The University of South Wales Guide to

Harvard Referencing

Revised Edition May 2021

This document is available in Welsh. Mae’r ddogfen hon ar gael yn Gymraeg.
 Guide to Harvard referencing 1

Contents
Referencing 2

Short quotation 3

Long quotation 4

Secondary referencing 4

Referencing author with more than one

publication in the same year 4

Books 5

Journals 7

Newspapers 8

The Internet 9

Conferences/theses/public lectures 11

Other sources 12

Visual sources 16

Audio-visual material 17

Live performances 20

Computer games 21

Computer programmes 21

Personal communication 22

Next ►
2 referencing

Referencing
What is referencing?
that you might encounter during the course of your studies. Please
Referencing is indicating in assignments when you have used material
seek advice from your lecturer, the Study Skills Service, or your
that has not originated with you. This might include factual
Faculty Advice Centre if you need guidance that does not feature
information, data, images, opinion, direct quotation, or when you
here.
summarise or paraphrase the work of other people.
There are several ways of including sources in your work. You can
Why reference? summarise, paraphrase or directly quote the information. You may also
The majority of academic assignments measure your ability to
wish to secondary reference and/or refer to an author with more than
understand, analyse and evaluate the work of others. Consequently,
one publication in a single year. Whichever you use, you let your
referencing is a crucial part of this as it informs the reader of the texts
reader know by setting out the referencing details in a subtly different
you have consulted during research; you will also be assessed on the
way as below.
quality and relevancy of these sources. It is important to remember
that referencing carries a percentage of the overall marks if
Please note that the guide presents information in columns.
undertaken appropriately.
References in text or in a list should be written across the full page
when writing your assignment.
Plagiarism – academic integrity
Please see this page for more information about plagiarism and
Summarising
good academic practice:
If you are summarising the overall argument or position of a book or
https://registry.southwales.ac.uk/student-regulations/ article then you only need to insert the author’s name and year of
academic-misconduct/ publication, you do not need to put page numbers in the text or in the
reference list.
How to reference
There are a number of different referencing styles, all of which are Paraphrasing
equally valid. Always check with your lecturer if you are unsure If you are paraphrasing a specific point from your source you should
which style you should be using. include page numbers in the text, as well as the author’s name and
year. This makes it easier for your reader to find the information
The example on page 3 shows how to reference (cite) using the being referred to.
Harvard style of referencing. This is one of the most widely used
systems based on the British Standard BS5605 (1990). The basic
requirements for incorporating references into your work are to
supply the family name of the author (or authoring body) and the
year of publication in sentences and paragraphs.

Where in your text you do this is the first component of the

referencing system (in-text referencing). The second component is the
full details of all references you have used given in a list at the end of
your assignment. Both components have to be included in any
submitted piece of work.

How to use this guide

This guide highlights some of the sources that can be referred to when
writing an assignment. The various referencing requirements for each
source are presented and include an in-text and reference list example.
However, the guide does not include all possible sources

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 referencing/quoting 3

An example of a referenced paragraph and referencing list

Student Development and Study Skills 2015. Adapted from:

Leeds Metropolitan University (2009) Quote, unquote: A guide to Harvard referencing, p. 6.
Available at: http:// http://skillsforlearning.leedsmet.ac.uk/Quote_Unquote.pdf (Accessed: 11 July 2010).

Short quotation

In-text example:
Note
Chartrand, Millar and Wiltshire (1997, p.1) argue that “…they
Short quotations, up to two or three lines should be put in double
[laws] can be said to be just when they create the conditions leading
quotation marks and included in the body of the text.
to peace, happiness and prosperity for all persons”. This view is…

Reference example:
Chartrand, M., Millar, C. and Wiltshire, E. (1997) English for
contract and company law. London: Sweet and Maxwell.

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4 quoting

Long quotation

In-text example:
Note
Most people are biased in one way or another. Person bias,
Longer quotations should be indented from the main text as a separate
sometimes called the fundamental attribution error, is claimed to be
paragraph. Quotation marks are not required.
the most common.

So we see a nurse, or a teacher or a policeman or policewoman

going about their business and tend to judge them as being
particular types of people rather than as people being constrained
by the roles that they are playing in their work (Strongman, 2006,
p. 94).

