminals = 120 /2 = 169.7 volts The arc drop being 18 volts, therefore a voltage of (169.7 ~ 18) = 151.7 volts available for external circuit The total emf of the battery = 60(2) = 120 volts Internal resistance = 60(0.005) = The maximum instantaneous current = 0.30 + 0.6015: Converters $$$ sotrer Problems) AD 31. SE rniel fu synchronous converter develops 240 V on the commutato a aefonners emai u 3 phase network through three single-phase le h.v. side and Y-connected i The converter operates on ful-load at pf. 0.86 lag and Gann of 92%. Determine the volta 7 fransformers healecting is eescs nt aid oF both sides. of, the Solution: Load supplied D.C. output voltage Power factor = 0.86 (laggin: Efficiency of the converter = 92% aoe Number of phases, m = 3 Output D.C. current, I, = /adinkW 10000 _ 220%1000 _ Ede 240 916.7 A ES «sn(=) 240sin( 2) Slip-ring voltage, E, ='E, = i \ =147V pp : 22g. 22 x 916.7 Slip-ring current, I, = —o*_ == i ee nxmxcosd 0.92x3x 0.86 — Voltage/phase across transformer secondary, 147 = = 84.9V Secondary is star-connected) BF ( ry ) Voltage/phase across transformer primary = 2200 V (-- Primary is A-connected) 49 1 Turn-ratio, K= 200 359 -, Phase current on primary side = Ky = «1092.3 = 42.2A 25.9 Line current on primary side, 142.2% 5 = 730A