Advanced Assignment – P10 – Mechanical Properties of Fluids

(Solutions)

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE

1. Mass of solid cylinder = cross-sectional area × pressure of the left side of section 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 + force 𝑓2
length × density due to surface tension. Now
𝐴 1
= 5 × 𝐿 × 𝐷 = 5 𝐴𝐿𝐷 𝑓1 = pressure at the centre × area of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
ℎ
∴ Weight of sloid cylinder (𝑊) = 𝐴𝐿𝐷𝑔
1 = (𝑃0 + 2 𝜌𝑔) 2𝑅ℎ directed towards right
5
Buoyant force acting on the cylinder is 𝐹𝐵 = weight 𝑓2 = surface tension × length 𝐴𝐵
of denser liquid displaced + weight of lighter liquid = 𝑇 × 2𝑅 = 2𝑅𝑇 directed toward left
ℎ
displaced ∴ 𝐹 = (𝑃0 + 2 𝜌𝑔) × 2𝑅ℎ − 2𝑅𝑇
𝐴 𝐿 𝐴 3𝐿
= 5 × 4 × 2𝑑 × 𝑔 + 5 × = [2𝑃0 𝑅ℎ + 𝑅𝜌𝑔ℎ2 − 2𝑅𝑇]
4
1 3 1
= (10 + 20) 𝐴𝐿𝑑𝑔 = 4 𝐴𝐿𝑑𝑔 6. Excess pressure across a bubble is inversely
1
From the principle of floatation, proportional to the radius of the bubble, .e. ∆𝑝 ∝ 𝑟.
𝑊 = 𝐹𝐵 Since the value of 𝑟 of the sub-hemispherical bubble
1 1 5𝑑
or 5 𝐴𝐿𝐷𝐺 = 4 𝐴𝐿𝑑𝑔 or 𝐷 = , Which is choice (C). is more than that for a hemispherical bubble, the
4
excess pressure across the bubble at end 2 is less
2. Any volume element 𝑉 of the liquid (Fig.) than that at end 1. Hence air from end 1 will flow
experiences two forces, weight 𝑚𝑔 acting vertically towards end 2 resulting in a decrease in the volume
dowandards and the inertial force 𝑚𝑎 acting of the bubble at end 1. Thus the correct choice is (B).
opposite to the direction of 𝑎. The resultant of 𝑚𝑔
and 𝑚𝑎, namely 𝐹, is shown in Fig. The hydrostatic 7. Let ℎ be th height of the block and 𝐴 its area of cross-
thrust 𝑇 on the volume element is equal and opposite section. Weight of ice block = 𝐴ℎ𝑔 × 0.9. If 𝑥 is the
to 𝐹. The level of the liquid will be perpendicular to height of the block immersed in water, then the
the direction of the thrust. The correct choice is (C). weight of water displaced = 𝐴𝑥𝑔. Equating the two
we get 𝑥 = 0.9 ℎ. Height above the surface of water
= ℎ − 0.9 ℎ = 0.1 ℎ = 0.1 × 5𝑚 = 0.5 𝑚. Hence the
correct choice is (C).

8. Due to frictional force (which acts in a direction

opposite to the direction of acceleration) on the rear
face, the pressure in the rear side will be increased.
Hence the pressure in the front side will be lowered.
3. Force on the bottom of the cylinder = wright of the Thus the correct choice is (B).
remaining cylinder + force due to the liquid above
9. Weight of sphere = weight of mercury displaced +
the cylinder
weight of oil displaced
= 𝑀𝑔 + 𝐴ℎ𝜌𝑔 = 𝑀𝑔 + 𝜋𝑅2 ℎ𝜌𝑔, which is choice (C). 𝑉 𝑉
or 𝑉𝜌𝑔 = 2 × 13.6 × 𝑔 + 2 × 0.8 × 𝑔
4. When the coin falls into water, the downward force 13.6+0.8
or 𝜌 = = 7.2 𝑐𝑚−3
reduces causing the block to rise thus decreasing 𝑙. 2

Since the density of the coin is greater then that of Hence the correct choice is (C).
water, the volume of coin will be less than the
10. Let 𝑝1 and 𝑝2 be the pressures at the bottom of limbs
volume of the liquid displaced, causing a decrease in
𝐴 and 𝐵, then
ℎ. Hence the correct choice is (D). 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 = ℎ 𝜌 𝑔 (𝜌 = density of liquid)
5. Let us find the force exerted on water in the right If 𝐴 is the cross-sectional area of the U-tube, the force
side of section 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷. This force =F= force 𝑓1 due to at the horizontal part of the tube is
𝐹 = (𝑝1 − 𝑝2 )𝐴 = ℎ 𝜌 𝑔 𝐴 (1)

Avanti – P10 – Advanced Assignment – Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Solutions)

