TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING

What is Traffic Management and Accident Investigat on?

-The course includes fundamentals of traffic safety education, enforcement and
engineering.

TRANSPORTATION
It refers to the movement of persons, vehicles or things from one place to another. The most
noteworthy points to consider in the history are the following:
1. Power either wind, animal or man; and
2. Road and Vehicle

VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

MANPOWER
1. CARRYING POLE - In China and other parts of the Far East, the carrying pole,
balanced on one shoulder is a popular carrying device.
2. BACK LOAD AND TUMPLINE –In many parts of the world, goods are carried on the
back.
3. SLEDGE ON ROLLERS – the moving of heavenly burdens was to place them on sledge
which rested on a series of rollers.
4. SLEDGE ON RUNNERS – A simple sledge, probably man-drawn, was in use at the end of
the Old Stone Age in the northern Europe, as evidenced by fragments of wooden runners
which survived.
5. TRAVIOS – The pole arrangements called serves as a platform on which the
burdens are placed.

AN MAL POWER
1. OX
2. REINDEER
3. DOG
4. DONKEY
 5. LLAMA
6. ELEPHANT
7. HORSE
8. CAMEL
9. YAK

WIND POWER
1. ANCIENT CHINESE KITE
2. DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPTER
3. MONTGOLFIER BALLOON
4. SIEMEN’S ROCKET PLANE
5. LILIENTHAL GLIDER
6. SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP
7. WRIGHT BROTHER’S FLYING MACHINE
8. LINDBERGH’S SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS

ROADS AND VEHICLE H STORY

WHEEL – was invented probably in Western-Asia. A wheel was perfected, crude carts
and wagons began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates valley about 3500 BC and later in
Crete, Egypt and China.
THE FOLLOWING ARE SOME OF THE EARLIEST TYPES OF WHEEL CARTS:
1. SOLID WHEELS ON FIXED AXLE – it’s solid wheels which were made of a
single piece of wood, rotated on a single axle.
2. SUMERIAN CHARIOTES WITH FLANK WHEELS (2400 BC) – It had solid
wheels built up of three pieces and so was more durable than the one-piece wheel.
3. GREEK QUADRICA WITH SPOKED WHEELS – it had spoked wheels and axle of
irons or bronze, handles for aid in mounting and seat formed by a board place
across the handlers.
4. . ROMAN CARPENTUM – a closed two-wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle
when Roman women journeyed outside the city.
 5. ITALIAN COCCHIO – a traveling wagon in which the passengers were
protected by covering of leather or cloth fixed over a wooden framework.

ROMANS
Were the major road builders in the ancient world.

THE INVENTION OF BICYCLE

In the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders, one of the modern
ancestors of the modern bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE or DAN HORSE. The wheels were
made of wood with tires of iron and the riders pushed themselves along with their feet on the
ground.

GERMAN BARON VON DRAIS

In 1817 introduced a steerable wheel, creating the “DRAISIENNE” or DANDY HORSE”.

KIRK PATRICK MACMILLAN

In 1838, a Scottish blacksmith made the first machine with pedals which were attached to
and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.

PNEUMATIC TIRES (inflated by air)

By a Scot John Boyd Dunlop appeared in late 19th century.

MOTOR VEHICLES
The first mode of transportation to challenge the railroads.
1. FRENCHMAN ETIENNE LENOIR – made possible the introduction of motorized
carriages by his invention in the 1860 and 70’s of the INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE.
2. NICOLAUS OTTO AND GOTTLIEB DAIMLER – pioneered the manufacture of gas
engines and later Daimlere became a successful automobile manufacturer.
3. RUDOLF DIESEL – a German engineer who developed an internal combustion engine
which is similar with the gasoline engine but requires no electrical ignition system or
carburetor and uses other form of liquid fuel, the diesel fuel.
4. The Automobile found its greatest popularity in U.S., where the first Horseless
Carriage appeared in the 1890’s.
5. In 1908, HENRY FORD introduced the MODELT, which was proved so popular that by
1914, Ford had adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand.
6. In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German, mathematician, developed an advanced type of
engine named after him that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines.

