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Cyto Unit 4

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. It involves nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. In prophase, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. In anaphase, sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite poles. In telophase, division is completed and two identical daughter cells are formed.

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36 views

Cyto Unit 4

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell. It involves nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis). The stages of mitosis are interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated. In prophase, chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down. In metaphase, chromosomes align at the metaphase plate. In anaphase, sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite poles. In telophase, division is completed and two identical daughter cells are formed.

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Vince Carrillo
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UNIT IV: MITOSIS Stages of Mitosis:

Mitosis: Interphase:
● Mitosis is a form of cell division ❖ Characterized by the absence
that results in the production of visible chromosomes.
of two daughter cells, each ❖ The initial stage of the cell
with the same chromosome cycle.
and genetic complement as ❖ DNA replication of each
the parent cell. chromosome occurs during
this stage.
Terms: ❖ Sub-stages include:
Karyokinesis: ➢ G1 (Gap1): A period where
● The process of nuclear no DNA synthesis occurs
division. before the S phase.
Cytokinesis: ➢ S phase: A period where
● The division of the cytoplasm DNA is synthesized.
of a cell into two daughter ➢ G2 (Gap2): A period
cells. where no DNA synthesis
Cell Cycle: occurs after the S phase.
● Constitutes the events that ❖ This stage involves intensive
occur from the completion of metabolic activity, cell growth,
one division until the and cell differentiation.
beginning of the next division.
Prophase:
● Characterized by the
shortening and thickening of
chromosomes, making
individual chromosomes
distinct.
● Nuclear envelope
disintegrates.
● Nucleolus disappears.
● Centrioles (if present) duplicate
and migrate to opposite poles
of the cell.
● Spindle apparatus forms.
● As the stage progresses, each
chromosome consists of two
identical chromatids or sister
chromatids.
● Spindle fibers attach to the
individual chromosome at their
kinetochores.
Metaphase: Telophase:
● Absence of the nuclear ● Often referred to as the
membrane. "reversal of prophase."
● Chromosomes become thicker ● The separated sister
and shorter. chromatids, now fully-fledged
● Chromosomes align along the chromosomes, have been
metaphase plate, which is the pulled to opposite poles of the
equatorial plane of the spindle. cell.
● The alignment of ● The cell reverses the steps of
chromosomes on this plate prophase to return to the
marks the end of metaphase. active interphase state.
● Chromosomes uncoil and
Anaphase: begin to carry out their
● Initiated by the separation of physiological functions.
sister chromatids. ● A nuclear envelope reforms
● Chromosomes are pulled at around each set of
the centromere by the action chromosomes, nucleoli form,
of spindle fibers. and cytokinesis takes place.
● Continuous contraction of
spindle fibers causes each
chromosome to move toward
opposite poles.
● By late anaphase, spindle
fibers disappear.
● Different chromosome types
appear shaped as:
○ "V" (metacentric)
○ "J" (subtelocentric)
○ rod-shaped (telocentric).

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