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Chapter 2

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which one of the following would contain the translated Java byte code for a program named Demo?
a. Demo.java
b. Demo.code
c. Demo.class
d. Demo.byte

ANS: C

2. To compile a program named First, use the following command:

a. java First.java
b. javac First
c. javac First.java
d. compile First.javac

ANS: C

3. A Java program must have at least one of these:

a. Class definition
b. Variable
c. Comment
d. System.out.println(); statement

ANS: A

4. In Java, the beginning of a comment is marked with:

a. //
b. ""
c. ;
d. #

ANS: A
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

5. The term typically refers to the device that displays console output.
a. Standard output device
b. Central processing unit
c. Secondary storage device
d. Liquid crystal display

ANS: A

6. In Java, must be declared before they can be used.

a. Variables
b. Literals
c. Key words
d. Comments

ANS: A

7. If the following Java statements are executed, what will be displayed?

System.out.println("The top three winners are\n");

System.out.print("Jody, the Giant\n");
System.out.print("Buffy, the Barbarian");
System.out.println("Adelle, the Alligator");
a. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the Barbarian
Adelle, the Alligator
b. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator
c. The top three winners are Jody, the Giant\nBuffy, the BarbarianAdelle, and the Albino
d. The top three winners are
Jody, the Giant
Buffy, the BarbarianAdelle, the Alligator

ANS: D

8. This is a value that is written into the code of a program.

a. literal
b. assignment statement
c. variable
d. operator

ANS: A

9. When the + operator is used with strings, it is known as the:

a. Assignment operator
b. String concatenation operator
c. Addition operator
d. Combined assignment operator

ANS: B
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

10. What would be printed out as a result of the following code?

System.out.println("The quick brown fox" +

"jumped over the \n"
"slow moving hen.");
a. The quick brown fox jumped over the \nslow moving hen.
b. The quick brown fox jumped over the
slow moving hen.
c. The quick brown fox
jumped over the
slow moving hen.
d. Nothing. This is an error.

ANS: D

11. Which of the following is not a rule that must be followed when naming identifiers?
a. The first character must be one of the letters a-z, A-Z, and underscore or a dollar sign.
b. Identifiers can contain spaces.
c. Uppercase and lowercase characters are distinct.
d. After the first character, you may use the letters a-z, A-Z, the underscore, a dollar sign, or digits 0-
9.

ANS: B

12. Which of the following cannot be used as identifiers in Java?

a. Variable names
b. Class names
c. Key words
d. All of the above
e. None of the above

ANS: C

13. In Java, it is standard practice to capitalize the first letter of:

a. Class names
b. Variable names
c. Key words
d. Literals

ANS: A

14. Which of the following is not a primitive data type?

a. short
b. long
c. float
d. String

ANS: D

15. Which of the following is valid?

a. float y;
y = 54.9;
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

b. float y;
double z;
z = 934.21;
y = z;

c. float w;
w = 1.0f;

d. float v;
v = 1.0;

ANS: C

16. The boolean data type may contain values in the following range of values
a. true or false
b. -128 to + 127
c. - 2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647
d. - 32,768 to +32,767

ANS: A

17. Character literals are enclosed in ; string literals are enclosed in .

a. single quotes; single quotes
b. double quotes; double quotes
c. single quotes; double quotes
d. double quotes; single quotes

ANS: C

18. What is the result of the following expression?

10 + 5 * 3 - 20

a. -5
b. 5
c. 25
d. -50

ANS: B

19. What is the result of the following expression?

25 / 4 + 4 * 10 % 3

a. 19
b. 5.25
c. 3
d. 7

ANS: D
 Gaddis: Starting Out with Java: From Control Structures through Objects, 5/e © 2012 Pearson Education

20. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 20;
x += 32;
y /= 4;
System.out.println("x = " + x + ", y = " + y);

a. x = 32, y = 4
b. x = 9, y = 52
c. x = 37, y = 5
d. x = 160, y = 80

ANS: C

21. What will be the value of z as a result of executing the following code?

int x = 5, y = 28;
float z;
z = (float) (y / x);

a. 5.60
b. 5.6
c. 3.0
d. 5.0

ANS: D

22. What will be the displayed when the following code is executed?

final int x = 22, y = 4;

y += x;
System.out.println("x = " + x +
", y = " + y);

a. x = 22, y = 4
b. x = 22, y = 26
c. x = 22, y = 88
d. Nothing, this is an error

ANS: D

23. In the following Java statement what value is stored in the variable name?

String name = "John Doe";

a. John Doe
b. The memory address where "John Doe" is located
c. name
d. The memory address where name is located

ANS: B

24. What will be displayed as a result of executing the following code?

Another document from Scribd.com that is
random and unrelated content:
 History of the Highlands,
volume 2, chapter 10.

G. Burnet,
History of My Own Time,
book 5 (volume 4), 1692.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1695-1699.
The Darien scheme.
King William urges a Union of the kingdoms.