Reference example:
Strongman, K. T. (2006) Applying psychology to everyday life: a
beginner’s guide. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

Secondary referencing
In-text example: Note
McMahon’s (1994) experience as cited in Parahoo (2006, Sometimes authors refer to the work/ideas of others. These are known
p. 246) draws attention to the dilemma surrounding the issue of as secondary references. For instance, Parahoo in 2006 makes
persuasion when attempting to recruit participants. reference to McMahon’s experience in 1994. The details of
Parahoo’s work should be included in the reference list since this is
Reference example: the work you have read. (It is not advisable to use too many of these).
Parahoo, K. (2006) Nursing research: principles, process and issues.
2nd edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Author with more than one publication in the same year

In-text example:
Note
Most false-belief tests use children with a mental age of 3-4 years but
If you need to cite two (or more) publications by an author
all those children with autism tested had a mental age higher than
published in the same year, you will need to distinguish between
this (Baron-Cohen, 1989a). In a further experiment (Baron-Cohen,
them in the text and in the reference list. You do this by allocating
1989b) children with autism were asked what they thought the brain
lower case letters in alphabetical order after the publication date.
was for.

Reference example:
Baron-Cohen, S. (1989a) ‘The autistic child’s theory of mind: A case
of specific developmental delay’, Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 30, pp. 285-298.

Baron-Cohen, S. (1989b) ‘Are autistic children behaviourists? An

examination of their mental-physical and appearance-reality
distinctions’, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19,
pp. 579-600.

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 books 5

How to reference books

Book with single author

In-text example:
Reference order:
Thompson (2003) suggests that language helps to form identity, but
1. Author /editor (surname or family name before initials)
can create stereotypes and prejudices.
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example:
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first
Thompson, N. (2003) Communication and language: A handbook of
edition)
theory and practice. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Book with two or three authors

In-text example: Reference order:

According to Dexter and Wash (1995, pp. 32-33) “silence may be as
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name before
effective as verbal communication” if used appropriately.
initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title (in italics)
Dexter, G. and Wash, M. (1995) Psychiatric nursing skills: A patient
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first
centred approach. 2nd edn. London: Chapman and Hall. edition) (2nd edn.)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Book with more than three authors

In-text example:
Reference order:
This was indicated in the study by Huxley et al. (2007).
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Huxley, P., Evans, S., Muroe, M. and Cestari, L. (2007) Fair access to 3. Title (in italics)
care services in integrated mental health and social care teams. 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first
London: Department of Health. edition)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Chapter/section in an edited book

In-text example: Reference order:

Cohen (2009, p.194) describes the subculture of the delinquent 1. Author(s) of the chapter/section (surname or family name
gang as short-run hedonism. before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of chapter/section (in single quotation marks)
Cohen, A.K. (2009) ‘Delinquent boys: The culture of the 4. ‘in’ plus author(s)/editor(s) of book
gang’, in Newburn, T. (ed.) Key readings in criminology. 5. Title of book (in italics)
Cullompton: Willan Publishing, pp. 6. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first
194-198. edition)
7. Place of publication: Publisher
8. Page reference of chapter or section

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6 books

Book with editor(s)

In-text example: Reference order:

Many aspects of school management are discussed in Spencer 1. Editor(s) followed by (ed.) or (eds.) (surname or family name
(2007). before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title (in italics)
Spencer, J. (ed.) (2007) School management and finance 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first
opportunities and problems. London: Ford Publishers. edition)
Financial Education Series, 23. 5. Place of publication: Publisher
6. Series and volume number (where relevant)

Lines within a play

In-text example: Reference order:

“I prithee do not mock me fellow student” (Shakespeare, 1980, 1. Author of play (surname or family name before initials)
1.2:177). 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is not the first
Shakespeare, W. (1980) Hamlet. Edited by Spencer, T.J.B. London: edition)
Penguin. 1.2:177. 5. Edition information if relevant eg Edited by (surname followed
by initials)
6. Place of publication: Publisher
7. Act. Scene: line

E-book

In-text example: Reference order:

Increasingly complex and refined electrical systems have had a 1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or family name before
significant impact on the changing form of telecommunications initials)
(Anttalainen, 2003). 2. Year of publication of book (in round brackets)
3. Title of book (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
Anttalainen, T. (2003) Introduction to telecommunication network not the first edition)
engineering. NetLibrary. Available at: http:// www.netlibrary.com 5. Name of e-book collection (in italics)
(Accessed: 20 June 2011). 6. Available at: URL/OR doi
7. (Accessed: date)
DOI –(Digital Object Identifier) is a numbered tag used to identify online sources including
conference papers and journal articles. The DOI (written as doi in your reference list) is often
used in place of the URL.