 Now 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎, where 𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴𝐿 is the mass of the 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 𝑎𝑣 2
∴ Initial acceleration = = =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐴ℎ𝜌 𝐴ℎ
liquid in length 𝐿. Hence 𝑎×2𝑔ℎ
𝐹 = 𝜌 𝐴 𝐿 𝑎 (2) = (∵ 𝑣 = √2𝑔ℎ)
𝐴ℎ
𝐿𝑎 2𝑔𝑎
Equating (1) and (2), we get ℎ = . So the correct = , which is choice (C).
𝑔 𝐴
choice is (A).
14. When 75% of the liquid has drained out, the height
11. Weight of the ball 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜎𝑉𝑔. Upthrust 𝑈 = of the liquid in the container will be ℎ′ = ℎ/4. For
𝜌𝑉𝑔. Therefore, the net upward force acting on the this height,
ball is Velocity of liquid flowing out (𝑣′) = √2𝑔ℎ′
𝐹 = 𝑈 − 𝑊 = (𝜌 − 𝜎)𝑉𝑔 ℎ 𝑔ℎ
= √2𝑔 × 4 = √ 2
Now, mass of the ball is 𝑚 = 𝜎𝑉. Therefore, upwards
𝑚
acceleration of the ball while it is rising in the liquid Now, ℎ = 𝐴𝜌. Hence
is
𝑔𝑚
𝑎=𝑚=
𝐹 (𝜌−𝜎)𝑉𝑔
=(
𝜌−𝜎
)𝑔 𝑣 ′ = √2 𝐴𝜌
𝜎𝑉 𝜎
Velocity of the ball on reaching the surface of water
15. Refer to Fig. Let 𝑣 be the velocity of efflux and 𝑉 be
is
the velocity with which the water level in the tank
𝑣 = √2𝑎ℎ1 (i) falls. From the equation of continuity of flow, we
This is the initial upward velocity of the ball in air. have 𝑎𝑣 = 𝐴𝑉 or
If it rises to a height ℎ2 in air, we have 𝑎𝑣
𝑣 = 𝐴 (1)
𝑣 = √2𝑔 ℎ2 (ii)
Equating (i) and (ii), we have 𝑎 ℎ1 = 𝑔 ℎ2
ℎ 𝑎 𝜌−𝜎 𝜌
or ℎ2 = 𝑔 = = (𝜎 − 1)
1 𝜎
Hence the correct choice is (B).

12. Mass flux = rate of mass of liquid flowing per unit

areas
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 From Bernoulli’s theorem, we have
= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × 1 1
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑃0 + 2 𝜌𝑉 2 + 𝜌𝑔𝐻 = 𝑃0 + 2 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ
= density × velocity of flow
which gives 𝑣 2 = 𝑉 2 + 2𝑔(𝐻 − ℎ) (2)
= 𝜌𝑣
Using (1) in (2), we get
Since mass flux is the same 𝜌1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝑣2 2𝑔(𝐻−ℎ) 2×9.8×(2.0−0.75)
According to continuity equation, 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 𝑣2 = 𝑎 2
= = 25
1−( ) 1−0.2
𝜌1 𝑣2 𝐴1 𝐴1 1 𝐴
∴ = = = = which gives 𝑣 = 5.0 𝑚𝑠 −1 . Hence the correct choice
𝜌2 𝑣1 𝐴2 2𝐴1 2
Hence the correct choice is (D). is (C).

13. Let ℎ be the initial height of the liquid of density 𝜌 in 16. Let 𝑣 be the horizontal speed of water when it
the container of cross-sectional area 𝐴. The mass of emerges from the nozzle. From the equation of
the liquid in the container initially is (Fig). continuity, we have
𝐴𝑉 = 𝑎𝑣
𝐴𝑉
or 𝑣 = (1)
𝑎
Let 𝑡 be the time taken by the stream of water to
strike the ground. The horizontal and vertical
𝑚 = 𝐴ℎ𝜌 distances covered in time 𝑡 are
From Torricelli’s theorem, the velocity of the liquid 𝑅 = 𝑣𝑡 (2)
1
flowing out of the hole is ℎ = 2 𝑔𝑡 2 (3)
𝑣 = √2 𝑔ℎ 2ℎ
From Eq. (3) we have 𝑡 = √ 𝑔 . Using this value in Eq.
∴ Volume of liquid flowing out per unit time = 𝑎𝑣.
Hence the mass of liquid flowing out per unit time = (2), we get
𝜌𝑎𝑣. Therefore, the momentum carried per unit time 2ℎ
𝑅 = 𝑣 √ 𝑔 (4)
by the liquid flowing out is = (mass per unit time) ×
velocity = (𝜌𝑎𝑣)𝑣 = 𝜌𝑎𝑣 2 . Using Eqs. (1) and (4), we have
This is the rate of change of momentum of the liquid 𝐴𝑉 2ℎ
𝑅= √ 𝑔 , which is choice (D).
flowing out which is the force with which the liquid 𝑎

flows out at 𝑡 = 0.