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

MANAGEMENT – It is the process of directing and controlling people and things so that
organizational objectives can be accomplished.
OPERATION – pertains to a course or series of acts to affect a certain purpose; manner
of action, or vital or natural process of activity.
TRAFFIC – it refers to the movement of persons, goods and vehicles either powered by
animals or animal drawn vehicles or combustion system from one place to another for the
purpose of travel.
TRAFFIC WAY – refers to entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of
which any part is open to the use of the public for purpose of vehicular traffic as a matter of
right or custom.
ROADWAY – refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicle pass.
SHOULDER – It refers to either side of the roadway, especially along highways.
TRAFFIC UNIT – this refers to any person or vehicle using a roadway for the purpose of
safe travel.
TRAFFIC SYSTEM – Consist of the entire road and vehicle complex.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – It is an occurrence in a sequence of events that usually results in
unintended damage to property, injuries or death especially when motor vehicles and
pedestrians are involved.
INVESTIGATION – It is an art which deals with the identity and location of the offender
and provide evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings.

Why Traffic Management is necessary?

MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION
1. PHYSICAL INADEQUACY – this is characterized by lack of roads, narrow
bridges, railroads crossing, lack of traffic facilities etc.
 2. POOR CONTROL MEASURES - this is characterized by ineffective mechanical control
devices, ineffective traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules
and regulations.
3. HUMAN ERRORS – many traffic congestions are caused by slow drivers, or poor
driving habits, pedestrians mistakes, officer’s errors, poor planning, poor legislation,
and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to human errors.
4. POOR MAINTENACE -oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways
because of unrepaired diggings cracks on road pavement of unfinished road
pavement concreting.

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

1. Land Transportation Office
2. Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board
3. City or Municipal Engineer’s Office
4. Department of Public Works and Highways
5. Legislative
6. Philippine National Police
7. Academic Institution
8. Courts
9. Public Information Offices
10. Media

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING
2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION
3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT
4. TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING – It is the science of measuring traffic and travel study of the
basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation; the application of this knowledge to the
professional practice of planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe and
efficient transportation of persons and goods.
AGENCIES AND/OR OFFICES UNDER TRAFFIC ENGINEERING:
1. DPWH
2. Provincial Governments
3. Municipal Governments
4. Chartered Cities

TRAFFIC EDUCATION – It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual
application of traffic safety knowledge.
AGENCIES AND OFFICES RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC EDUCATION
1. Schools

2. Public Information Programs

3. Citizen Support Groups

TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT – This field deals mostly on the implementation and

enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulations.
AGENCIES AND OFFICES THAT ARE INVOLVED IN ENFORCEMENT OF TRAFFIC
LAWS
1. LTO

2. Legislative Bodies

3. Police Traffic Enforcement

TRAFFIC ECOLOGY OR TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT – This pillar is very recent which

includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban
environment due to the scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities
carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion
which result therein.
TRAFFIC ECONOMY – This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the
benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy.
 REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136
This Act shall be known as the “Land Transportation and Traffic Code”.
IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF R.A. 4136
1. Motor Vehicle – shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than
muscular power using the public highways.
2. Passenger Automobiles- shall mean all pneumatic tire vehicles of types similar to
those usually known under the following terms:
-touring car
-command car
-speedster
-cycle car
-sports car
-roadster
-jeep
3. Articulated Vehicle – shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle
and so attached that part of the trailer rests upon the motor vehicle and substantial part of the
weight of the trailer and of its load in borne by the motor vehicle.
4. Driver – shall mean every and any licensed operator of a motor vehicle.
5. Professional Driver – Every and any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle
whether for private use or for hire to the public.
6. Owner – the actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the LTO.
7. Dealer – every person, association, partnership, or corporation making, manufacturing,
constructing, assembling, remodeling, or setting of motor vehicles.
8. Garage – any building in which two (2) or more motor vehicles, either with or without
drivers, are kept ready for fire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public service
stations, or other public places designated by proper authority as parking spaces. For motor
vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting business.
9. Gross Weight – the measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable
carrying capacity in merchandise, freight and/or passenger, as determined by the
commissioner of the LTO.
10. Highways – every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, avenue park, alley
& Callejon, but shall not include roadways upon grounds owned by private persons,
colleges, universities, or other similar institutions.
11. Parking or Parked – shall mean that a motor vehicle is parked or parking if it has been
brought to a stop on the shoulder or proper edge of the highway & remains inactive in that
place or close thereto for an appreciable period of time.
12. Tourist – a foreigner who travels from place to place for pleasure or culture.