"The peace of Ryswic was succeeded by an event which had well

nigh created a civil war between Scotland and England. As the
writers of no nation are more marked by grandeur and meanness
of composition in the same person, and the actors in public
life by grandeur and meanness of character in the same person,
than those of England; so the proceedings of the national
assembly of England, the noblest that ever was on earth,
except that of Rome, are often tinctured with a strange
mixture of the great and the little. Of this truth an instance
appeared at this time, in the proceedings of parliament with
regard to the Scots colony of Darien, settled by Mr. Paterson.
… Paterson, having examined the places, satisfied himself that
on the isthmus of Darien there was a tract of country running
across from the Atlantic to the South Sea, which the Spaniards
had never possessed, and inhabited by a people continually at
war with them; … that the two seas were connected by a ridge
of hills, which, by their height, created a temperate climate;
… that roads could be made with ease along the ridge, by which
mules, and even carriages, might pass from the one sea to the
other in the space of a day, and that consequently this
passage seemed to be pointed out by the finger of nature, as a
common centre, to connect together the trade and intercourse
of the universe. … By this obscure Scotsman a project was
formed to settle, on this neglected spot, a great and powerful
colony, not as other colonies have for the most part been
settled, by chance, and unprotected by the country from whence
they went, but by system, upon foresight, and to receive the
ample protection of those governments to whom he was to offer
his project. And certainly no greater idea has been formed
since the time of Columbus. … Paterson's original intention
was to offer his project to England, as the country which had
the most interest in it." Receiving no encouragement, however,
in London, nor in Holland, nor Germany, to which countries he
repaired, he returned finally to Scotland, and there awakened
the interest of several influential gentlemen, including Mr.
Fletcher of Salton, the Marquis of Tweddale, Lord Stair, and
others. "These persons, in June 1695, procured a statute from
parliament, and afterwards a charter from the crown in terms
of it, for creating a trading company to Africa and the new
world, with power to plant colonies and build forts, with
consent of the inhabitants, in places not possessed by other
European nations. Paterson, now finding the ground firm under
him, … threw his project boldly upon the public, and opened a
subscription for a company. The frenzy of the Scots nation to
sign the solemn league and covenant never exceeded the
rapidity with which they ran to subscribe to the Darien
company. The nobility, the gentry, the merchants, the people,
the royal burghs, without the exception of one, most of the
other public bodies, subscribed. Young women threw their
little fortunes into the stock, widows sold their jointures to
get the command of money for the same purpose. Almost in an
instant £400,000 were subscribed in Scotland, although it be
now known that there was not at that time above £800,000 of
cash in the kingdom. … The English subscribed £300,000, and
the Dutch and Hamburghers £200,000 more. … In the mean time,
the jealousy of trade, which has done more mischief to the
trade of England than all other causes put together, created
an alarm in England; and the houses of lords and commons,
without previous inquiry or reflection, on the 13th December
of the year 1695, concurred in a joint address to the King
against the establishment of the Darien company, as
detrimental to the interest of the East India company. Soon
after, the commons impeached some of their own countrymen for
being instrumental in erecting the company. … The King's
answer was 'that he had been ill-advised in Scotland.' He soon
after changed his Scottish ministers, and sent orders to his
resident at Hamburgh to present a memorial to the senate, in
which he disowned the company, and warned them against all
connections with it. … The Scots, not discouraged, were rather
 animated by this oppression; for they converted it into a
proof of the envy of the English, and of their consciousness
of the great advantages which were to flow to Scotland from
the colony. The company proceeded to build six ships in
Holland, from 36 to 60 guns, and they engaged 1,200 men for
the colony; among whom were younger sons of many of the noble
and most ancient families of Scotland, and sixty officers who
had been disbanded at the peace." The first colony sailed from
Leith, July 26, 1698, and arrived safely at Darien in two
months. They "fixed their station at Acta, calling it New St.
Andrew, … and the country itself New Caledonia. … The first
public act of the colony was to publish a declaration of
freedom of trade and religion to all nations. This luminous
idea originated with Paterson.
{2877}
But the Dutch East India company having pressed the King, in
concurrence with his English subjects, to prevent the
settlement of Darien, orders had been sent from England to the
governors of the West Indian and American colonies, to issue
proclamations against giving assistance, or even to hold
correspondence with the colony; and these were more or less
harshly expressed, according to the tempers of the different
governors. The Scots, trusting to far different treatment, and
to the supplies which they expected from those colonies, had
not brought provisions enough with them; they fell into
diseases, from bad food, and from want of food. … They
lingered eight months, awaiting, but in vain, for assistance
from Scotland, and almost all of them either died out or
quitted the settlement. Paterson, who had been the first that
entered the ship at Leith, was the last who went on board at
Darien." To complete the destruction of the undertaking, the
Spanish government, which had not moved in opposition before,
now bestirred itself against the Scottish company, and entered
formal complaints at London (May 3, 1699). "The Scots,
ignorant of the misfortunes of their colony, but provoked at
this memorial [of Spain], sent out another colony soon after
of 1,300 men, to support an establishment which was now no
more." This last colony, after gallant fighting and great
suffering, was expelled from Darien by a Spanish expedition,
and "not more than thirty, saved from war, shipwreck, or
 disease, ever saw their own country again. … While the second
colony of the Scots were exposing themselves, far from their
country, in the cause, mediately or immediately, of all who
spoke the English language, the house of lords of England were
a second time addressing the King at home against the
settlement itself. … He answered the address of the lords, on
the 12th of February 1699, in the following words: 'His
Majesty does apprehend that difficulties may too often arise,
with respect to the different interests of trade between his
two kingdoms, unless some way he found out to unite them more
nearly and completely; and therefore his Majesty takes this
opportunity of putting the house of peers in mind of what he
recommended to his parliament soon after his accession to the
throne, that they would consider of an union between the two
kingdoms.'"

Sir J. Dalrymple,
Memorials of Great Britain,
part 3, book 6 (volume 3).

ALSO IN:
J. H. Burton,
History of the Reign of Queen Anne,
chapter 4 (volume l).

Lord Macaulay,
History of England,
chapter. 24 (volume 5).

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1703-1704.
Hostility to England.
The Act of Security.
The Scottish Plot.