Avanti – P10 – Advanced Assignment – Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Solutions)

17. The terminal velocity is
2 (𝜌−𝜎)𝑟 2𝑔
𝑣𝑡 = 9 𝜂
The rate of production of hat (or power dissipated)
is given by
𝑃 = 𝑓𝑣𝑡 , where 𝑓 = 6𝜋𝜂𝑟𝑣𝑡
∴ 𝑃 = 6𝜋𝜂 𝑟 𝑣𝑡 × 𝑣𝑡 1 1
𝑝𝑠 + 2 𝜌𝑣𝑠2 = 𝑝𝑐 + 2 𝜌𝑣𝑐2
2
2 (𝜌−𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 )𝑟 2 𝑔
= 6 𝜋 𝜂 𝑟 [9 ] where 𝑝𝑠 = pressure at the sides, 𝑝𝑐 = Pressure at
𝜂
8𝜋𝑔2 the centre and 𝑣𝑐 = velocity of the liquid at the
= [ 27 𝜂 (𝜌 − 𝜎)2 ] 𝑟 5 centre.
i.e. 𝑃 ∝ 𝑟 5 . Hence the correct choice (D). Now, since 𝑣𝑐 = 0, we have
1 1
𝑝𝑐 − 𝑝𝑠 = 2 𝜌𝑣𝑠2 = 2 𝜌𝑟 2 𝜔2 (1)
18. According to Bernoulli’s theorem
1
𝑃 + 2 𝜌𝑣 2 = constant Since 𝑝𝑐 is greater than 𝑝𝑠 , the liquid rises at the sides
of the vessel. Let ℎ be the difference in the levels of
When the cylindrical vessel is rotated at angular
the liquid at the sides and at the centre, then
velocity 𝜔 about its axis, the velocity of the liquid at
𝑝𝑐 − 𝑝𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
the sides is the maximum, given by
From (1) and (2), we have
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑟𝜔 1 𝑟 2 𝜔2
where 𝑟 is the radius of the vessel. Applying 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 2 𝜌𝑟 2 𝜔2 or ℎ = 2𝑔
Bernoulli’s theorem at the sides and at the centre of Now 𝜔 = 2 𝜋𝑛, where 𝑛 is the number of revolutions
the vessel, we have (Fig). per second. This
4𝜋2 𝑟 2 𝑛 2 4×10×(0.05)2 ×(2)2
ℎ= = = 2 𝑐𝑚
2𝑔 2×10

MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE

19. Let 𝑀 and 𝑚 be the masses of the boat and the stones ∴ Weight of mercury displaced
respectively. The volume of the water displaced by = (0.1 − ℎ1 ) × 0.1 × 0.1 × 13.6 × 103 𝑔 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
the boat and the stones in it is This must be equal to the weight of block which
𝑀+𝑚
𝑉= 𝜌 (1) is
𝑤
where 𝜌𝑤 is the density of water. 7.8 × 103 × 10−3 × 𝑔 newton = 7.8 × 𝑔 newton
When the stones are unloaded into water, the ∴ (0.1 − ℎ1 ) × 0.1 × 0.1 × 13.6 × 103 × 𝑔
volume of water displaced by the boat will be = 7.8 × 𝑔
𝑀 which gives ℎ1
𝑉𝑏 = 𝜌
𝑤 B) Let ℎ2 be the height of the water column
If 𝜌𝑠 is the density of the stones, the volume of water required to just submerge the steel block. Thus
displaced by the stones will be weight of the block = weight of water displaced
𝑚
𝑉𝑠 = 𝜌 + weight of mercury displaced.
𝑠
∴ Total volume of water displaced, in this case, is i.e. 7.8 × 𝑔 = ℎ2 × 0.1 × 0.1 × 1000 × 𝑔 +
𝑉 ′ = 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑉𝑠 (0.1 − ℎ2 ) × 0.1 × 0.1 × 13.6 × 103 × 𝑔 which
𝑀 𝑚 1 𝑚𝜌𝑤 gives ℎ2 = 0.046 𝑚 = 4.60 𝑐𝑚.
= 𝜌 + 𝜌 = 𝜌 (𝑀 + ) (2)
𝑤 𝑠 𝑤 𝜌𝑠 Hence the correct choice are (B) and (C).
Since 𝜌𝑠 > 𝜌𝑤 , it follows from Eqs. (1) and (2) that
21. When an ice cube of mass 1.5 𝑘𝑔 is dropped into the
𝑉 ′ < 𝑉. This the volume of water displaced when the
bucket, the total mass of the system suspended from
stones are unloaded into water is less that the
the spring balance will be 10 𝑘𝑔 + 1.5 𝑘𝑔 = 11.5 𝑘𝑔.
volume of water displaced when the stones were in Hence the balance will rad 11.5 𝑘𝑔.
the boat. Hence the level of water in the tank will fall Since the relative density of iron is 7.2, its density is
when the stones are unloaded into water. Hence the 7.2 × 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3 . Therefore, the volume of the iron
incorrect choices are (A), (B) and (D). piece is
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 7.2 𝑘𝑔
20. Volume of steel block = 10 × 10 × 10 𝑉= =
= 103 𝑐𝑚3 = 10−3 𝑚3 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 7.2 × 103 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3
𝑉
A) Let ℎ1 be the height of the block above the Now, volume of iron piece under water is 2 , which is
mercury surface. the volume of water displaced by it. Hence weight of
Volume of mercury displaced water displaced
= (0.1 − ℎ1 ) × 0.1 × 0.1 𝑚3