SELECTED PROVISIONS OF R.A. 4136

1. Exceeding registered capacity (OVERLOADING)
2. Cargo carrying devices
3. Riding on running board
4. Riding on top of the motor vehicle
5. Required motor vehicle accessories:
a) Tires
b) Brake
c) Horns
d) Headlights
e) Tail lights
f) Stop lights
g) Windshield wiper
h) Muffler
6. Hitching on to a vehicle the ff. practices are prohibited:
a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end of any vehicle.
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot or otherwise.
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride outside of or at the rear end of the
vehicle.
7. Driving while under the influence of liquor.
8. Obstruction of traffic.
9. Duties of drivers in case of accident.
 - In the event that any accident should occur as a result of the operation of an motor
vehicle upon a highway, the driver shall observe the ff.
a) Stop immediately
b) Show his driver’s license to inspecting the traffic law enforcer.
c) Give his true name & address, including that of the owner of the vehicles
d) Assist injured persons.
e) Take measures to protect belongings to passenger.
f) Report the accident.
10. When could a driver leave the area of accident without being held liable for HIT-
AND-RUN?
a. His life is in imminent danger or being harmed by other person/s by reason of the
accident.
b. He surrenders to proper authority; and;
c. He summons the assistance of a physician or nurse to and the victim.

REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

R.A #4136, mandates that all motor vehicle shall be registered by its owner before the
designated District officers of the Land Transportation Office.
(A) CLASSIFICATION OF REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES.
(1) PRIVATE (not for hire)
(2) PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES (P.U.V aka for hire)
(3) GOVERNMENT
(4) DIPLOMAT
(B) PLATE NUMBERS
- The letter and numeral prefixes as well as the assigned colors are based on the date
and place of registration and purpose of the registered motor vehicle.
(1) GREEN with WHITE BACKGROUND
(2) BLACK with YELLOW BACKGROUND
(3) RED (maroon) with WHITE BACKGROUND
(4) BLUE with WHITE BACKGROUND
 (5) COMMEMORATIVE PLATE

(C) SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION

- Registration of motor vehicles should be done annually which follows the
numerical suffixes of their plate numbers.
Note: Vehicle may be registered on month in advance of weekly deadline for motorcycle
use the 3rd digit.
(D) LETTER PREFIXES ON PLATE NUMBERS, THE LETTER PREFIXES INDICATES;
(1) Place of initial registration of the motor vehicle;
(2) Year of the initial registration & the possible year model of the registrated motor
vehicle could be determined from the order of the letter prefixes, the higher the letters
the later the year of registration & year model of the motor vehicle.
(E) SPECIAL PLATE NUMBERS FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
(1) President of the Philippines
(2) Vice-President of the Philippines
(3) Senate president, etc.

DRIVER’S LICENSE
- A document issued to the qualified driver who possesses the statutory
qualification as provided therefore.
(A) DUTY TO PROCURE LICENSE
- Sec. 19 of R.A 4136, states that no person shall operate any motor vehicle
without first procuring a license to drive for the current year.
(B) CONFISCATION OF DRIVER S LICENSE
- Sec. 29 of R.A 4136, mandates that the driver’s license may be confiscated for violations of
R.A 4136, the rules and regulations issued by the commissioner and of local traffic rules and
regulations
(C) TYPES OF LICENSES, PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS.
- A driver is licensed by the LTO as proof of his proficiency in driving his knowledge
of roads rules and regulations while operating a motor vehicle. Upon proving his
proficiency and knowledge, he will be issued a document in the form of the
following licenses;
 (1) INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE
(2) MILITARY DRIVER’S LICENSE
(3) PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE
(4) NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE
(5) STUDENT DRIVER’S PERMIT
(D) DRIVER S EXAM NATION
- A driver’s license applicants must obtain the passing score as follows:
(1) The written examination
(2) Actual Road Test
(3) Mandatory Drug Test

(E)DRIVER’S RESTRICTION CODE

(1) Motorcycle/Motorized Tricycle
(2) Vehicle up to 4500 kgs. Gross Vehicle Weight
(3) Vehicle above 4500 kgs. Gross Vehicle Weight
(4) Automatic Clutch up to 4500 kgs. Gross Vehicle Weight
(5) Automatic Clutch above 4500 kgs. Gross Vehicle Weight
(6) Articulated Vehicle 1600 kgs. Gross Vehicle Weight and below
(7) Articulated Vehicle 1601 kgs. Up to 4500 kgs. Gross Vehicle Weight
(8) Articulated Vehicle 4500 kgs. GVW and above
(9) Disabled

(E)Drivers Cond t on
(1) A – wear eye glasses
(2) B – drive only with special equipment for upper limbs
(3) C - drive only with special equipment for lower limbs
(4) D – daylight driving only
(5) E – accompanied by a person with normal hearing
 GENERAL RULES ON ROAD USE AND CONDUCT