"This Parliament of 1703 was not in a temper of conciliation

towards England. Glencoe and Darien were still watchwords of
strife. The failure of the negotiations for Union necessarily
produced exasperation. Whilst Marlborough was fighting the
battles of the Allies, the Scottish Parliament manifested a
decided inclination to the interests of France, by removing
restrictions on the importation of French wines. The 'Act for
the Security of the Kingdom' was a more open declaration not
only of the independence of Scotland, but of her disposition
to separate wholly from England—to abrogate, on the first
opportunity, that union of the crowns which had endured for a
century. The Act of Settlement, by which the crown of England
was to pass in the Protestant line to the electress Sophia and
her descendants, was not to be accepted; but, on the demise of
queen Anne without issue, the Estates of Scotland were to name
a successor from the Protestant descendants of the Stuart
line, and that successor was to be under conditions to secure
'the religious freedom and trade of the nation from English or
any foreign influence.' For four months this matter was
vehemently debated in the Scottish Parliament. The Act of
Security was carried, but the Lord High Commissioner refused
his assent. Following this legislative commotion came what was
called in England the Scottish plot—a most complicated affair
of intrigue and official treachery, with some real treason at
the bottom of it. [This Scottish Plot, otherwise called the
Queensberry Plot, was a scheme to raise the Highland clans for
the Pretender, abortively planned by one Simon Fraser.] The
House of Lords in England took cognizance of the matter, which
provoked the highest wrath in Scotland, that another nation
should interfere with her affairs. … When the Scottish Estates
reassembled in 1704 they denounced the proceedings of the
House of Lords, as an interference with the prerogative of the
queen of Scotland; and they again passed the Security Act. The
royal assent was not now withheld; whether from fear or from
policy on the part of the English ministry is not very clear.
The Parliament of England then adopted a somewhat strong
measure of retaliation. The queen was addressed, requesting
her to put Carlisle, Newcastle, Tynemouth, and Hull in a state
of defence, and to send forces to the border. A Statute was
passed which in the first place provided for a treaty of
Union; and then enacted that until the Scottish Parliament
should settle the succession to the crown in the same line as
that of the English Act of Settlement, no native of Scotland,
except those domiciled in England, or in the navy or army,
should acquire the privileges of a natural-born Englishman;
and prohibiting all importations of coals, cattle, sheep, or
 linen from Scotland. It was evident that there must be Union
or War."

C. Knight,
Popular History of England,
volume 5, chapter 21.

ALSO IN:
J. H. Burton,
History of the Reign of Queen Anne,
chapters 4 and 7 (volume 1).

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1707.
The Union with England.

To avert war between Scotland and England by a complete

political Union of the two kingdoms in one became now the
greatest object of the solicitude of the wiser statesmen on
both sides. They used their influence to so good an effect
that, in the spring of 1706, thirty-one Commissioners on the
part of each kingdom were appointed to negotiate the terms of
Union. The Commissioners held their first meeting on the 16th
of April, and were in session until the 22d of July, when the
Articles of Union agreed upon by them received the signature
of twenty-seven of the English and twenty-six of the Scots. On
the 16th of the following January (1707) these Articles were
ratified with amendments by the Scottish Parliament. The
English Parliament adopted them as amended a month later, and
on the 6th of March the Union was perfected by the royal
assent, given solemnly by the Queen, in presence of the Lords
and Commons of England. "It was agreed that Great Britain
should be the designation of the united island; the name of
Scotland to be merged in the name of North Britain. It was
agreed that the Crosses of St. George and St. Andrew should be
conjoined in the flag of the united kingdom.
{2878}
It was agreed that the arms of the two countries—the three
lions passant and guardant Or, and the lion rampant Or, within
a double tressure flory and counterflory, Gules—should be
quartered with all heraldic honours. It was agreed that the
united kingdom should have a new Great Seal. As regards the
House of Commons, the English party proposed that Scotland
should be represented by 38 members. Even Scottish writers
have observed that if taxation be taken as the measure of
representation, and if it be remembered that the Scots of that
time had asked and been allowed to limit their share of the
Land-tax to one-fortieth of the share of England, it would
follow that, as an addition to the 513 members of Parliament
returned by England, Scotland was entitled to demand no more
than 13. But even 38 seemed by no means adequate to the claims
on other grounds of that ancient and renowned kingdom. The
Scottish Commissioners stood out for an increase, and the
English Commissioners finally conceded 45. The Peers of
England were at this juncture 185 and the Peers of Scotland
154. It was intended that the latter should send
representatives to the former, and the proportion was settled
according to the precedent that was just decided. The 45
members from Scotland when added to the 513 from England would
make one-twelfth of the whole; and 16 Peers from Scotland when
added to the 185 from England would also make about
one-twelfth of the whole. Sixteen was therefore the number
adopted; and the mode of election both of Commoners and Peers
was left to be determined by the Parliament of Scotland,
before the day appointed for the Union, that is the first of
May 1707. By this treaty Scotland was to retain her heritable
jurisdiction, her Court of Session and her entire system of
law. The Presbyterian Church as by law established was to
continue unaltered, having been indeed excluded from debate by
the express terms of the Commission."

Earl Stanhope,
History of England: Reign of Queen Anne,
chapter 8.

ALSO IN:
J. H. Burton,
History of the Reign of Queen Anne,
chapter 7 (volume 1).

Sir W. Scott,
 Tales of a Grandfather: Scotland,
series 2, chapters 12.

H. Hallam,
Constitutional History of England,
chapter 17 (volume 3).

The text of the Act of Union may be found in the

Parliamentary History,
volume 6, appendix 2.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1707-1708.
Hostility to the Union.
Spread of Jacobitism.

"In Scotland it [the Union] was regarded with an almost

universal feeling of discontent and dishonour. The Jacobite
party, who had entertained great hopes of eluding the act for
settling the kingdom upon the family of Hanover, beheld them
entirely blighted; the Whigs, or Presbyterians, found
themselves forming part of a nation in which Prelacy was an
institution of the state; the Country party, who had nourished
a vain but honourable idea of maintaining the independence of
Scotland, now saw it, with all its symbols of ancient
sovereignty, sunk and merged under the government of England.
All the different professions and classes of men saw each
something in the obnoxious treaty which affected their own
interest. … There was, therefore, nothing save discontent and
lamentation to be heard throughout Scotland, and men of every
class vented their complaints against the Union the more
loudly, because their sense of personal grievances might be
concealed, and yet indulged under popular declamations
concerning the dishonour done to the country. … Almost all the
dissenting and Cameronian ministers were anti-unionists, and
some of the more enthusiastic were so peculiarly vehement,
that long after the controversy had fallen asleep, I have
heard my grandfather say (for your grandfather, Mr. Hugh
Littlejohn, had a grandfather in his time), that he had heard
an old clergyman confess he could never bring his sermon, upon
whatever subject, to a conclusion, without having what he
 called a 'blaud,' that is a slap, at the Union. … The
detestation of the treaty being for the present the ruling
passion of the times, all other distinctions of party, and
even of religious opinions in Scotland, were laid aside, and a
singular coalition took place, in which Episcopalians,
Presbyterians, Cavaliers, and many friends of the revolution,
drowned all former hostility in the predominant aversion to
the Union. … For a time almost all the inhabitants of Scotland
were disposed to join unanimously in the Restoration, as it
was called, of James the Second's son to the throne of his
fathers; and had his ally, the King of France, been hearty in
his cause, or his Scottish partisans more united among
themselves, or any leader amongst them possessed of
distinguished talent, the Stewart family might have
repossessed themselves of their ancient domain of Scotland,
and perhaps of England also." Early in 1708 an attempt was
made to take advantage of this feeling in Scotland, on behalf
of the Pretender, by a naval and military expedition from
France, fitted out by the French king. It was vulgarly
frustrated by an attack of measles, which prostrated the
Stuart adventurer (the Chevalier de St. George) at Dunkirk,
until the English government had warning enough to be too well
prepared.