E-Book via an e-book reader eg Kindle

In-text example:
Reference order:
According to Forsyth (2011, Location 532 of 5144) “Our word sky
1. Author(s) / editor(s) (surname or
comes from the Viking word for cloud, but in England there’s
family name before initials)
simply no difference between the two concepts, and so the word
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
changed its meaning because of the awful weather.”
(use the publication date of the version being used)
3. Title of book (in italics)
Reference example:
4. Edition (only include the edition number if it is
Forsyth, M. (2011) The etymologicon: A circular stroll through the
not the first edition)
hidden connections of the English language. Kindle format [e-book
5. E book format (Kindle format, ePub format, Adobe ebook
reader]. Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk (Accessed: 20
format etc)
January 2012).
6. [e-book reader]
7. Available at: URL/OR doi
8. (Accessed: date)

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 journals 7

How to reference journals

Journal article (printed)

In-text example:
Reference order:
According to Fritsch and Schroeter (2011, p. 383) “recent empirical
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
research strongly indicates that the effect of new business formation
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
on economic development is of a long-term nature”.
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word
Reference example: in title except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
Fritsch, M. and Schroeter, A. (2011) ‘Why does the effect of new
5. Issue information i.e. volume (unbracketed)
business formation differ across regions?’, Small Business Economics:
and where applicable, part number, month or season (all in round
An Entrepreneurship Journal, 36(4), pp. 383-400.
brackets)
6. Page numbers

Journals found online or in databases

In-text example:
Reference order:
Langhammer and Stanghelle (2009, p. 46) found that “Stroke care
1. Author(s) (surname or family name before initials)
has changed over the last 20 years”.
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Reference example:
4. Title of journal (in italics – capitalise first letter
Langhammer, B. and Stanghelle, J.K. (2009) ‘Exercise on a treadmill
of each word in title except for linking words such as and, of, the,
or walking outdoors’, Clinical Rehabilitation, 24(1), pp. 46-54.
for)
Available at: http://cre.sagepub.com
5. Volume (unbracketed) issue (in round brackets) page
(Accessed: 15 July 2010). numbers if known
6. Available at: URL of collection (OR doi)
7. (Accessed: date)
Example with doi:

Reference example:
Oberg, C. (2019) ‘The role of business networks for
innovation’, Journal of Innovation and Knowledge, 4(2),
pp.124-128. Available at: doi:10.11016/j.jik.2017 .10.001
(Accessed: 19 June 2019).

Note: Elements such as database or collection title (eg, Cochrane Library or Sage
Publications) or [Online] do not need to be included as long as your reference allows the
reader to locate the article.

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8 journals/newspapers

How to reference newspapers

Newspaper article (printed)

In-text example:
Reference order:
Goldman accepted the largest fine in the commission’s history
Where the author of a newspaper article is identified, use the
(Treanor, 2010).
following citation order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
Reference example:
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Treanor, J. (2010) ‘Goldman Sachs handed record $550m fine over
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Abacus transaction’, The Guardian, 16 July,
4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of each
p. 25.
word in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the,
for)
5. Edition if required (in round brackets)
6. Day and month
7. Page reference

Newspaper article from Internet version of a newspaper

In-text example:
Reference order:
Kingsley (2010) suggests that the slow-reading movement is made up
of a disparate bunch of academics and intellectuals who want us to 1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
take our time while reading and re-reading. 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Title of newspaper (in italics – capitalise first letter of each word
Kingsley, P. (2010) ‘The art of slow reading’, G2 section of The in title, except for linking words such as and, of, the, for)
Guardian, 15 July. Available at: 5. Day and month
6. Available at: URL
http://guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jul/15/slow-reading (Accessed: 16
7. (Accessed: date)
July 2010).

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 newspapers/internet 9

Newspaper interview

In-text example: Reference order:

Pullman (2011, p. 30) suggests he was cast in the role “to destabilise 1. Name of person interviewed
viewers”. 2. Year of interview (in round brackets)
3. Title of interview (if any) (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Interview with/Interviewed by
Pullman, B. (2011) ‘Bill Pullman: Torchwood's surprising new 5. Interviewer’s name
villain’. Interview with Bill Pullman and John Barrowman. 6. Title of Newspaper/broadcast (in italics)
7. Day and month of interview
Interviewed by Catherine Gee for The Daily Telegraph, 14 July, p.
8. Page reference
30.
If published on the Internet add:
9. Available at: URL/OR doi if available
10. (Accessed: date)

How to reference the

Internet
Web pages with individual authors

In-text example:
Reference order:
Semiotics involves studying representations and the processes involved
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
in representational practices (Chandler, 2001).
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in round
brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Chandler, D. (2001) Semiotics for beginners. Available at:
4. Available at: URL
http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem02.html (Accessed:
5. (Accessed: date)
26 July 2010).

Web pages with organisations as authors

In-text example:
Reference order:
Fair pay in the NHS is firmly on the agenda for trade unions, such as
1. Organisation as author
Unison (2014).
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in round
brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Unison (2014) NHS workers deserve fair pay. Available at:
4. Available at: URL
http://www.unison.org.uk/at-work/health-care/key-
5. (Accessed: date)
issues/nhs-pay/home/ (Accessed: 17 December 2014).

