G CLASS: IX SUBJECT: BIOLOGY TOPIC: TISSUES OuAwWN on GLOSSARY Tissue: A group of cells that are similar in structure and function and work together to achieve a particular function forms a tissue. . Meristematic tissues: are rapidly dividing tissues. . Permanent tissue: Old meristematic cells that lose the capacity to divide. . Chlorenchyma: Parenchyma containing chloroplasts. . Aerenchyma: Parenchyma containing large air cavities. . Complex permanent tissues: permanent tissues made of more than one type of cells and are of two types-xylem and phloem. . Tracheid: tubular dead cells that transport water. . Vessels: elongated dead cells that transport water and minerals. Xylem parenchyma: living cells of xylem bundle that store food. . Xylem fibers: elongated dead cells with lignin that provide mechanical support. . Sieve tubes: elongated living cells that transport food from leaves to the stem and the roots. . Companion cells: cells of phloem that help in conduction of food to sieve tubes. . Epidermis: the outermost protective layer of roots, stems and leaves. . Cork: outermost layer in older roots and stems is calledcork that contains dead cells. . Tendons: connect bones with muscles. .. Adipose tissue: found below the skin and stores fat. . Nervous tissue: transfers information from one part of the body to another. . Neuron: elongated cells of the nervous tissue. ). Ligaments: connects two bones. 20.Cartilage: found at the end of long bones, provides flexibility. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 368 of 595TISSUE A group of cellshaving common origin and similar in structure that work together to perform a particular function forms a tissue. Classification of tissues: Tissues are broadly classified as plant tissues and animal tissues. PLANT TISSUE Plant tissues can be broadly divided into two main types. These are Meristematic tissue and Permanent tissue. 1. Meristematic tissue: - A meristematic tissue constitutes a group of actively dividing cells present in the growing region of plant, e.g. the tips of roots and stems and helps in increasing the length and girth of the plant. They show following characteristic: + The cells of the meristematic tissue are similar in structure and have thin | atypicatmerstemote vssve cellulose cell walls. + The cells may be spherical, oval, polygonal, or rectangular in shape. + The cells of tissue are compactly arranged and do not have intercellular space. + The cells have dense protoplasm with prominent nuclei. + Vacuoles in these cells are either small or absent. Occurrence: Based on their position in the plant body, meristematic tissues are classified into three types: - Apical, Lateral,and Intercalary. a) Apical Meristem: * These are present at the tips of roots, shoots, branches, and leaves. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 369 of 595* It brings about the elongation of the root and stem. It results in increase in the height of the plant, which is called primary growth. b) Lateral Meristem: * These are present along the lateral side of the stems and roots. + It causes the organ (stem or root) to increase in diameter and girth. This is called secondary growth. It is of two types: - (i) Vascular cambium: - - Present between xylem and phloem. - Increases the girth of the plant. (ii) Cork cambium: - These divide to add cells towards outside, which form the cork and cells towards inside that form the secondary cortex. The cork cells are dead. Cell wall has suberin deposition, waxes, and extra cellulose. - Due to suberin and wax deposition, cell wall is impermeable to gases and ‘water, is resistant to acids hence is used to make bottle stoppers. Bark: - All the tissues outside vascular cambium form bark. It includes| phloem, cortex, cork cambium and cork. Apical Meristem c) Intercalary meristem: a * They are located at the Intercalay Meristem| base of leaves or internodes, e.g., stems of ap grasses and other monocots and below the nodes (e.g., mint). « It produces an increase of length of organ such as leaves and internodes. Lateral Meristem Functions of meristematic tissue: + Meristematic tissue acts as a parent tissue from which other tissues develop. + These tissues take part in growth by formation of new cells. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 370 of 595+ The place of injury in plants is healed up by the formation of new cells by meristems. 