Sir W. Scott,
Tales of a Grandfather: Scotland,
series 3, chapters 1-2.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1715.
The Jacobite rising.

In 1715 "there were Jacobite risings both in Scotland and in

England. Early in September John Erskine, Earl of Mar—who some
years before had been a Whig and helped to bring about the
Union—raised the standard of rebellion in Braemar, and in a
short time found himself in command of a large Highland army.
But Mar was very slow in his movements, and lingered for six
weeks in Perth. The Duke of Argyle, famous as both a warrior
and a statesman, was sent from London to deal with this
danger; and, going to Stirling, used the time which Mar was
 wasting in gathering round him soldiers and loyal Low-landers.
While things stood thus in the far north a few hundred
Jacobites took up arms in Northumberland under Mr. Forster and
Lord Derwentwater. Joining with some Southern Scots raised by
Lord Kenmure, and some Highlanders whom Mar had sent to their
aid, they marched to Preston, in Lancashire. The fate of the
two risings was settled on the same day. At Preston the
English Jacobites and their Scottish allies had to give
themselves up to a small body of soldiers under General
Carpenter. At Sheriffmuir, about eight miles north of
Stirling, the Highlanders, whom Mar had put in motion at last,
met Argyle's little army in battle, and, though not utterly
beaten, were forced to fall back to Perth. There Mar's army
soon dwindled to a mere handful of men. Just when things
seemed at the worst the Pretender himself landed in Scotland.
{2879}
But he altogether lacked the daring and high spirit needful to
the cause at the time; and his presence at Perth did not even
delay the end, which was now sure. Late in January 1716
Argyle's troops started from Stirling northwards; and the
small Highland force broke up from Perth and went to Montrose.
Thence James Edward and Mar slipped away unnoticed, and sailed
to France; and the Highlanders scampered off to their several
homes. Of the rebels that were taken prisoners about forty
were tried and put to death; and many were sent beyond the
seas. Derwentwater and Kenmure were beheaded; the other
leaders of rank either were forgiven or escaped from prison."

J. Rowley,
The Settlement of the Constitution,
book 3, chapter 1.

ALSO IN:
J. McCarthy,
History of the Four Georges,
volume 1, chapter 7.

J. H. Jesse,
Memoirs of the Pretenders,
volume 1, chapters 3-4.
 Earl Stanhope,
History of England, 1713-1783,
chapters 5-6 (volume l).

Mrs. K. Thomson,
Memoirs of the Jacobites,
volumes 1-2.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1736.
The Porteous Riot.

See EDINBURGH: A. D. 1736.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1745-1746.
The Young Pretender's invasion.
The last rising of the Jacobites.

"As early as 1744 Charles Edward [known as 'the Young

Pretender'], the grandson of James II., was placed by the
French government at the head of a formidable armament. But
his plan of a descent on Scotland was defeated by a storm
which wrecked his fleet, and by the march of the French troops
which had sailed in it to the war in Flanders. In 1745,
however, the young adventurer again embarked with but seven
friends in a small vessel and landed on a little island of the
Hebrides. For three weeks he stood almost alone; but on the
29th of August the clans rallied to his standard in
Glenfinnan. … His force swelled to an army as he marched
through Blair Athol on Perth, entered Edinburgh in triumph,
and proclaimed 'James the Eighth' at the Town Cross: and two
thousand English troops who marched against him under Sir John
Cope were broken and cut to pieces on the 21st of September by
a single charge of the clansmen at Preston Pans. Victory at
once doubled the forces of the conqueror. The Prince was now
at the head of 6,000 men; but all were still Highlanders. …
After skilfully evading an army gathered at Newcastle, he
marched through Lancashire, and pushed on the 4th of December
as far as Derby. But here all hope of success came to an end.
Hardly a man had risen in his support as he passed through the
districts where Jacobitism boasted of its strength. …
Catholics and Tories abounded in Lancashire, but only a single
squire took up arms. … The policy of Walpole had in fact
secured England for the House of Hanover. The long peace, the
prosperity of the country, and the clemency of the Government,
had done their work. … Even in the Highlands the Macleods rose
in arms for King George, while the Gordons refused to stir,
though roused by a small French force which landed at
Montrose. To advance further south was impossible, and Charles
fell rapidly back on Glasgow; but the reinforcements which he
found there raised his army to 9,000 men, and on the 23rd
January, 1746, he boldly attacked an English army under
General Hawley, which had followed his retreat and had
encamped near Falkirk. Again the wild charge of his
Highlanders won victory for the Prince, but victory was as
fatal as defeat. The bulk of his forces dispersed with their
booty to the mountains, and Charles fell sullenly back to the
north before the Duke of Cumberland. On the 16th of April the
armies faced one another on Culloden Moor, a few miles
eastward of Inverness. The Highlanders still numbered 6,000
men, but they were starving and dispirited. … In a few moments
all was over, and the Stuart force was a mass of hunted
fugitives. Charles himself after strange adventures escaped
[in the disguise of a female servant, attending the famous
Flora Macdonald] to France. In England fifty of his followers
were hanged; three Scotch lords, Lovat, Balmerino, and
Kilmarnock, brought to the block; and forty persons of rank
attainted by Act of Parliament. More extensive measures of
repression were needful in the Highlands. The feudal tenures
were abolished. The hereditary jurisdictions of the chiefs
were bought up and transferred to the Crown. The tartan, or
garb of the Highlanders, was forbidden by law. These measures,
followed by a general Act of Indemnity, proved effective for
their purpose."