A. SPEED LIM T AND OTHER RULES ON SPEED

(1) Maximum allowable speed limit
• 80 km – motorcycles 50 km – 4 wheels or motor trucks & buses
• 40 km – motorcycles 30 km – 4 wheels or motor trucks & buses
• 20 km – school zone
(2) Exemptions to the speed limit
• Physicians
• Drivers of hospital ambulance
• Any drivers bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital.
• Driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces.
(2) Exemptions to the speed limit
• Driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal.
• A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws.
• The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department.
(3) Uniform speed limits throughout the Philippines

B. LATERAL PLACEMENT
- proper positioning of the motor vehicle while traversing on a traffic way or while
on parked.
C. OVERTAKING AND PASSING
- in overtaking another vehicle, a driver should pass at a safe distance to the left of
the vehicle being overtaken and shall resume driving on the right side of the road only after
passing clear of the overtaken vehicle.
(1) Exception
on the highways with two or more lanes where traffic goes in one
direction, another vehicle may be overtaken on the right.
C. OVERTAKING AND PASSING
(2) Driver to give way to overtaking vehicle
-the driver of a motor vehicle about to be overtaken must give way to the
overtaking vehicles and shall not increase his speed until the overtaking vehicle has fully
passed by.
(3) Restrictions on overtaking and passing
-to avoid accident or any unusual incidents.
D. RIGHT OF WAY
-the principle refers to the legal or customary precedence which allows one vehicle to
cross or pass in front of another.
1. Rules on Right of Way – Sections 42-44, of R.A. 4136 provides for the rules in
giving the right of way.
2. Exceptions to the Right of Way Rule

E. STARTING, STOPPING or TURNING RULES

- the driver of any motor vehicle on a highway, before starting, stopping or turning
from a direct line, shall first see that such movement can be made safely; and if any
pedestrian is affected by such movement, he shall give a clearly audible signal by sounding
the vehicle’s horn.
1. When other Motorists are affected – whenever the operation of any other
approaching or following may be affected by such movement, the driver making the
movement shall give a signal to the other driver/s of his intention to make such
movement.
2. Hand Signal – the required signal shall be given by means of extending the hand or
arm beyond left side of the vehicle or by an approved mechanical or electrical signal
device.
3. Making a Right Turn (Normal Procedures) – the following are rules to be
observed in making a correct turning to the right from a four-lane street to a four-
lane street.
a. Signal your intention to turn right with your turning signal light or hand at
least 100 ft. before you intent to make your turn.
b. Stay on the right lane of the road.
 c. Never make a right turn from the left lane.
d. At an intersection with a red traffic light, make a right turn ONLY after
coming to a full stop to make sure that no vehicle is coming from the left.
e. If there is a sign prohibiting a right turn unless the light is GREEN, DO NOT
turn right while the RED LIGHT IS ON.
4. Making a Left Turn (Normal Procedures) – Motor vehicles intending to turn left from a
four-lane street to four-lane street should observe the following procedures:
a. Signal your intention to turn left with your turning signal light or hand at least 100
ft. before you intent to make your turn.
b. Stay on the left lane of the road.
c. Never make a left turn from the right lane.
d. At an intersection with a traffic light, vehicles going straight have the right of way,
wait for them to pass first before you turn left.
e. At an intersection with a traffic light, make a left turn only when the green light is
on or when there is a left turn light.
5. Making a U-Turn on a Two-lane Road (Normal Procedures) – Following is the
recommended procedure in making a U-Turn on two-lane road:
a. Signal your intention to turn left with your turning signal light or hand at least 100
ft. before you intent to make your turn.
b. Stay as close to the right side as possible. Come to a complete stop if necessary.
Check behind you for traffic. Also check for oncoming traffic on the other lane.
c. Once all traffic has passed you, initiate your U-turn.
d. At this point, you should be making the U-turn if you know the turning radius of
your vehicle.
e. Do not move immediately to the middle of the road. Keep to the right side until
you have increase your speed sufficiently to move to the middle of the lane.
6. Making a U-Turn on a Four-lane Road (Normal Procedures) – Following is the correct
procedure in making a U-Turn on four-lane road:
a. Check for traffic behind you and indicate your intentions with a left turn signal. If
no fast vehicles, stay on the left lane.
b. Clear the other lane for oncoming traffic and initiate you turn as soon as it is clear.
Do not come to a complete stop. Straighten out on the right lane and begin gaining speed.
 c. As soon as you have reached a relatively safe speed, signal your intention to move
to the fast lane with a left turn signal.
d. Move to the fast lane as soon as you are fast enough to hold up traffic
moving in the same directions.
F. PEDESTRIANS RIGHTS AND DUTIES
1. Occupy or pass on spaces or portions of traffic way allocated for them like
crossing on pedestrian lanes and passing on sidewalks or catwalks.
2. As part of traffic system, their fundamental duty is to observed and obey all traffic
rules and regulations.
G. GENERAL PARKING RULES AND SIMILAR REGULATIONS
1. Parking on Cities
a. Downhill with or without curb- turn wheels to the right.
b. Uphill with or without curb- turn wheels from/to curb.
2. Parking on a Highway- On rural roads, pull entirely off pavements to park.
Whenever practicable, turn on your parking lights.
3. Parking prohibited in specific places
a. Within an intersection
b. On a crosswalk
c. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines
d. Within four meters of the driveway entrance to any fire station.
e. Within four meters of a fire hydrant.
f. In front of a private driveway.
g. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the curb or edge of the
highway.
h. At any place where official signs have been erected prohibiting parking.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL
Traffic Control
-generally, it refers to procedures, devices, and communication system that help
vehicles and vessels safely share the same roads, rails, waterways, or air space.
A. Traffic Control as applied to Land Transportation
-a system of traffic engineering employing prescribed traffic rules and regulations
and devices such as signals and markings to relieve vehicular congestion and air pollution
and to promote safety and pedestrian mobility usually in heavily populated urban areas.
B. Control Techniques
-the primary emphasis of traffic control is on the safe and efficient flow of cars,
buses, vans and lorries over urban street and highways.
C. Other traffic control techniques include:
1. The use of one-way streets.
2. Enforcement of traffic flow regulations.
3. The use of traffic signals.
4. Channelization
D. Highway Traffic Control
-motorist depends on traffic control devices to avoid collisions and travel safety to
their destination.
1.Traffic Signs- they direct along routes and to specific destination.
2. Pavement Markings-pavement markings separate opposing streams of traffic
and direct vehicles into proper positions on the roadway.
3. Traffic Signal- to permit safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians at busy
intersections. Direct streams of vehicles and pedestrians when to go, stop, or proceed with
caution.
D. Highway Traffic Control
4. Priority Control- one form of transportation in given priority by restricting or
banning other forms of transportations.
5. Restraints- as an alternative to banning traffic, traffic control planners use
devices to discourage heavy use of a route.