Avanti – P10 – Advanced Assignment – Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Solutions)

 = volume displaced × density of water × 𝑔 Therefore, change in level in each arm = ℎ. Hence
𝑉 loss of 𝑃. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = (𝑎𝜌ℎ)𝑔ℎ = 𝑎𝜌𝑔ℎ2 .
= × 1000 × 𝑔 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
2 Hence the correct choice is (D).
1
= 2 𝑔 newton × weight of 0.5 𝑘𝑔 (∵ 𝑉 = 10−3 𝑚3 )
26. From the principle of floatation,
The is the buoyant force exerted by water on the iron weight of cylinder = net upthrust
piece. Hence the iron piece will exert and equal force ⇒ (ℎ + 𝐻1 + ℎ2 )𝐴𝜌𝑔 = 𝜌1 ℎ1 𝐴 + 𝜌2 ℎ2 𝐴
on water in the downward direction, which will Solving for ℎ, we find that choice (A) is wrong and
increase the reading of the balance by 0.5 𝑘𝑔. choice (B) is correct.
Hence, the spring balance will read 10 𝑘𝑔 + When the cylinder is depressed such that its top
0.5 𝑘𝑔 = 10.5 𝑘𝑔. Hence correct choice are (B) and surface is at the level of the liquid of density 𝜌1 , then
(C). the length of the cylinder immersed in 𝜌1 remains
equal to ℎ1 but the length of the cylinder immersed
22. Pressure at 𝐴 and 𝐵 is atmospheric. Hence choice (A)
is correct. For a liquid at rest the pressure at the in 𝜌2 increases by ℎ. The extra upthrust due to this
same horizontal level is the same. So choice (B) is additional immersion in liquid of density 𝜌2 is 𝐹 =
also correct. Now if 𝑃0 is the atmospheric pressure, ℎ𝐴𝜌2 𝑔 which provides the restoring force. So choice
𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌1 ℎ1 𝑔 and 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃0 + 𝜌2 ℎ2 𝑔 (C) is correct. Now total mass of cylinder is 𝑀 =
ℎ 𝜌 (ℎ + ℎ1 + ℎ2 )𝜌𝐴.
Since 𝑃𝐶 = 𝑃𝐷 , 𝜌1 ℎ1 = 𝜌2 ℎ2 or ℎ1 = 𝜌2 .
2 1 𝐹 ℎ 𝐴 𝜌2 𝑔
∴ Acceleration 𝑎 = 𝑀 = (ℎ+ℎ
Since ℎ1 > ℎ2 : 𝜌1 < 𝜌2 . Hence the correct choices are 1 +ℎ2 )𝜌𝐴