J. R. Green,
Short History of the English People,
chapter 10, section 1.

ALSO IN:
 Lord Mahon (Earl Stanhope),
History of England, 1713-1783,
chapters 26-29 (volume 3).

R. Chambers,
History of the Rebellion of 1745.

Mrs. K. Thomson,
Memoirs of the Jacobites,
volumes 2-3.

Chevalier de Johnstone,
Memoirs of the Rebellion of 1745.

J. H. Jesse,
Memoirs of the Pretenders.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1779.
No-Popery Riots.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1778-1780.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1832.
Representation in Parliament increased by the Reform Bill.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1830-1832.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1843.
The Disruption of the Church.
Formation of the Free Church.

"Lay patronage was … inconsistent with the conception and the

fundamental principles of the Presbyterian Church, and she
opposed and rejected it, and fought against it. It was
abolished shortly after the Revolution of 1688, but again
restored by the British Parliament in 1712, contrary to the
letter and the spirit of the Treaty of Union, and to all
conceptions of a wise policy toward the Scottish nation. … An
internal struggle arose between the party who held firmly to
these sentiments and the new party—called 'the Moderate
 party.' … In the middle of the 18th century the opposite views
of the popular and the moderate parties had become distinct.
The chief point of polity in dispute was the settlement of
ministers in parishes against the wishes of the congregations.
Cases of this character were constantly coming before the
presbyteries and general assemblies; and in 1733 it was on
matters arising from such cases that a secession took place. …
In 1773 there were upwards of two hundred dissenting
congregations, besides Episcopalians and Roman Catholics. … As
an attempt to redress the evils involved in patronage, the
popular party proposed, in the assembly of 1833, that when a
majority of a congregation objected to the minister presented
by the patron, the presbytery should not proceed with the
settlement. … It was on this reasonable regulation [passed
into an act, called the Veto Act, by the Assembly of 1834]
that the struggle which issued in the Disruption was fought,
although there were other principles involved in the
conflict."
{2880}
In 1839, a case arising in the parish church of Auchterarder,
in Perthshire, led to a decision in the Court of Session
against the legality of the Veto Act, and this decision, on
appeal, was affirmed by the House of Lords. "For several years
the country rang with the clamour and talk of non-intrusion
and spiritual independence, and the excitement was intense.
Pamphlets, speeches and ballads were circulated through the
kingdom in hundreds of thousands. The engrossing subject
attracted the attention of every household, and many a family
became divided in religious sentiments." Finally, in 1843,
finding no prospect of legislation from Parliament to free the
Church of Scotland from the odious fetters of patronage, the
popular party resolved upon a general secession from it. This
occurred in a memorable scene at the opening of the Assembly,
in Edinburgh, on the 18th of May, 1843. The Moderator of the
body, Dr. Welsh, read a protest against further proceedings in
the Assembly, because of certain acts, sanctioned by the
Government of the country, which had infringed on the
liberties of the constitution of the Church. He then left the
chair and walked out of the church. "Instantly Dr. Chalmers,
Dr. Gordon, and the whole of those in the left side of the
Church, rose and followed him. Upwards of two hundred
ministers walked out, and they were joined outside by three
hundred clergymen and other adherents. Dr. Welsh wore his
Moderator's dress, and when he appeared on the street, and the
people saw that principle had risen above interest, shouts of
triumph rent the air such as had not been heard in Edinburgh
since the days of the Covenant. They walked through Hanover
Street to Canonmills, where a large hall was erected for the
reception of the disestablished assembly. They elected Dr.
Chalmers Moderator, and formed the first General Assembly of
'The Free Church of Scotland.' Four hundred and seventy-four
ministers left the Establishment in 1843; they were also
joined by two hundred probationers, nearly one hundred
theological students of the University of Edinburgh, three
fourths of those in Glasgow, and a majority of those in
Aberdeen. The Disruption was an accomplished fact."

J. Mackintosh,
Scotland,
chapter 19.

"It is not every nation, it is not every age, which can

produce the spectacle of nearly 500 men leaving their homes,
abandoning their incomes, for the sake of opinion. It is
literally true that disruption was frequently a sentence of
poverty, and occasionally of death, to the ministers of the
Church. Well, then, might a great Scotchman of that time [Lord
Jeffrey] say that he was proud of his country, proud of the
heroism and self-denial of which her pastors proved capable.
But well also might a Scotchman of the present time say that
he was proud of the success which Voluntaryism achieved. It
was the good fortune of the Church that in the hour of her
trial she had a worthy leader. Years before, while ministering
to a poor congregation in Glasgow, Chalmers had insisted on
the cardinal doctrine that the poor should be made to help
themselves. He applied the same principle to the Scotch
Church. He … called on his friends around him to 'organise,
organise, organise.' It is not, however, the Church alone
which deserves commendation. The nation supported the Church.
… In the four years which succeeded the disruption, the Free
 Church raised £1,254,000, and built 654 churches. Her
ministrations were extended to every district and almost every
parish in the land."

S. Walpole,
History of England from 1815,
chapter 21 (volume 4).

"In 1874 the Patronage Act of 1712 was repealed, but it was
too late to be of much use, and Scottish Presbyterianism
remains split up into different camps. Some of the older
secessions were in 1847 joined together to form the United
Presbyterian Church, mostly distinguished from the Free Church
by its upholding as a theory the 'Voluntary Principle.'"

T. F. Tout,
History of England from 1689,
page 238.

ALSO IN:
T. Brown,
Annals of the Disruption.