2. Permanent tissue - A permanent tissue is a group of cells, which is derived from the meristematic tissues, but these cells have lost the power of division temporarily or permanently. The development process by which cells which have been derived from meristematic tissue, take up a permanent shape, size and function is called differentiation. Permanent tissues are of two types: - simple and complex permanent tissue. i) Simple Permanent tissue: - These tissues are composed of cells which are structurally and functionally similar. These tissues are of three types: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. ii) Complex Permanent tissue: - The complex tissue consists of more than one type of cell having a common origin. All these cells coordinate to perform a common function. * Complex tissues are of two types: Xylem or wood and phloem or bast. * Xylem and phloem are both conducting tissues and known as vascular tissues; together both constitute vascular bundles. (I) SIMPLE PERMANENT TISSUES: - a) Parenchyma- Parenchyma forms the bulk of plant body. It consists of thin-walled living cells. * The cell wall is thin and encloses a dense cytoplasm which contains a small nucleus anda large central vacuole. The intercellular spaces are abundant. * The parenchyma is present in all the organs of the plants, ie, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit, and seeds. They are found in rx avypoalprchyma tine soft parts of plant such as cortex of roots & stems and mesophyll of leaves. Function: - SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 371 of 595|. The main function of parenchymatous tissue is storage of food, e.g., starch in the parenchyma of cortex of potato tuber. 2. Parenchyma serves as packing tissue to fill the spaces between other tissues. It stores waste materials of plants such as gum, crystals etc. . The intercellular air spaces of parenchyma cells allow gaseous exchange. If chloroplast is present, the parenchyma tissue is called chlorenchyma and it performs photosynthesis. 6. In aquatic plants, large air cavities are present in parenchyma to give buoyancy to the plants to help them float. Such a parenchyma type is called aerenchyma. b) Collenchyma: - * Collenchyma is usually found in 3-4 yD layers beneath epidermis in stem, psig petioles and leaves of herbaceous dicot plants. The cells of this tissue are living, Op ce elongated, and irregularly thickened at Ce) Ap conve the corner due to deposition of | FSS cellulose. * Incollenchyma, intercellular spaces are generally absent. Occurrence: - Collenchyma cells are located below epidermis of stems, in leaf stalks (Petiole). Functions: - It provides the mechanical support, protection, flexibility, and elasticity to the plant's organs. - Itallows easy bending in various parts of the plant (leaf, stem) without breaking. rr a) Sclerenchyma: - * Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells, and they are devoid of protoplasm. * They are long and narrow as the walls are thickened due to lignin, such cell walls are called lignified. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 372 of 595+ Lumen of the cell is narrow. The cells of sclerenchyma are tightly packed without intercellular spaces. + This tissue is present in stems, around vascular bundles, in the veins of leaves and in the hard covering of seeds and nuts. Husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue. Sclerenchyma cells are of two types: . Fibres: are long, narrow, thick walled and usually pointed at both ends. Sclereids: (are called as grit or stone cells) are irregular shaped and short. They develop in various parts of the plants such as seed coat, leaves, stem, roots, pulp of fruits (e.g., apple, pear etc.) Function: » Lumen: Thick Coll: Wall A Solereit AFibve: * The sclerenchyma is mainly mechanical and protective in function. + It gives strength, rigidity, flexibility, and elasticity to the plant body and, thus, enables it to withstand various strains. (II) COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE: - It is of two types: - 1.Xylem 2. Phloem Xylem - + Xylem is composed of cells of four different types: i. Tracheids tracheae parenchyma(Stores food and help lateral conduction of water/sap) iv. ii. Vessels or Xylem in ioe vent Ne itn Xylem _— sclerenchyma fibres (Provides mechanical strength). or * Except xylem parenchyma, all other elements are dead and bounded by thick lignified wall. ‘SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 373 of 595Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures and involved in conduction of water and minerals from roots to different parts of the plants. Function: Phloem - The main function of xylem is to carry water and mineral salts upward from the root to different parts of shoots, hence also called water conducting tissue. Since walls of tracheids, vessels and sclerenchyma of xylem are lignified, they give mechanical strength to the plant body. Xylem parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideway conduction of water. Phloem (bast) is a living conducting tissue. It SRE also contains tubes just like xylem but does not perform mechanical function. Phloem