(A), (B) and (D). ℎ𝜌2 𝑔

=
𝜌 ℎ + ℎ1 + ℎ2 )
(
𝑀
23. Volume of block 𝑉 = where 𝜌 = density of block. Hence choice (D) is wrong.
𝜌
Therefore volume of water displaced = 𝑉. Weight of
𝑀𝜌 𝑀𝑔
27. Let 𝜎 be the surface tension of the liquid and 𝑙 be the
water displaced is 𝑊 ′ = 𝑉 𝜌𝑤 𝑔 = 𝜌 𝑤 𝑔 = 𝑛 where length of the wire. Weight of wire is
𝜌𝑤 is the density of water and 𝑛 = 𝜌/𝜌𝑤 . Hence 𝑊 = 𝜇𝑙𝑔
choice (A) is correct. and force due to surface tension is 𝑓 = 𝜎 𝑙. The
𝑀𝑔 1 forces acting on the wire are shown in Fig.
Apparent loss of weight = 𝑀𝑔 − = 𝑀𝑔 (1 − 𝑛)
𝑛
which is choice (B).
If 𝐿1 is the original length of the unloaded wire, then
𝐹 𝐿
Young’s modulus is 𝑌 = 𝐴 ∆𝐿
Before the block immersed in water, ∆𝐿 = (𝐿 − 𝐿1 )
and 𝐹 = 𝑀𝑔. Hence
𝑀𝑔𝐿1
𝑌= (1)
𝐴(𝐿−𝐿1 )
After the block is immersed in water,
1
∆𝐿 = (𝐿 − 𝐿1 − 𝑥 ) and 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 (1 − 𝑛). Hence The horizontal components 𝑓 cos 𝜃 cancel each other
1 but the vertical components 𝑓 sin 𝜃 add up.
𝑀𝑔(1− )𝐿1
𝑛
𝑌= (2) Therefore, for equilibrium, we have
𝐴(𝐿−𝐿1 −𝑥)
Equating (1) and (2) and simplifying, 2𝑓 sin 𝜃 = 𝑊
we get 𝐿1 = 𝐿 − 𝑛𝑥. or 2𝜎 𝑙 sin 𝜃 = 𝜇𝑙𝑔
𝜇𝑔
Hence the correct choices are (A), (B), and (C). or 𝜎 = 2 sin 𝜃 (1)
It is clear from the diagram that
24. The weight of air above the liquid surface decreases. 𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑎
Hence 𝑃 and 𝐹 both will decrease. Since the volume
of the liquid does not change, the level of the liquid If 𝑦 ≪ 𝑎, angle 𝜃 will be very small and tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
will remain unchanged. Hence the correct choice are where 𝜃 is in radian. Thus
𝑦
(B) and (D). sin 𝜃 = (2)
𝑎

25. Since the liquid column in left arm is higher by 2ℎ Using (2), in (1) we get
𝜇𝑔𝑎
that in the right arm, the mass of this column of 𝜎=
2𝑦
liquid is 𝑚 = 2𝑎𝜌𝑔. The weight 𝑚𝑔 provides the Hence the correct choices are (B) and (C).
restoring force of magnitude 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 = 2𝜌𝑔ℎ.
Hence choice (A) is correct. The liquid column will
oscillate for some time and will eventually come to
rest due to viscous effects. When this happens, the
height of liquid column in each arm will be 2ℎ.

Avanti – P10 – Advanced Assignment – Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Solutions)

28. Let 𝑉 be the volume of each sphere and let 𝑇 be the 𝜋𝐷2
31. A) Area of piston 𝐴 = ; 𝐷 = diameter of piston
4
tension in the string. 𝜋𝑑2
Buoyant force on sphere 𝐴 is 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑑𝐹 𝑉𝑔 Area of nozzle 𝑎 = ; 𝑑 = diameter of nozzle
4
Buoyant force on sphere 𝐵 is 𝑈𝐵 = 𝑑𝐹 𝑉𝑔 From equation of continuity 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑎𝑣,
Weight of 𝐴 is 𝑊𝐴 = 𝑑𝐴 𝑉𝑔 𝐴𝑉 𝐷2
𝑣= = 𝑑2 × 𝑉 = (5)2 × 0.2 = 5 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑎
Weight of 𝐵 is 𝑊𝐵 = 𝑑𝐹 𝑉𝑔
2ℎ 2×1.25
The free body diagrams of 𝐴 and 𝐵 are as follows B) 𝑡 = √ 𝑔 = √ = 0.5 𝑠
10
(see Fig).
C) 𝑅 = 𝑣𝑡 = 5 × 0.5 = 2.5 𝑚
For equilibrium,
D) Horizontal velocity 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣 = 5 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑈𝐴 = 𝑇 + 𝑊𝐴 and 𝑈𝐵 + 𝑇 = 𝑊𝐵
Vertical velocity at 𝑡 = 0.5 is 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑔𝑡 = 10 × 0.5
i.e. 𝑑𝐹 𝑉𝑔 = 𝑇 + 𝑑𝐴 𝑉𝑔 (i)
= 5 𝑚𝑠 −1
and 𝑑𝐹 𝑉𝑔 + 𝑇 = 𝑑𝐵 𝑉𝑔 (ii) 1
𝑇
From Eq. (i) 𝑑𝐹 = 𝑉𝑔 + 𝑑𝐴 . Hence 𝑑𝐹 > 𝑑𝐴 . So choice ∴ Magnitude of velocity = (𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 )2
= [(5)2 + (5)2 ]
(A) is correct.
= 5√2 𝑚𝑠 −1
Hence all choices are correct.