R. Buchanan,
The Ten Years' Conflict.

W. Hanna,
Memoirs of Thomas Chalmers,
volume 3, chapter 18
and volume 4, chapters 6-25.

P. Bayne,
Life and Letters of Hugh Miller,
book 5 (volume 2).

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1868.
Parliamentary Reform.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1865-1868.

SCOTLAND: A. D. 1884.
Enlargement of the Suffrage.
Representation of the People Act.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1884-1885.

----------SCOTLAND: End--------

SCOTS,
Deliverance of Roman Britain by Theodosius from the.

See BRITAIN: A. D. 367-370.

SCOTT, Dred, The case of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1857.

SCOTT, General Winfield.

In the War of 1812.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A. D. 1812 (SEPTEMBER-NOVEMBER);
1814 (JULY-SEPTEMBER).

SCOTT, General Winfield.

The Mexican campaign of.

See MEXICO: A. D. 1847 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER).

SCOTT, General Winfield.

Defeat in Presidential Election.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1852.

SCOTT, General Winfield

Retirement from military service.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A. D. 1861 (JULY-NOVEMBER).
SCOTTI.
SCOTS.

See SCOTLAND: THE PICTS AND SCOTS.

SCOTTISH PLOT, The.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1703-1704.

SCOURGE OF GOD, The.

See HUNS: A. D. 451.

SCREW PROPELLER, Invention of the.

See STEAM NAVIGATION: ON THE OCEAN.

SCRIBES, The.

"The Scribes or 'Lawyers,' that is, the learned in the

Pentateuch. … It is evident that in the Scribes, rather than
in any of the other functionaries of the Jewish Church, is the
nearest original of the clergy of later times."

Dean Stanley,
Lectures on the History of the Jewish Church,
lecture 44.

"The learned men after Ezra were called 'Sopherim' (singular

'Sopher'), Scribes; because to be a skilled writer was the
first criterion of a man of learning. To transcribe the
authenticated Law as deposited in the temple was one of the
Scribe's occupations. His next occupations were to read,
expound and teach it. The text was without vowel points,
without divisions of words, verses and chapters; hence it was
nearly hieroglyphic, so that the correct reading thereof was
traditional, and had to be communicated from master to
disciple. As the Great Synod legislated by expounding and
extending the Law, these additions also had to be taught
orally."
 I. M. Wise,
History of the Hebrews' Second Commonwealth,
period 1, chapter 4.

SCROOBY, The Separatist Church at.

See INDEPENDENTS: A. D. 1604-1617.

SCRUPULA.

See As.

{2881}

SCRUTIN DE LISTE.

A term applied in France to the mode of electing deputies by a

general ticket in each department—that is, in groups—instead
of singly, in separate districts.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1875-1889.

SCUTAGE.

The origin of this tax is implied in its title; it was derived

from the 'service of the shield' (scutum)—one of the
distinguishing marks of feudal tenure—whereby the holder of a
certain quantity of land was bound to furnish to his lord the
services of a fully-armed horseman for forty days in the year.
The portion of land charged with this service constituted a
'knight's fee,' and was usually reckoned at the extent of five
hides, or the value of twenty pounds annually."

K. Norgate,
England Under the Angevin Kings,
volume 1, chapter 9.

ALSO IN:
W. Stubbs,
 The Early Plantagenets,
page 54.

SCUTARI: A. D. 1473-1479.
Stubborn resistance and final surrender to the Turks.

See GREECE: A. D. 1454-1479.

SCUTUM.

A long wooden shield, covered with leather, having the form of

a cylinder cut in half, which the Romans are said to have
adopted from the Samnites.

E. Guhl and W. Koner,

Life of the Greeks and Romans,
section 107.

SCYRI, The.

The Scyri were a tribe known to the Greeks as early as the

second century B. C. They were then on the shores of the Black
Sea. In the fifth century of the Christian era, after the
breaking up of the Hunnish empire of Attila, they appeared
among the people occupying the region embraced in modern
Austria,—on the Hungarian borders. They seem to have spoken
the Gothic language.

T. Hodgkin,
Italy and her Invaders,
book 3, chapter 8 (volume 2).

SCYRIS, The dynasty of the.

See ECUADOR: THE ABORIGINAL KINGDOM.

SCYTALISM AT ARGOS, The.

The city of Argos was the scene of a terrible outbreak of mob

violence (B. C. 370) consequent on the discovery of an
 oligarchical conspiracy to overturn the democratic
constitution. The furious multitude, armed with clubs, slew
twelve hundred of the more prominent citizens, including the
democratic leaders who tried to restrain them. "This was the
rebellion at Argos known under the name of the Scytalism
(cudgelling): an event hitherto unparalleled in Greek
history,—so unprecedented, that even abroad it was looked upon
as an awful sign of the times, and that the Athenians
instituted a purification of their city, being of opinion that
the whole Hellenic people was polluted by these horrors."

E. Curtius,
History of Greece,
book 6, chapter 2.

ALSO IN:
G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 78.

SCYTHIANS, The.