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10 internet

Web pages with no authors

Use title of the site. Reference order:

In-text example: 1. Title of Internet site (in italics)
The story of the Aberbeeg ghost and the death of P.C. Pope is an 2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in round
intriguing one (Online Abertillery, 2010). brackets)
3. Available at: URL
Reference example: 4. (Accessed: date)
Online Abertillery (2010) Available at:
http://www.abertillery.net/tales_ghost.html (Accessed: 19 July
2010).

Web pages with no date

In-text example:
In order to respond to emergent oppositions in the future,
researchers can access neutron scattering competences
(Neutron Sciences, no date).

Reference example:
Neutron Sciences (no date) Proton power upgrade project.
Available at: https://neutrons.ornl.gov/ppu (Accessed: 19
June 2019).

Blogs

In-text example:
Reference order:
Vikas Shah (2011) explored the concept of justice and the
1. Author of message (surname or family name before
implications for society.
initials)
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in round
Reference example: brackets)
Shah, V. (2011) ‘Thought economics’, Thought Economics,6 July.
3. Title of message (in single quotation marks
Available at: http://thoughteconomics.blogspot.com/ (Accessed: 13 4. Title of internet site (in italics)
July 2011).
5. Day/month of posted message
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Social Networking Sites

In-text example:
Reference order:
One organisation (Fair Trade Wales, 2011) regularly uses their
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
Facebook site to provide information about their most current
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in round
marketing activities.
brackets)
3. Title of page (in single quotation marks)
Reference example:
4. Title of internet site (in italics and square brackets)
Fair Trade Wales (2011) ‘Fair Trade Wales – Cymru Masnach Deg’,
5. Day/month of posted message
[Facebook], 13 July. Available at:
http://www.facebook.com/fairtradewales#!/groups/fairtra dewales 6. Available at: URL
(Accessed: 13 July 2011). 7. (Accessed: date)

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 internet/conferences 11

Wikis

In-text example:
Reference order:
A community of fans provide support for fellow owners of the T-
1. Title of article (in single quotation marks)
Mobile Sidekick phone (‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki | Info, Tips,
2. Year that the site was published/last updated (in round
Support’, 2010). brackets)
3. Title of internet site [in italics and square brackets]
Reference example:
4. Available at: URL
‘T-Mobile Sidekick Wiki | Info, Tips, Support’ (2010) [Sidekick 5. (Accessed: date)
Wiki]. Available at: http://wiki.sidekick.com/ (Accessed: 13 July
2011).

How to reference conferences/theses/public lectures

Full conference proceedings (printed)

In-text example:
Reference order:
The conference (International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries,
1. Author/editor
2002) …
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Location and date of conference
International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL (2002)
5. Place of publication: Publisher
Digital libraries: people, knowledge, and technology : 5th
International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries. Singapore, 11-
14 December. Singapore: ICADL.

Conference paper published on the Internet

In-text example:
Reference order:
Persensky, Lewis and O’Hara (2005) emphasise the personnel’s vital
contribution in this particular area. 1. Author(s) (surname or family name before
initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example:
3. Title of paper (in single quotation marks)
Persensky, J., Lewis, P. and O’Hara, J. (2005) ‘Insights into the role
4. Title of conference: subtitle (in italics)
of the operator in advanced reactors’, American Nuclear Society,
5. Location and date of conference
Winter Meeting, Washington D.C, 13-17 November. New York:
6. Publisher
Brookhaven National Laboratory. Available at: 7. Available at: URL
http://www.bnl.gov/isd/documents/30546.pdf 8. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 26 July 2010).

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12 theses/public lecture/other sources

Theses

In-text example:
Reference order:
Research by Prescott (2006)...
1. Author (surname or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of submission (in round brackets)
Prescott, G. (2006) The noble game is not totally unknown here:
3. Title of thesis (in italics)
Rugby football in nineteenth-century Cardiff. Unpublished M Phil 4. Degree statement — M Phil or PhD
thesis. University of South Wales, formerly the University of 5. Degree-awarding body
Glamorgan. If published on the internet add:
6. Available at: URL
7. (Accessed: date)

Public Lecture

In-text example: Reference order:

Rees (2010) believes that man has the future in his own hands. 1. Author/speaker (surname or
family name before initials)
Reference example: 2. Year (in round brackets)
Rees, M. (2010) Lecture 2: Surviving the century, [Reith Lectures 3. Title of lecture (in italics)
2010: Scientific horizons]. 8 June. 4. [Medium]
5. Day/month

How to reference other

sources
UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) pre 1963
In-text example:
Reference order:
The Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2, c.26)
1. Short title of Act and Year (in italics)
interprets ‘animal’ to mean any mammal.
2. Regnal year
3. Name of sovereign
Reference example:
4. Chapter number
Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 (10 & 11 Eliz. 2, c.26).
If found online add:
5. Available at:
6. (Accessed: date).