32. According to Bernoulli’s theorem

1
𝑝 + 2 𝜌𝑣 2 = constant
When the cylindrical vessel is rotated at angular
velocity 𝜔 about its axis. The velocity of the liquid at
the sides is the maximum, gives by
𝑣𝑠 = 𝑟𝜔
where 𝑟 is the radius of the vessel. Applying
Bernoulli’s theorem at the sides and at the centre of
𝑇
From Eq. (ii) 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑉𝑔 + 𝑑𝐹 . Hence 𝑑𝐵 > 𝑑𝐹 . So choice the vessel, we have (Fig).
1 1
(B) is also correct. 𝑝𝑠 + 2 𝜌𝑣𝑠2 = 𝑝𝑐 + 2 𝜌𝑣𝐶2
Eliminating 𝑇 from Eqs. (i) and (ii) we get where 𝑝𝑠 = pressure at the sides, 𝑝𝑐 = pressure at
2𝑑𝐹 = 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑑𝐵 , which is choice (D). the centre and 𝑣𝑐 = velocity of the liquid at the
So the correct choices are (A), (B) and (D). centre.
Now, since 𝑣𝑐 = 0, we have
29. The correct choices are (B), (C) and (D). 1 1
𝑝𝑐 − 𝑝𝑠 = 2 𝜌𝑣𝑠2 = 2 𝜌𝑟 2 𝜔2 (1)
30. Equation of continuity gives 𝑣𝐴 < 𝑣𝐵 . From Since 𝑝𝑐 is greater than 𝑝𝑠 , the liquid rises at the sides
1 1
Bernoulli’s theorem 𝑃𝐴 + 2 𝜌𝑣𝐴2 = 𝑃𝐵 + 2 𝜌𝑣𝐵2 . Since of the vessel. Let ℎ be the difference in the levels of
𝑣𝐵 > 𝑣𝐴 , 𝑝𝐵 < 𝑃𝐴 . Thus the correct choices are (B) the liquid at the sides and at the centre (Fig). then
and (D). 𝑝𝑐 − 𝑝𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ (2)
From (1) and (2), we have
1 𝑟 2 𝜔2
𝜌𝑔ℎ = 2 𝜌𝑟 2 𝜔2 or ℎ = 2𝑔
Hence the correct choices are (A) and (C).

COMPREHENSION CORRECT TYPE

33. Since the exponent is dimensionless the dimension 35. 𝑃 decreases exponentally with ℎ.
of ℎ0 is the same as that of ℎ. Hence the correct So the correct choice is (C).
choice is (B).
36. 𝑃 = 𝑃0 /2 at a value of ℎ given by
ℎ 𝑃0
34.
𝑑𝑃 𝑃0
= −ℎ 𝑒
−
ℎ0 = −ℎ
𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑒 −ℎ/ℎ0
𝑑ℎ 2
0 0
1
For a given mass 𝑚 of a gas at a constant ⇒ 2 = 𝑒 −ℎ/ℎ0
temperature, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑘 (constant) giving ⇒ 2 = 𝑒 ℎ/ℎ0
𝑘 𝑘𝜌 𝑚 ⇒ log 𝑒 (2) = ℎ
ℎ
𝑃= = (∵ 𝜌 = ) 0
𝑉 𝑚 𝑉
⇒ ℎ = ℎ0 log 𝑒 (2), which is choice (C)
𝑑𝑃 𝑘
Thus = − 𝑚ℎ 𝜌 ∝ 𝜌. Hence the correct choice is
𝑑ℎ 0
(C).

Avanti – P10 – Advanced Assignment – Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Solutions)

37. Area of hole = 𝜋 (2𝑟)2 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝐴. The area of the If 𝑎 is the cross-sectional area of the orifice, the
block = 𝜋(4𝑟)2 = 16 𝜋𝑟 2 = 4𝐴. The area of the volume of water flowing per unit time at that instant
lower face of block in contact with liquid = 4𝐴 − 𝐴 = = 𝑎𝑣𝑥 = 𝑎√2𝑔𝑥. This must be equal to the rate at
3𝐴. The block starts rising when upthrust =weight.
which the volume of water in the tank decreases at
(see Fig).
that instant which is given by −𝐴 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡, where 𝐴 is
the cross-sectional area of the tank. The negative
sign indicates that height 𝑥 of water decreases with
time. Thus
𝑑𝑥
𝑎√2𝑔𝑥 = −𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝐴 𝑑𝑥
or 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑎
√2𝑔𝑥
𝐴 −1/2
= −𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1)
√2𝑔
The upthrust 𝑈 = 𝐹1 − 𝐹2 The time 𝑡 taken to empty the tank to half its original
= 𝜌𝑔(ℎ1 + ℎ)3𝐴 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 × 4𝐴 volume is obtained by integrating (1) from 𝑥 = ℎ to
𝜌
Weight of block 𝑊 = 3 𝑔ℎ × 4𝐴 ℎ = ℎ/4. Thus
Now 𝑈 = 𝑊, i.e. ℎ/4
4 𝐴
𝜌𝑔(ℎ1 + ℎ)3𝐴 − 4𝜌𝑔 ℎ1 𝐴 = 3 𝜌𝑔 ℎ𝐴 which gives 𝑡=− ∫ 𝑥 −1/2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎√2𝑔
5ℎ ℎ
ℎ1 = .
3 1 ℎ/4
𝑥2 𝐴
38. The block will not move if the upthrust 𝑈 equals the =− | |
𝑎√2𝑔 1
weight 𝑊 of the block (see Fig). i.e. if 2 ℎ
𝜌
𝜌𝑔ℎ2 × 3𝐴 = 𝑔ℎ × 4𝐴
3
2𝐴 ℎ 1/2
=− [( ) − ℎ1/2 ]
2√2𝑔 4
𝐴 ℎ
= 𝑎 √2𝑔, which is choice (A).