TRAFFIC SIGNS
-Used to convey quickly & accurately the wide range of information needed by road
users, particularly vehicle drivers, & to promote a safe & efficient use of the road system.
TRAFFIC SIGNS ARE INSTALLED TO SERVE THE FF. FUNCTIONS:
1. To control traffic
2. To safeguard the flow of traffic.
3. To expedite traffic
4. To guide traffic & motorists.

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC SIGNS

1. Danger warning signs
2. Regulatory signs
3. Information signs

1. Danger warning signs

- these signs are also known as “ CAUTION SIGNS”.
2. Regulatory signs
- these are sign which impose legal restrictions applicable at particular location usually
enforceable in the absence of such signs.
3. Informat ve signs
- these signs are also known as “GUIDE SIGNS” or “DIRECTION SIGNS”.
TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS
Traffic Lights
-These refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned
or directed to take some specific actions. Traffic light signals are used to control traffic at
junctions & also to stop traffic to provide safe crossing points for pedestrians & cyclists.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL LIGHTS

1. TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS
-these are signal lights designed primarily to control & regulate traffic flow.
2. SPECIAL PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS
-these signals lights provide regulation for pedestrians like the “WALK” & “DO NOT
WALK” signal lights.
3. TRAIN APPROACH & GATE SIGNALS
-these are installed by road-rail intersections designed to inform motorists of any
approaching train on the intersections.

SPECIFIC MEANING OF TRAFFIC LIGHTS

1) STEADY RED
a) Stop at the designated line.
b) Vehicle will be crossing from the “OTHER SIDE”.
c) Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian lane.
d) Unless specified, you can TURN RIGHT after a FULL STOP to clear traffic
coming from the left.
2) STEADY GREEN
a) GO
 b) It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side to stop.
c) Pedestrians are not allowed to cross the pedestrian.
d) Unless specified, you can move up to the middle section of the intersection & make
a left turn when clear.
e) Vehicles going straight have the right of way.
f) Do not anticipate a green light.
3) STEADY GREEN ARROW
a) GO
b) Vehicles turning left can do so.
c) On coming straight traffic is still RED to give way for the vehicle turning left
d) Do not anticipate a green arrow.
4) STEADY YELLOW
a) Prepare to stop
b) It is the turn of the vehicles on the other side & will be given the GO signal shortly.
c) Do not beat a yellow light.
5) FLASHING RED
a) This is the same as a stop sign.
b) Stop at the designated line.
c) Vehicles will be crossing from the “OTHER SIDE”
d) Expect pedestrians to cross at the pedestrian’s lane.
e) Proceed when clear.
6) FLASH NG YELLOW
a) This is the same a yield sign.
b) Proceed through the intersection w/ caution.
c) You have a right of way over a flashing RED LIGHT.
d) Vehicles on the other side will proceed after coming to a FULLSTOP.
7) STEADY GREEN AND STEADY LEFT/RIGHT ARROW
a) Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the left turn.
 b) Vehicles can go straight or vehicles on the right lane can make a right turn.

PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS

PAVEMENT MARKINGS – These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, colors or other
gadgets except signs set into the surface of/or applied upon or attached to the pavement or
curbing or to objects within or adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of
regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

TYPES OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS AND MARKERS

1) PAVEMENT MARKINGS – these are the lines usually white & yellow or a
combination of yellow & white officially set on the roadway as separation for motor
vehicles travelling in the opposite direction or the same direction in case of two-lane,
one-way street, two-lane, two-way street or four-lane, two- way street.
2) CURB MARKINGS FOR RESTRICTIONS- these are markings placed on the
curbs or edges of the traffic for restriction or for parking regulation purposes.
3) OBJECT MARKINGS – these are markings placed on objects on the road or beside
the road like humps rocks or similar hazardous objects on the side of the road.
4) REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS – these are markings or gadgets or designed to
reflect & become luminous when hit by vehicles headlight these are placed or
installed in the middle of the roadway to supplement separation line or an object at
the side of the roadway w/c are too near or within the road pavement itself.

SPECIFIC MEANING OF PAVEMENT MARKINGS

1. SINGLE WHITE DOTTED LINE – This pavement marking indicates of the ff;
a) On two-lane road – it separates traffic moving in opposite directions.
b) On a one-way street –separates traffic moving in one direction.
c) Overtaking – is possible when other lane is clear of oncoming possible.

2. SINGLE WHITE CONTINUOUS LINE IN A TWO-LANE TRAFFIC WAY –this

lines indicates the ff:
a) Separates traffic moving in opposite direction.
b) Could be found in road sections that are dangerous.
c) Passing & overtaking can be mode but only under circumstances when there is no
oncoming traffic.
3. SINGLE-CONTINUOUS LINE ON A FOUR-LANE ROAD – this sign when
found on four lane street, indicates;
a) When there are slow & fast lane, never overtake by passing over the solid white
line.
b) Lane 1 and 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles.
c) Lane 2 and 3 (inner lanes) are usually for faster moving vehicles.

4. DOUBLE YELLOW LINE OR DOUBLE WHITE LINE – a double yellow & white
line with a dotted line in between means;
a) Absolutely no overtaking
b) Overtaking is extremely dangerous.
c) Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the solid lanes.
5. SINGLE YELLOW/WH TE LANE - a yellow or white line w/ a dotted white line
means;
a) That you cannot overtake if the solid line is on your side.
b) If the overtake, return to your lane before the solid side.

6. YELLOW CONTINUOUS LINE ON ROAD PROVIDED W/ A PASSING LINE –

this line indicates the ff;
a) These are common on mountain road.
b) Slow moving vehicles such buses
c) Heavy trucks should always use the outer lane.
d) Inner lane (lane 2) is for vehicles to pass w/o having. To use the other lane (lane 1)
for vehicles coming from the opposite direction.
e) Vehicles coming from the opposite direction (lane 1) should not use the inner lane
(lane 2) at the other side for overtaking.
7. CROSSWALK OR PEDESTRIAN LANE – the pavement marking indicates the ff;
a) For pedestrian to cross
b) Stop for pedestrian on an intersection w/ no traffic light.
c) Do not stop on pedestrian lane especially to load or unload passengers.
d) Pedestrian should always cross a street on a crosswalk.
8. DIRECTIONAL ARROWS – These pavement markings indicate the ff. traffic
regulations.
a) Directions of permitted traffic movement.
b) When approaches intersections where pavement arrows are used, you should enter
the lane where the arrow point in the direction you want to go.
c) If you get in the wrong lane, you should keep going in the direction indicated, by the
arrow until it is safe to turn off & get back on the street or highway w/c will carry
you to your destination.
d) Some have double headed arrows w/c means the lane is for traffic going in the two
directions indicated.
9. STOP LINES – these are painted across pavement lanes at traffic signs & signals,
where these lines are present, you should stop behind the stop line.
10. THE BARREL LINES – usually installed front of a solid obstacle or traffic island at
an area of high accident frequency.