"Their name, unnoticed by Homer, occurs for the first time in

the Hesiodic poems. When the Homeric Zeus in the Iliad turns
his eye away from Troy towards Thrace, he sees, besides the
Thracians and Mysians, other tribes, whose names cannot be
made out, but whom the poet knows as milk-eaters and
mare-milkers. The same characteristic attributes, coupled with
that of 'having waggons for their dwelling-houses,' appear in
Hesiod connected with the name of the Scythians. … Herodotus,
who personally visited the town of Olbia, together with the
inland regions adjoining to it, and probably other Grecian
settlements in the Euxine (at a time which we may presume to
have been about 450-440 B. C.)—and who conversed with both
Scythians and Greeks competent to give him information—has
left us far more valuable statements respecting the Scythian
people, dominion, and manners, as they stood in his day. His
conception of the Scythians, as well as that of Hippokrates,
is precise and well-defined—very different from that of the
later authors, who use the word almost indiscriminately to
denote all barbarous Nomads. His territory called Scythia is a
square area, twenty days' journey or 4,000 stadia (somewhat
less than 500 English miles) in each direction—bounded by the
Danube (the course of which river he conceives in a direction
from Northwest to Southeast), the Euxine, and the Palus Mæotis
with the river Tanais, on three sides respectively—and on the
fourth or north side by the nations called Agathyrsi, Neuri,
Androphagi and Melanchlæni. … The whole area was either
occupied by or subject to the Scythians. And this name
comprised tribes differing materially in habits and
civilization. The great mass of the people who bore it,
strictly Nomadic in their habits—neither sowing nor planting,
but living only on food derived from animals, especially
mare's-milk and cheese—moved from place to place, carrying
their families in waggons covered with wicker and leather,
themselves always on horseback with their flocks and herds,
between the Borysthenes [the Dnieper] and the Palus Mæotis
[sea of Azov]. … It is the purely Nomadic Scythians whom he
[Herodotus] depicts, the earliest specimens of the Mongolian
race (so it seems probable) known to history, and prototypes
of the Huns and Bulgarians of later centuries."

G. Grote,
History of Greece,
part 2, chapter 17.

"The Scythians Proper of Herodotus and Hippocrates extended

from the Danube and the Carpathians on the one side, to the
Tanais or Don upon the other. The Sauromatæ, a race at least
half-Scythic, then succeeded, and held the country from the
Tanais to the Wolga. Beyond this were the Massagetæ, Scythian
in dress and customs, reaching down to the Jaxartes on the
east side of the Caspian. In the same neighbourhood were the
Asiatic Scyths or Sacæ, who seem to have bordered upon the
Bactrians."

G. Rawlinson,
Five Great Monarchies: Assyria,
chapter 9, footnote.
 For an account of the Scythian expedition of Darius, B. C. 508.

See PERSIA: B. C. 521-493.

SCYTHIANS, OR SCYTHÆ, of Athens.

"The Athenian State also possessed slaves of its own. Such

slaves were, first of all, the so-called Scythæ or archers, a
corps at first of 300, then of 600 or even 1,200 men, who were
also called Speusinii, after a certain Speusinus, who first
(at what time is uncertain) effected the raising of the corps.
They served as gendarmes or armed police, and their
guard-house was at first in the market, afterwards in the
Areopagus. They were also used in war, and the corps of
Hippotoxotæ or mounted archers 200 strong, which is named in
the same connection with them, likewise without doubt
consisted of slaves."

G. F. Schömann,
Antiquity of Greece: The State,
part 3, chapter 3.

ALSO IN:
A. Boeckh,
Public Economy of Athens: The State,
book 2, chapter 11.

SEARCH, The Right of.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1804-1809; and 1812.

SEBASTE.

See SAMARIA: REBUILDING OF THE CITY BY HEROD.

{2882}

SEBASTIAN, King of Portugal, A. D. 1557-1578.

SEBASTOPOL:
 The Name.

"The Greeks translated the name of Augustus into Sebastos …,

in consequence of which a colony founded by Augustus on the
shores of the Black Sea was called Sebastopolis."

H. N. Humphreys,
History of the Art of Printing,
page 68.

SEBASTOPOL: A. D. 1854-1855.
Siege and capture by the English, French, and Sardinians.

See RUSSIA: A. D. 1854 (SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER); and 1854-

1856.

SECESH.

See Boys IN BLUE.

SECESSION, AMERICAN WAR OF.

See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:

A. D. 1860 (NOVEMBER-DECEMBER), and after.

SECESSIONS OF THE ROMAN PLEBS.

During the prolonged struggle of the plebeians of Rome to

extort civil and political rights from the originally
governing order, the patricians, they gained their end on
several occasions by marching out in a body from the city,
refusing military service and threatening to found a new city.
The first of these secessions was about 494 B. C. when they
wrung from the patricians the extraordinary concession of the
Tribunate.

See ROME: B. C. 494-492.

The second was B. C. 449, when the tyranny of the Decemvirs

was overthrown. The third was four years later, on the demand
 for the Canuleian Law. The last was B. C. 286, and resulted in
the securing of the Hortensian Laws.

See ROME: B. C. 445-400; and 286.

SECOFFEE INDIANS, The.

See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.

SECOND EMPIRE (French), The.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1851-1852, to 1870 (SEPTEMBER).

SECOND REPUBLIC (French), The.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1841-1848, to 1851-1852.

SECULAR CLERGY.

The secular clergy of the monastic ages "was so called because

it lived in the world, in the 'siècle.' It was composed of all
the ecclesiastics who were not under vows in a religious
community. The ecclesiastical members of communities, or
inhabitants of convents, composed the 'regular clergy.'"

E. de Bonnechose,
History of France,
epoch 2, book 1, chapter 6, foot-note.

See, also, BENEDICTINE ORDERS.

SECULAR GAMES AT ROME, The.

The Ludi Sæculares, or secular games, at Rome, were supposed

to celebrate points of time which marked the successive ages
of the city. According to tradition, the first age was
determined by the death of the last survivor of those who were
born in the year of the founding of Rome. Afterwards, the
period became a fixed one; but whether it was 100 or 110 years
is a debated question. At all events, during the period of the
 empire, the secular games were celebrated five times (by
Augustus, Claudius, Domitian, Severus and Philip) with
irregularity, as suited the caprice of the emperors. The last
celebration was in the year A. U. 1000—A. D. 247.

C. Merivale,
History of the Romans,
chapter 35, with footnote.

ALSO IN:
E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 7.

SECURITY, The Act of.

See SCOTLAND: A. D. 1703-1704.

SEDAN, The French Catastrophe at.

See FRANCE; A. D. 1870 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).

SEDAN: The Sovereign Principality and its extinction.

See FRANCE: A. D. 1641-1642.

SEDGEMOOR, Battle of.

See ENGLAND: A. D. 1685 (MAY-JULY).

SEFAVEAN DYNASTY, The.

See PERSIA: A. D. 1499-1887.

SEGESVAR, Battle of (1849).