which gives ℎ2 =
4ℎ
. Hence the correct choice is (A). 43. Let 𝑣1 be the initial velocity of the fall of liquid level
9 in the container and 𝑣2 the velocity of efflux from the
𝑎
39. If the liquid level is lowered below ℎ2 , the upthrust hole. Then 𝐴𝑣1 = 𝑎𝑣2 or 𝑣1 = (𝐴) 𝑣2 . since 𝑎 ≪
will become less than the weight of the block. 𝐴, 𝑣2 ≃ 0. Applying Bernoulli’s theorem at a point on
Therefore, the block will not rise. Hence the correct the top of the liquid and at the hole, we have
choice is (A). 1 𝐻 𝐻
𝑃0 + 𝑑𝑣12 + 𝑑𝑔 ( ) + (2𝑑 )𝑔 ( )
2 2 2
1
40. Velocity of efflux from the hole is 𝑣𝑥 = √2𝑔ℎ. This is = 𝑃0 + (2𝑑 )𝑣22 + (2𝑑 )𝑔ℎ
2
the horizontal velocity, which remains unchanged. Putting 𝑣1 = 0, we het
Vertical velocity on striking the ground is 1/2
3
𝑣𝑦 = √2𝑔𝐻 (use 𝑢2 = 𝑣 2 + 2 𝑎𝑠). 𝑣2 = [(2 𝐻 − 2ℎ) 𝑔]
The resultant speed with which the water strikes the Putting ℎ = 𝐻/4, we get 𝑣2 = √𝑔𝐻 which is choice
ground is (D).
𝑣 = √𝑣𝑥2 + 𝑣𝑦2 = √2𝑔(𝐻 + ℎ)
2ℎ
Hence the correct choice is (C). 44. Time of fall 𝑡 = √ 𝑔 . Horizontal range is
1/2
41. Time taken by stream to strike the ground is 𝑥 = 𝑣2 𝑡 = [(2 𝐻 − 2ℎ) 𝑔]
3
×√𝑔
2ℎ

2𝐻
𝑡=√ 𝑥 = [ℎ(3𝐻 − 4ℎ)]1/2
𝑔 𝐻
Putting ℎ = 𝐻/4, we get 𝑥 = , which is choice (B).
√2
2𝐻
∴ 𝑅 = 𝑣𝑥 × 𝑡 = √2𝑔ℎ × √ 𝑔 = 2√𝑔𝐻,
45. To determine the height ℎ at which the range 𝑥 is
which is choice (C). maximum, we differentiate (1) with respect to ℎ and
𝑑𝑥
42. As water flows through the orifice, the level of water set = 0, i.e.
𝑑ℎ
𝑑
in the tank keeps falling with time. If 𝑥 is the height [3𝐻ℎ − 4ℎ2 ]1/2 = 0
𝑑ℎ
of the water level at an instant of time 𝑡, then the 1
or 2 [3𝐻ℎ − 4ℎ2 ]−1/2 × (3𝐻 − 8ℎ) = 0
instantaneous speed of water flowing out is
𝑣𝑥 = √2𝑔 𝑥

Avanti – P10 – Advanced Assignment – Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Solutions)

 3
which gives 3𝐻 − 8ℎ = 0 or ℎ = 𝐻. Notice that or 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑚′𝑔 = 𝑉𝜌0 𝑔 or 𝑚 + 𝑚′ = 𝑉𝜌0
8
where 𝜌0 is the density of water. Thus
(3 𝐻ℎ − 4ℎ2 )−1/2 cannot be zero since this would 4𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋
give 𝑥 = infinity which is not possible. Hence 𝑥 is (𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 )𝜌 + 𝑟 3 𝜌′ = 𝑅3 𝜌3
3 3 3
maximum (= 𝑥𝑚 ) at a value of ℎ given by or (𝑅3 − 𝑟 3 )𝑑 + 𝑟 3 𝑑 ′ = 𝑅3 (ii)
ℎ = 8𝐻
3 where 𝑑 = 𝜌/𝜌0 and 𝑑 ′ = 𝜌′ /𝜌0 are the relative
densities of concrete and sawdust respectively.
Using this value of ℎ in (1), we get
1/2 Equation (ii), on simplification, gives
3 12 3
𝑥𝑚 = [8 𝐻 (3𝐻 − 𝐻)] = 4𝐻 𝑅3 (𝑑−𝑑′)
8 =
𝑟3 (𝑑−1)
Hence the correct choice is (C).
𝑅3 (𝑑−𝑑′ )
or 𝑟 3 − 1 = (𝑑−1)
−1
46. When the beaker, with the block floating in the
𝑅3 −𝑟 3 (1−𝑑′ )
liquid, is falling freely under gravity, both its weight or = (iii)
𝑟3 (𝑑−1)
and upthrust will be zero. Hence the block will float 𝜌 𝑑
Using (iii) in (i) and nothing that 𝜌′ = 𝑑′, we have
with any fraction of its volume submerged. Thus the
𝑚 (1−𝑑′) 𝑑 (1−0.3) 2.4
correct choice is (C). = × 𝑑′ = (2.4−1) × 0.3 = 4
𝑚′ (𝑑−1)