UK Statutes (Acts of Parliament) post 1963

In-text example:
Reference order:
Legislation is in place to protect those who lack
mental capacity (Mental Capacity Act 2005). 1. Name of Act (use short title)
2. Date (no brackets)
3. Available at: URL
Reference example:
Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available at: https:// 4. (Accessed: date)
www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/contents OR: Title of Act
(Accessed: 13 May 2019). Name of sovereign
OR
Chapter number (in italics)
Dangerous Dogs Act 1991: Elizabeth II. Chapter
65 (1991) London: The Stationery Office. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Place of publication: publisher

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 other sources 13

When referencing government publications the Publications from the Scottish and Welsh governments
recognised convention is to use Great Britain should be prefaced with either Scotland or Wales
rather than United Kingdom. respectively.

Government Department publication

In-text example:
Reference order:
The Government’s objective on achieving balanced economic growth
1. Name of government department
is outlined in its ambitious programme (Department for Business,
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Innovation and Skills, 2011).
3. Title (in italics)
4. Place of publication: Publisher
Reference example: 5. Series (in brackets) – if applicable.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011) Guide to BIS If referencing an online version replace Place of publication:
2011-12 – working together for growth. Available at: Publisher with:
http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/corporate/doc/g/11- p120-guide-to- Available at: URL (Accessed:
bis-2011-2012 (Accessed: 1 August 2011). date)

Legal cases

In-text example: Reference order:

The case of Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice 1. Name of parties involved in the case (in italics)
[2011] upheld… i.e. case name
2. Date in square brackets, if a volume number is used then date
Reference example: is in round brackets
Abramova v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice [2011] EWHC 613 3. Volume number (if used)
(QB). 4. Abbreviation of name of report and first page of report
OR if online:
In-text example:
Case name (in italics)
Re. C (1994) is a landmark case relating to mental capacity and
refusal of medical treatment. [Year] or (Year)
Court and case number. Database
Reference example: or website (in italics)
Re. C (1994) 1 All E.R. 819. Available at: URL
(Accessed: date).
OR if online:
Abramove v Oxford Institute of Legal Practice [2011] EWHC
613 (QB). BAILII. Available at: http://www.bailii.org/ew/
cases/EWHC/QB/2011/613.htm (Accessed: 21 June 2019).

British Standards from online databases

In-text example:
Reference order:
Standards assist in the evaluation of libraries of all types (British
1. Name of authorising organisation / institution
Standards Institute, 2008)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Number and title of standard (in italics)
Reference example:
4. Title of database (in italics)
British Standards Institute (2008) BS ISO 11620: Information and
5. Available at: URL
documentation. Library performance indicators. British Standards
6. (Accessed: date)
Online. Available at: https://
bsol.bsigroup.com/en/BsolHomepage/
(Accessed: 21 July 2010).

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14 other sources/visual sources

Market Research/Financial Reports from online databases

In-text example: Reference order:
Mintel (2014) noted that the convenience segment will grow
1. Publishing organisation
sales by 3.7% in 2014.
2. Year of publication/last updated (in round brackets)
3. Title of extract or section of report (in single
Reference example:
quotation marks)
Mintel (2014) ‘Supermarkets more than just food retailing’,
4. Database title (in italics)
Mintel oxygen reports platform. Available at:
5. Available at: URL
http://academic.mintel.com (Accessed: 8 December 2014).
6. (Accessed: date)

Research Report - found online

In-text example:
In order to develop a government public health strategy,
the Department of Health and Social Care (1998)
commissioned a report into inequalities in health within
UK society.
Reference example:
Department of Health and Social Care (1998)
Independent inquiry into inequalities in health report
[PDF]. Available at: http://
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/
(Accessed: 8 December 2014).

Statutory Instruments: Health & Safety Regulations

In-text example: Reference order:

The Health and Safety Executive provide guidance for both 1. Name/ title including year (in italics)
employers and employees through their Health and Safety 2. SI year and number (in round brackets)
Regulations (1999). 3. Available at: URL
4. (Accessed: date)
Reference example:
Health and Safety Executive The Management of Health and Safety
at Work Regulations 1999 (SI 1999/3242). Available at:
http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1999/3242/contents/ m ade
(Accessed: 18 December 2014).