is composed of following four elements or cells: 1. Sieve tubes 2. Companion cells 3. Phloem parenchyma 4. Phloem fibres. Sieve tube Phloem parenchyma Companion cell Section of phloem Sieve tubes are slender, tube-like structures with perforated walls. The end walls of cells are perforated and are called sieve plate. These cells lack nucleus. Companion cells are living parenchymatous cells lying on the sides of the sieve tubes. These are thin-walled parenchyma cells containing dense and active cytoplasm and a large nucleus. Phloem parenchyma are thin walled, living cells. Phloem fibres are thick-walled fibres with simple pits. Function: - Phloem transports (conducts) photosynthetically prepared food materials from the leaves to the storage organs and later from storage organs to the growing regions of the plant body. ANIMAL TISSUE: - Based on the structure of cells and their function, animal tissues are classified into four major types: SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 374 of 5951. Epithelial Tissue 2.MuscularTissue 3.NervousTissue 4. Connective Tissue 1) EPITHELIAL TISSUE: a) This tissue consists of thin protective layer of cell which covers the surface of the body and lines the internal organs and spaces. b) The cells of this tissue are tightly packed, and it forms continuous sheet. Cells of epithelium contain very little or no intercellular matrix. c) The skin and lining of buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli of lungs and kidney tubules are made of epithelial tissue. d) Epithelial cells lie on a delicate non-cellular basement membrane which contains a special form of matrix protein, called collagen. Functions: Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from mechanical and chemical injuries and bacterial or viral infection. It covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep different body system separate. Epithelial tissues help in absorption of water and nutrients. Epithelial tissues help in elimination of waste products. Some epithelial tissues secrete secretion, such as sweat, saliva etc. Epithelial tissue may be simple, ie., composed of a single layer of cells, or stratified, ie., made up of several layers of cells. Types of epithelial tissue: Depending upon the shape and function of the cells, the epithelial tissues are classified as follows: A. Squamous epithelium B. Cuboidal epithelium C. Columnar epithelium D. Glandular epithelium E, Ciliated epithelium SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 375 of 595Charact S. eristic Squamous Cuboidal No. propert epithelium epithelium v It consists of thin, . cee Ti It consists of flat disc like fi cube-like cells 1,Shape of polygonal or bealmost cells _ irregular-shaped . . equal height cells with round ' and width. and flat nucleus. Forms the lining Present in 3 Place of of nose, kidney occurren pericardial cavity, tubules, ce blood vessels, _ salivary lungalveolietc. glands etc. + Protects the underlying partsofthe | provide body from - mechanical mechanical inju support to a the organs. + Prevent the 4Functio entry of germs _ an sstric n inside our body. & ; juices. + Prevent 5 an + Absorption desiccation of and organs. oe excretion. + Facilitates diffusion of gases. + Secretion of Columnar Ciliated epithelium epithelium It consists of tall, cylindrical, It consists of tall pillar-like cells. column like cells Basal part of cell having cilia at their bears oval free ends. nucleus. Present in the inner surface of Present in the lining stomach, of trachea, fallopian intestine, gall tubeetc. bladder etc. + Causes movement of small solid particles or mucus «Helps in ina specific absorption of | ‘tection through nutrients. che ducts. Secretion of |* Causes gastric juices. | Movement of «Provide ovum and zygote mechanical | towards the support tothe Uterus. organs. + Helpsin removing unwanted particles from trachea. |_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 376 of 5955Diagram| 2) ec = B Soe = Crs \| a_i yh , Bsoith Gilihenr| yan MUSCULAR TISSUE: Muscular tissue constitutes all the muscles of the body of an animal. Muscle cells are elongated and large sized, so they are called muscle fibres. Muscle cells are typically arranged in parallel arrangement allowing them to work together effectively. This tissue is responsible for movement in our body. Muscles contain special proteins called contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement. Based on their location, structure and function, there are following three types of muscle fibres: Striated muscles (striped, skeletal or voluntary muscles) Smooth muscles (unstriated, visceral or involuntary muscles) Cardiac muscles Unstriated S.No. stra Striated muscles (Cardiac muscles muscles Present in the rall of limentary canal, : 1 lood vessels, Present in limbs They are present in the a fall of heart. espiratory tract, inary bladder tc. le fil Muscle fil 2. use oor luscle fibres are cylindrical. use ° pesate spindle-shaped. cylindrical. 