47. Let the reading of the hydrometer be 𝑥 when it is Hence the correct choice is (B).
dipped in water. When it is dipped in a liquid of
50. Let the volume of the cube be 𝑉 and 𝜌 its density.
relative density 1.5, its reading will be (𝑥 − 10).
Weight of the cube in air = 𝑉𝜌𝑔. Weight of mercury
Therefore
displaced when one-third of the volume is
𝑥 × 1 × 𝑔 = (𝑥 − 10) × 1.5 × 𝑔 1
which gives 𝑥 = 1.5 𝑥 − 15 or 𝑥 = 30. Let 𝜌 be the submerged = 3 𝑉 𝜌𝑚 , where 𝜌𝑚 is the density of
relative density of the liquid in which the hydro mercury. Then
1 𝜌
meter reads (𝑥 − 5), then 𝑉𝜌𝑔 = 3 𝑉𝜌𝑚 or 𝜌 = 3𝑚
𝑥 × 1 × 𝑔 = (𝑥 − 5 ) × 𝜌 × 𝑔 Let 𝑥 be the fraction of the volume of the cube
or 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 5) 𝜌 submerged in mercury when water is poured to
𝑥 30
or 𝜌 = 𝑥−5 = 30−5 = 1.2 cover the cube. Then, the fraction submerged in
Hence the correct choice is (B). water = (1 − 𝑥 ). Now weight of cube in air = weight
of mercury displaced + weight of water displaced
48. Apparent loss of mass of copper = 264 − 221 = 𝑉𝜌𝑔 = 𝑥𝑉𝜌𝑚 𝑔 + (1 − 𝑥 )𝑉𝜌𝜔 𝑔
43 𝑔. This is the mass of water displaced by copper or 𝜌 = 𝑥𝜌𝑚 + (1 − 𝑥 )𝜌𝜔
piece when it is immersed in water. Volume of where 𝜌𝜔 is the density of water. We have seen
copper piece with cavity = 43 𝑐𝑚3 . Volume of 𝜌
𝑚 264 above that 3𝑚. Therefore,
copper only is 𝜌 = 8.8 = 30 𝑐𝑚3 . Therefore, the 1
𝜌𝑚 = 𝑥𝜌𝑚 + (1 − 𝑥 )𝜌𝜔
volume of the cavity = 43 − 30 = 13 𝑐𝑚3 , which is 3
1 𝜌𝑚
choice (𝑏). or ( − 𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥 )
3 𝜌𝜔
𝜌𝑚
49. Let 𝑚 be mass of concrete and 𝜌 its density and let Now 𝜌 = relative density of mercury = 13.6.
𝜔
𝑚′ be the mass of sawdust and 𝜌′ its density. Thus
Then (see Fig). 1
4𝜋 (3 − 𝑥) × 13.6 = (1 − 𝑥 )
3
(𝑅 − 𝑟 𝜌 3)
𝑚= 3 which gives 𝑥 = 0.28, Which is choice (B).
′ 4𝜋 3
and 𝑚 = 𝑟 𝜌′
3
𝑚 3
𝑅 −𝑟 3 𝜌
51. Each side of the block = 3𝑥. For floating, weight of
∴ 𝑚′ = . 𝜌′ (i) the block = upthrust due to liquid of density 𝜌1 +
𝑟3

Since the entire volume 𝑉 =

4𝜋
𝑅3 of the sphere is upthrust due to liquid of density 𝜌2
3 ∴ (3𝑥 )3 𝜌𝑔 = (3𝑥 )2 × 2𝑥 × 𝜌1 𝑔 + (3𝑥 )2 × 𝑥 × 𝜌2 𝑔
submerged under water, we have, from the principle 1
⇒ 𝜌 = (2𝜌1 +𝜌2 )
of flotation, 3

Weight of concrete + weight of sawdust = weight of Thus the correct choice is (C).
volume 𝑉 water displaced

Avanti – P10 – Advanced Assignment – Mechanical Properties of Fluids (Solutions)