See AUSTRIA: A. D. 1848-1849.

SEGNI, The.
 The Segni were a tribe in ancient Gaul who occupied a region
on the Rhine supposed to be indicated by the name of the
modern small town of Sinei or Segnei, a small town in the
territory of Namur on the Meuse above Liège.

G. Long,
Decline of the Roman Republic,
volume 4, chapter 8.

SEGONTIACI, The.

A tribe of ancient Britons living near the Thames.

SEGONTIUM.

"One of the most important Roman towns in Wales, the walls of

which are still visible at Caer Seiont, near Caernarvon, on
the coast of the Irish Sea."

T. Wright,
Celt, Roman and Saxon,
chapter 5.

See BRITAIN: A. D. 61.

SEGUSIAVI, The.

One of the tribes of Gaul which occupied the ancient Forez

(departments of the Rhone and the Loire) and extended to the
left bank of the Saone.

Napoleon III.,
History of Cæsar,
book 3, chapter 2, foot-note.

SEISACHTHEIA OF SOLON, The.

See DEBT, LAWS CONCERNING: ANCIENT GREEK.

SEJANUS, The malign influence of.

 See ROME: A. D. 14-37.

SELAH.

The city in the rocks—Petra—of the Edomites, Idumeans, or

Nabatheans.

See NABATHEANS.

SELDJUKS, OR SELJUKS, The.

See TURKS: THE SELJUKS.

SELECTMEN.

In 1665 the General Court or Town Meeting of Plymouth Colony

enacted that "'in every Towne of this Jurisdiction there be
three or five Celectmen chosen by the Townsmen out of the
freemen such as shal be approved by the Court; for the better
managing of the afaires of the respective Townships; and that
the Celect men in every Towne or the major parte of them are
heerby Impowered to heare and determine all debtes and
differences arising between pson and pson within theire
respective Townships not exceeding forty shillings,' &c. … The
origin of the title 'Selectmen' it is difficult to determine.
It may possibly be referred to the tun-gerefa of the old
Anglo-Saxon township, who, with 'the four best men,' was the
legal representative of the community, or to the 'probi
homines' of more ancient times. The prefix 'select' would seem
to indicate the best, the most approved, but, as in the
Massachusetts Colony, they were called, as early as 1642.
'selected townsmen,' it is probable that without reference to
any historic type they were merely the men appointed, chosen,
selected from the townsmen, to have charge of town affairs."

W. T. Davis,
Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth,
pages 84-85.
 See, also, TOWNSHIP AND TOWN-MEETING.

SELEUCIA.

Seleucia, about forty-five miles from Babylon, on the Tigris,

was one of the capitals founded by Seleucus Nicator. "Many
ages after the fall of [the Macedonian or Seleucid Empire in
Asia] … Seleucia retained the genuine characters of a Grecian
colony—arts, military virtue, and the love of freedom.
{2883}
The independent republic was governed by a senate of three
hundred nobles; the people consisted of 600,000 citizens; the
walls were strong, and, as long as concord prevailed among the
several orders of the State, they viewed with contempt the
power of the Parthian; but the madness of faction was
sometimes provoked to implore the dangerous aid of the common
enemy, who was posted almost at the gates of the colony." The
Parthian capital, Ctesiphon, grew up at a distance of only
three miles from Seleucia. "Under the reign of Marcus, the
Roman generals penetrated as far as Ctesiphon and Seleucia.
They were received as friends by the Greek colony; they
attacked as enemies the seat of the Parthian kings; yet both
cities experienced the same treatment. The sack and
conflagration of Seleucia, with the massacre of 300,000 of the
inhabitants, tarnished the glory of the Roman triumph."

E. Gibbon,
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,
chapter 8.

See, also, CTESIPHON; SELEUCIDÆ; and MEDAIN.

----------SELEUCIDÆ: Start--------

SELEUCIDÆ, The Empire of the.

The struggle for power which broke out after his death among
the successors of Alexander the Great (see MACEDONIA: B. C.
323-316 to 297-280) may be regarded as having been brought to
a close by the battle of Ipsus. "The period of fermentation
was then concluded, and something like a settled condition of
things brought about. A quadripartite division of Alexander's
dominions was recognised, Macedonia, Egypt, Asia Minor, and
Syria (or south-western Asia) becoming thenceforth distinct
political entities. … Of the four powers thus established, the
most important … was the kingdom of Syria (as it was called),
or that ruled for 247 years by the Seleucidæ. Seleucus
Nicator, the founder of this kingdom, was one of Alexander's
officers, but served without much distinction through the
various campaigns by which the conquest of the East was
effected. At the first distribution of provinces (B. C. 323)
among Alexander's generals after his death, he received no
share; and it was not until B. C. 320, when upon the death of
Perdiccas a fresh distribution was made at Triparadisus, that
his merits were recognised, and he was given the satrapy of
Babylon. … Seleucus led the flower of the eastern provinces to
the field of Ipsus (B. C. 301), and contributed largely to the
victory, thus winning himself a position among the foremost
potentates of the day. By the terms of the agreement made
after Ipsus, Seleucus was recognised as monarch of an the
Greek conquests in Asia, with the sole exceptions of Lower
Syria and Asia Minor. The monarchy thus established extended
from the Holy Land and the Mediterranean on the west, to the
Indus valley and the Bolor mountain-chain upon the east, and
from the Caspian and Jaxartes towards the north, to the
Persian gulf and Indian Ocean towards the south. It comprised
Upper Syria, Mesopotamia, parts of Cappadocia and Phrygia,
Armenia, Assyria, Media, Babylonia, Susiana, Persia, Carmania,
Sagartia, Hyrcania, Parthia, Bactria, Sogdiana, Aria,
Zarangia, Arachosia, Sacastana, Gedrosia, and probably some
part of India."

G. Rawlinson,
Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy,
chapter 3.

The original capital of the great Empire of Seleucus was

Babylon; but not satisfied with it he founded and built the
city of Seleucia, about forty miles from Babylon, on the
Tigris. Even there he was not content, and, after the battle