How to reference visual

sources
If you include a photograph or diagram for example in your text you should include a
reference underneath the item as well as in your list of references at the end of your work.
Book illustrations, diagrams or tables

In-text example:
Reference order:
Field’s diagram is useful in its summary of the links between the main
components of the research process (Field, 2009, p. 3). 1. Author of book (surname or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Field, A. (2009) Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd edn. London: 3. Title of book (in italics)
Sage Publications Ltd., p. 3, fig. 4. Place of publication: Publisher
5. Page reference of illustration, etc
6. Illus./fig./table

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 visual sources 15

Photographs — prints/slides

In-text example:
Reference order:
The work illustrates the human connection with the natural
1. Photographer (surname or family name before initials)
world (Magee, 2009).
2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Photograph]
Magee, J. (2009) Phishing II [Photograph]. Cardiff:
5. Place of publication: Publisher (if available)
Ffotogallery at Turner House.

Photographs from the Internet

In-text example:
Reference order:
This bold image (Knight, 1986) was commissioned by…..
1. Photographer (surname or family name before initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example:
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Knight, N. (1986) Red coat. Available at: http://
4. Available at: URL
collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O128940/photograph-red- coat/
5. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 21 July 2010).

Photographs in online collections (e.g. Flickr)

In-text example:
Reference order:
The power in Algo’s photo (2005) is in its simplicity.
1. Photographer
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example:
3. Title of photograph (in italics)
Algo (2005) Holding on. Flickr. Available at: http://
4. Title of online collection (in italics)
www.flickr.com/photos/algo/41942696/in/
5. Available at: URL
set-72057594138446566/ (Accessed: 21 July 2010).
6. (Accessed: date)

Paintings/drawings in online collections

In-text example: Reference order:

Ingleby specialised in small watercolour views, for example Brombo 1. Artist (surname or family name before initials)
House (1794).
2. Date (if available)
3. Title of the work (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Medium]
Ingleby, J. (1794) Brombo House [Watercolour]. The National 5. Name of collection (in italics)
Library of Wales. Available at:
6. Available at:
http://digidol.llgc.org.uk/METS/ING00001/ingleby?start=1
7. (Accessed: date)
(Accessed: 16 July 2010).

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16 visual sources/audio visual material

Sculpture

In-text example:
Reference order:
The horizontal cuts, as seen for example with Crack and warp
1. Sculptor (surname or family name before initials)
column (Nash, 2002) split and bend with time.
2. Year (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. [Sculpture]
Nash, D. (2002) Crack and warp column [Sculpture]. University of
5. Name of collection
South Wales Permanent Art Collection.

Art Exhibition Catalogue

In-text example: Reference order:

Thompson (1995, p.8) described Wallinger as a ‘politically 1. Author(s) of catalogue (surname or family name before
committed artist’. initials)
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title of exhibition (in italics)
Thompson, J. (1995) Mark Wallinger. Exhibition held at the Ikon 4. Location and date(s) of exhibition
Gallery, Birmingham, 25 February – 1 April 1995 and at the 5. [Exhibition catalogue]
Serpentine Gallery, London, 10 May – 11 June 1995 [Exhibition
catalogue].

How to reference audio visual material

TV programme

In-text example:
Reference order:
Apparently, a trick of the light can both wake you up and keep you
1. Title of programme (in italics - all
asleep (10 Things You Need to Know About Sleep, 2009).
important words in capitals)
2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
Reference example:
3. Name of channel
10 Things You Need to Know About Sleep (2009) BBC One
4. Date of transmission (day/month)
Television, 12 May.

Episode of a TV series

In-text example: Reference order:

Tyrion Lannister perhaps sums up the appeal of 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks)
Game of Thrones, when in the final episode he says: 2. Year of transmission (in round brackets)
“There’s nothing more powerful in the world than a 3. Title of programme (in italics - all
good story” (‘The iron throne’, 2019). important words in capitals)
4. Series and episode numbers
Reference example: 5. Name of channel
6. Date of transmission (day/month)
‘The iron throne’ (2019) Game of Thrones, Series 8,
episode 6. Sky Atlantic Television, 19 May.

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 audio visual material 17

Film

In-text example:
Reference order:
Films are able to draw on events and experiences of the past which
1. Title of film (in italics - important words
impact resonantly today (Good Night, and Good Luck, 2005).
capitalised)
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Directed by
Good Night, and Good Luck (2005) Directed by George Clooney 4. [Film]
[Film]. United States: Warner Independent Pictures. 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company

Film on DVD

In-text example: Reference order:

The medium of film has the potential to surpass the impact of the 1. Title of film (in italics- important words
written word. Slumdog Millionaire (2009), for example, … capitalised)
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Directed by
Slumdog Millionaire (2009) Directed by Danny Boyle [DVD]. 4. [DVD]
United States: Foxsearchlight Pictures. 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company

Film on Youtube

In-text example: Reference order:

Matisse considered the chapel to be his greatest achievement 1. Name of person posting video
(Misterulster, 2010). 2. Year video posted (in round brackets)
3. Title of film or programme (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Available at: URL
Misterulster (2010) 20100510 BBC Matisse.m4v. Available at: 5. (Accessed: date)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=en1--ukWZus (Accessed: 15
July 2010).