TRAFFIC ISLANDS – These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to
establish physical channels through which vehicular traffic is guides.
FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ISLANDS
1) Segregate pedestrians & vehicles; and
2) Control steams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or
increase safety.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAFFIC ISLANDS

1) PEDESTRIAN ISLAND (PEDESTRIAN BARRIERS) – these are constructed between
pedestrian sidewalk & the road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the
roadway to passing and to prevent motor vehicles from using sidewalks for parking
& passing purposes.
 2) TRAFFIC ISLANDS – these are the raised portion in the middle of traffic way
constructed to separate the steams of motor vehicles traversing on opposite
directions and at the same time preventing the motorists from using the opposite
lane for overtaking.

TRAFFIC ISLANDS ARE FURTHER SUB-CLASSIFIED INTO THESE:

a) DIVISION ISLAND
b) CHANNELIZING ISLAND
c) ROTARY ISLAND

TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT

 Traffic law enforcement action is part of enforcement involving the arrest,
issuance of temporary operations permit (TOP) or inspection, report summons,
or warning of any person who is believed to have violated a law ordinance or
regulation pertaining to the use of traffic roads.
TWO MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
1) Police traffic law enforcement
2) Court traffic law enforcement
THREE (3) IMPORTANT GOALS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES
1) To increase safety level
2) To increase traffic efficiency

3) To insure harmonious & comfortable enforcement MAJOR

ELEMENTS OF TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT SYSTEM

1) Enforcement system
2) Road users system (traffic way user)
3) Road system (traffic system)

FIVE (5) ESSENTIAL STEPS IN THE ENFORCEMENT PROCESS

1) Detect on (of violat on) – A whole police responsibility that entails looking for
defects in the behavior of motorists, pedestrians, vehicles, equipment & road
 condition, requires knowledge of law on the part of the police.
2) Apprehension – It is also a whole police function w/c involves the actual
taking of enforcement actions.
3) Prosecut on – These are handled by the prosecution & partly the court where the
police also provide corresponding influences through preparation & introduction of
evidence or close contact w/ the prosecuting officer.
4) Ad ud cat on – While this is obviously a court & prosecutions function, the
police provide influence on this step by acting or supplying additional evidence.
This step determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.
5) Penal zat on – The court after due process imposed the penalty upon the
accused if found guilty, the penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of
conviction as provided by police, penalty involved is either fine or imprisonment or
both fine & imprisonment or may result to the suspension or revocation of the
driver’s license of the accused.

REASONS FOR VIOLATION OF TRAFFIC LAWS

1. Physical disabilities or infirmities
2. Ignorance of traffic
3. Lack of training & experience
4. Wrong attitude towards driving
5. PUV drivers for increased compensation
6. Driver’s apathy towards signs, signals & markings
7. Influential person violated because they are exempted from punishment.

CONSIDERATIONS THAT ACT AS DETERRENTS TO MOTORISTS AND

PEDESTRIANS
1. Fear of fine or punishment
2. Loss of driving privilege
3. Possibility of being involved in accident
4. Positive area of good citizenship doing what is right and setting an example.

KINDS OF ENFIRCEMENT ACTION

 1. TRAFFIC ARREST – It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a
person into custody for the purpose of holding or detaining him to answer a
charge of law violation before a court.
2. TRAFFIC CITATION – This is a means of having violation appears in court
without physical arrest. To ensure that an apprehended traffic violator will appear
to the court or to the proper authority the traffic officer should confiscate the
violator’s drivers license & issue traffic citation ticket (TCT), (TOP) or traffic
violator’s receipt (TUR).
3. TRAFFIC WARN NG – This is an enforcement action which does not
contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a result
of warning alone. There are (3) three types of traffic warning:
a) VISUAL WARNING
b) VERBAL WARNING

c) WRITTEN WARNING

TYPES OF SERIOUS VIOLATION

1. Non-hazardous Violation
2. Hazardous Violation

TRAFFIC PATROL
TRAFFIC PATROL – It refers to the observation of the road conditions, the behavior of the
drivers and other users of vehicles for the purpose of traffic supervision and law
enforcement and providing authorized traffic-connected services to the public.

TYPES OF TRAFFIC PATROL

1. LINE PATROL – This involves observation either in moving or stationary
observation at a certain route or point of a major street in a city.
2. AREA PATROL – This involves the conduct observation either by moving patrol
or observation of a certain area which included a number of streets, roads or
sections of a highway. Area patrolling is usually the job of mobile police
officers as well as those motorcycle cops.