Musical score

In-text example:
Reference order:
The composer’s soundtrack to the movie ‘The Piano’ proved
1. Composer (surname or family name before initials)
particularly popular (Nyman, 2003)…
2. Year of publication (in round brackets)
3. Title of score (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Notes
Nyman, M. (2003) Pieces from the Piano. Pocket Manual and
5. Place of publication: Publisher
Sheet Music. UK: Music Sales Ltd.

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18 audio visual material

Music or spoken word recording on audio CDs

In-text example:
Reference order:
Seminal Welsh indie-rockers, the Super Furry Animals, released
1. Artist
their fifth studio album Rings Around the World in 2001 to both
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
critical and popular acclaim.
3. Title of recording (in italics)
4. [CD]
Reference example: 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
Super Furry Animals (2001) Rings Around the World
[CD]. London: Epic Records.

Vidcasts/vodcasts

Reference where the vidcast/vodcast was displayed for download

Reference order:
1. Author (surname or family name before initials)
In-text example: 2. Year that the vidcast/vodcast was posted (in
The inaugural lecture was very interesting (Wheeler, 2009).
round brackets)
3. Title of vidcast (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
Wheeler, Professor Nick. (2009) ‘Nuclear abolition: Trust- 5. [Vidcast/vodcast]
building’s greatest challenge?’ David Davies Memorial Institute,
6. Day/month of posted vidcast/vodcast
Aberystwyth University [Vidcast]. 9 March.
7. Available at: URL
Available at:
8. (Accessed: date)
http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/interpol/research/research- centres-and-
institutes/ddmi/publications/audio-video/ (Accessed: 2
November 2012).

iTunes U collection

In-text example: Reference order:

Roche et al. (2010) highlights... 1. Author/s (surname or family name before initial)
2. Year posted (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Title (in italics)
Roche, P., Griffiths, M., and Richards, B. (2010) Our Amazing
4. Publisher
Universe. University of South Wales. iTunesU [Download].
5. Download site (name in italics)
Available at: https://itunes.apple.com/gb/itunes-u/our-amazing-
6. [Download]
universe/id527125588?mt=10. (Accessed: 17 December 2010).
7. Available at: URL
.
8. (Accessed: date)

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19 audio visual material

How to reference streamed audio visual material

Streamed radio programme

In-text example:
Reference order:
So, how are the songs that provide the soundtracks to 1. Title of prog (italics – all important words capitalised)
our lives, valued in the age of streaming? (The Price of
2. Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
Song, 2021).
3. Name of channel
Reference example: 4. Day and month of original transmission
The Price of Song (2021) BBC 4 Radio, 2 March. 11.30. 5. Time location.
Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 May 2021) 6. Streamed from:
7. (Accessed:).

Streamed episode from a radio series

In-text example: Reference order:
The ability of computers to recognise an individual face 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if known;
has created a new set of problems (‘Find', 2020 if not, use title of programme
2. Year of broadcast
Reference example: 3. Title of programme/Series (italics)
‘The digital human’ (2021) Find, Series 22, episode 6. 4. Series and episode numbers
BBC Four Radio, 18 March. Streamed from: BoB 5. Name of channel
(Accessed: 18 May 2021). 6. Streamed from:
7. (Accessed:).

Streamed single programme

In-text example: Reference order:

"You know, there’s lots of people in the industry say, ‘I 1. Title of prog (italics)
discovered Alexander McQueen’. But you don’t discover 2. Year of original transmission (in round brackets)
talent. Talent’s there. You open doors for 3. Name of channel
talent” (McQueen, 2020).. 4. Day and month of original transmission
Reference example: 5. Time location
McQueen (2020) BBC Two Television, 26 September. 6. Streamed from:
21:45. Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 18 May 2021). 7. (Accessed:).

Streamed episode from a series

In-text example: Reference order:

To create an image is to create a world. A parallel 1. Title of episode (in single quotation marks) if
universe fashioned from light and colour. Images are known; if not, use title of programme
seductive”, so says narrator, James Fox ('Seductive 2. Year of broadcast
dreams', 2020). 3. Title of programme/Series (italics)
Reference example: 4. Series and episode numbers
'Seductive dreams' (2020) Age of the Image, episode 3, 5. Name of channel
16 March. BBC Four Television. Streamed from: BoB 6. Streamed from:
(Accessed: 18 May 2021). 7. (Accessed:).

Streamed film

In-text example: Reference order:

Koreeda was a deserving winner of the 2018 Palme d'Or 1. Title of film (in italics- important words capitalised)
for Shoplifters (2018).
2. Year of distribution (in round brackets)
Reference example: 3. Directed by
Shoplifters (2018) Directed by Hirokazu Koreeda [Film]. 4. [Film]
Japan: GAGA Pictures. Streamed from: BoB (Accessed: 5. Place of distribution: Distribution company
18 May 2021). 6. Streamed from:
7. (Accessed).
 audio visual material/live performances 20

Podcast

Reference where the podcast was displayed for download

Reference order:
1. Author/presenter (surname or family name before
In-text example: initials)
O’Sullivan (2007) discussed issues on tourism safety and security.
2. Year that the podcast was posted (in round brackets)
3. Title of podcast (in single quotation marks)
Reference example: 4. Title of Internet site (in italics)
O’Sullivan, D. (2007) ‘Challenges of tourism growth’, The University
5. [Podcast]
of Glamorgan Podcasts [Podcast]. 15 August. Available at:
6. Day/month of posted podcast
http://podcasting.weblog.glam.ac.uk/ (Accessed: 18 July 2010).
7. Available at: URL
8. (Accessed: date)

iBook

In-text example:
Reference order:
Djebarni et al. (2014) provide essential information with regard to
1. Author/s (surname/family name before initial)
research methods.
2. Year posted (in round brackets)
3. Title (in italics)
Reference example: 4. Publisher
Djebarni, R., Burnett, S. and Richards, B. (2014) Research Methods
5. Download site (name in italics)
for Business Students, Managers and Entrepreneurs.University of
6. [Download]
South Wales. iTunesU [Download]. Available at:
7. Available at: URL
https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/research-methods-for-
8. (Accessed: date)
business/id862468951?ls=1&mt=13. (Accessed: 17
December 2014).

How to reference live

performances
Live performance — band concert

In-text example: Reference order:

Bob Dylan’s voice (2000) was barely audible against the backdrop 1. Name of band
of an admittedly accomplished backing band, a fact not unnoticed 2. Year of performance (in round brackets)
by most of the increasingly disgruntled crowd. 3. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]

Reference example:
Bob Dylan (2000) [Sheffield Arena. 22 September].

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21 live performances/computer games/computer programmes

Live performance — play

In-text example: Reference order:

The performers were singing in very close proximity to the audience 1. Title (in italics)
(The Duchess of Malfi, 2010) 2. By Author
3. Year of performance (in round brackets)
Reference example: 4. Directed by
The Duchess of Malfi by John Webster (2010) Directed by Felix 5. Location. Date seen [in square brackets]
Barrett [Royal Albert Docks, London. 15 July].

How to reference computer

games

Computer Game

In-text example:
Reference order:
Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood (Ubisoft Montreal, 2011) is an 1. Author(s) (if given)
action/adventure game which.....
2. Date (if given)
3. Title of game (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
Reference example: 4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
Ubisoft Montreal (2011) Assassin’s Creed Brotherhood 5. Platform
(Edition Standard) PC [Computer game]. Ubisoft Montreal. 6. [Computer game]
7. Availability, that is distributor, address, order number (if given).
OR if accessed on the internet Available at:
URL
(Accessed: date)

How to reference computer programmes

Computer Programme

In-text example:
Reference order:
Camtasia Relay (TechSmith, 2012) allows you to record live
1. Author(s) (if given)
presentations.
2. Date (if given)
3. Title of programme (in italics and capitalise initial letters)
Reference example: 4. Edition or version (in round brackets)
TechSmith Corporation (2012) Camtasia Relay (Version4)
5. [Computer programme]
[Computer programme]. Available at: 6. Availability, that is distributor, address, order number (if given).
http://www.techsmith.com/download.camtasiarelay/try/ default.asp OR if accessed on the internet
(Accessed: 16 March 2012) Available at: URL (Accessed:
date)

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 personal communication 22

How to reference personal communication

Personal Communications

In-text example:
Reference order:
Fitzgibbon (2012) was of the view that.... 1. Speaker/sender/author (surname or family name before
initials)
Reference example: 2. Year of communication (in round brackets)
Fitzgibbon, K. (2012) Telephone conversation with Amanda 3. Medium of conversation
Thomas, 16 February.
4. Receiver of communication
5. Day/month of communication

This revised University of South Wales Guide to Harvard Referencing is credited to the collaboration between the Student Development
and Study Skills Service and USW Libraries.
Inspiration for this revised Guide is acknowledged to Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 8th
edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

For in-depth guidance on referencing we recommend that you borrow or purchase this textbook. July 2011 (revised

May 2021).

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