TYPES OF STATIONARY OBSERVATION

1. CONSPICUOUS OBSERVATION – Stationary observation in which observer
 remains in full view of traffic condition.
2. VISIBLE OBSERVATION – Stationary observation in which the observer is in
full view but so located, for example, at side street, so as to require effort on the part
of traffic users to discover the observer.
3. CONCEALED OBSERVATION – Stationary observation in which the observer is
not visible to persons using ordinary power of observation from the roadway being
observed.

PURPOSES OF TRAFFIC PATROL

1. Deterrent to violations and dangerous driving.
2. Detecting and apprehending violators
3. Observing and reporting traffic conditions.
4. Observing and reporting road conditions, including view obstruction which
needs attention.
5. Providing certain services to the public.
6. Handling emergencies as they arise and keeping traffic flow smoothly.

PATROL ASSIGNMENT
 You may be assigned to either area or line patrol, or you may have
instructions to use a combination.

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

• What traffic accident investigat on determines?
It aims to know the five (5) “W’s” and one (1) “H” of the incident:
1. WHAT happened?
2. WHO and WHAT was involved?
3. WHERE did it happen?
4. WHY did it happen?
5. HOW did the accident occur?
WHEN did the accident happen?
 • Purposes of traffic accident investigation.
There are four (4) main reasons, depending on who does the investigation:
1. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstances of the
accident.
2. For the police – to find out whether there is enough evidence of law violation in the
accident.
3. Claims attorneys and adjusters want to determine negligence on the part of the
drivers involved in the accident so that damage claims can be properly adjusted.
4. Officials and others want specific information about accidents to know how to
prevent future accidents.
• Common words and phrases used traffic accident invest gat on.
The following words and phrases with their corresponding meaning are often used in the
process:
1. Accident – It is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually
produces unintended injury, death, or property damage.
2. Traffic Accident – An accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way.
3. Motor vehicle Accident – Events resulting in unintended injury or property
damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads.
4. Motor vehicle – Every device which is self-propelled and every vehicle which is
propelled by electric power obtained from overhead trolley wires, but not operated
upon rails.
5. Key event – An event on the road which characterizes the manner of
occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident.
6. Debris – The scattered broken parts of vehicle, rubbish dust and other
materials left at the scene of the accident caused by a collision.
7. Skid marks – These are marks left on the roadway by tires which not free to
rotate, usually because brakes are applied strong and the wheels locked.
8. Traffic unit – Any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes
as a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using.
9. Hazard – A hazard is generated when a critical space-motion relationships
between a traffic unit another object develops due to the movement of either
 or both.
10. Safe speed – The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road
and traffic situation ahead. Safe speed on the road is determined by the road rather
than the particular driver of a vehicle.
11. Strategy – It is the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of
motion, giving signals of intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations
involving potentials hazards.
12. Tact c – Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like
steering, braking, or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident.
13. Impact – The striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor
vehicle with another motor vehicle.
14. Contact damage – Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of
some foreign object in a collision or roll over.
15. Factor – Any circumstances contributing to a result without which the result could
not have occurred or it is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by
itself sufficient.
16. Primary cause – A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily
explained factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition
factor.
17. Cause – The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of
which result could not have occurred.
18. Attribute – Any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle or a person that affects
the probability of a traffic accident.
19. Mod fier – A circumstances that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily.

KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

1. Non-motor vehicle traffic accident – Refers to any accident occurring on a
traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not
involving a motor vehicle in motion.
2. Motor vehicle Non-Traffic accident – Any motor vehicle accident which
occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way.
3. Motor vehicle traffic accident – Any motor vehicle accident occurring on a
traffic way.
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEH CLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO KEY
EVENT
1. RUNN NG OFF ROAD – This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle falling on
the roadside or on a cliff along mountainous roads.
2. NON-COLLISION ON ROAD – This does involve any collision an example of
which is overturning.
3. COLLISION ON ROAD - On the other hand, these types of accident include all
forms of accident if there is a collision.
a. Pedestrian
b. Other motor vehicle in traffic
c. Parked motor vehicle
d. Railroad train
e. Bicycle
f. Fixed object

CLASSIFICATION OF ACCIDENT ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

1. PROPERTY DAMAGE ACCIDENT
2. SLIGHT
3. NON-FATAL INJURY ACCIDENT
4. LESS SERIOUS
5. SERIOUS
6. FATAL

CAUSES OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

1. Simultaneous Factors
2. Sequential Factors
3. Operational Factors
4. Perception Factors

CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT

 1. Perception of Hazard
2. Start of evasive action
3. Initial contact
4. Maximum engagement
5. Disengagement
6. Stopping
Injury