3. ‘Fibres are Fibres are unbranched. Fibres are branched. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 377 of 595,inbranched. Muscle cells are . Muscle cells are 4. . luscle cells are multinucleate. uninucleate. uuninucleate. (Cross striations Dark and light bands (cross ae 5. a (Cross striations present. absent. striations) present. Exhibit slow Exhibit rapid 6. f Exhibit rapid contraction. ; P ‘ontraction. ‘ontraction. 7. Involuntary ‘oluntary Involuntary Do not get 5 i 8. . Get fatigued. Do not get fatigued. fatigued. e Bet fang Function: Cause ontraction and 9 mobility in Function: Cause movement of Function: cause " Wwisceral organs _ limbs and locomotion. heartbeat. and involuntary muscles. Striped muscle fibre Iecigesle Cesaaes ose rep te ia A, . 10. Carine muse onstrated muscle Nibres 3) CONNECTIVE TISSUE: + The connective tissue is specialized to connect and anchor various body organs. + The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular matrix. The matrix may be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid. + The nature of matrix decides the function of connective tissue. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 378 of 595,General functions: + Connective tissue binds other tissues together in the organs. + Connective tissue also provides the structural framework and mechanical support to different tissues. inl Sn + It is also concerned with } body defence, fat storage, repair etc. + The main functions of ii es ki ie iti connective tissue are binding, supporting, and cage ie packing together different organs of the body. Types of connective tissue: Inanimals, there are following five types of connective tissues: 1. Areolar connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue 3. Adipose connective tissue 4. Skeletal tissue 5. Fluid connective tissue - It is a loose connective tissue. Scattered in matrix are cells called as fibroblasts and Mast cells. They play vital role in body defence. Its matrix consists of two kinds of fibres: white collagen fibres and yellow elastic fibres. - Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves and in the bone marrow. - It fills the spaces between different tissues and organs, hence called packing tissue. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 379 of 595Occurrence: It is most widely distributed connective tissue. It joins skin to muscles, fills spaces between organs, and is found around muscles, blood vessels, nerves attaching them to the surrounding tissues. Function: + Itacts as supporting and packing tissue between organs lying in the body cavity. + Itprovides rapid diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from blood vessels. + Ithelps in repair of tissues after an injury. + Ithelps in fighting foreign antigen and toxin. > Dense connective tissue: + Itis a fibrous connective tissue. It is characterized by ordered and densely packed collection of fibres and cells. + Ligaments: These are elastic structures made up of yellow elastic fibrous tissues which connect bone to another bone. It has considerable strength. Sprain is caused by excessive pulling (stretching) of ligaments. + Tendons: Tendons are cord like, strong inelastic structures that join skeletal muscles to bones. They are composed of white collagen fibrous tissue. + Ithas great strength, but its flexibility is limited. ¢ Adipose tissue - + Itconsists of large number of oval and rounded adipose cells (adipocytes) filled with fat globules. + The adipose tissue is abundant below the skin, between the internal organs (e.g., around the kidney) in yellow bone marrow. Functions: + Itservesasa fat reservoir. + Adipose tissue acts as food reservoir by storing fat. + Itactsas an insulator and regulates body temperature. (1X_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 380 of 595% Skeletal tissue Skeletal connective tissue forms the endoskeleton of the body of vertebrates. It includes cartilage and bone. Bone Cartilage They are hard and flexible v They are soft and flexible endoskeleton. endoskeleton. Porous in nature. Non-porous in nature. Blood vessels are present. Blood vessels are absent. The cells in matrix are called Bone cells are known as osteocytes. chondrocytes. Cartilage is present at the joints of Bones are present in the whole bod! p Y bones, in external ear (pinna), nose tip, forming internal skeletal framework. epiglottis, trachea etc. Functions: Functions: + Itprovides shape to the body. + Cartilage provides support and + Itprovides skeletal support to flexibility to the body parts. body. + Itsmoothens body surfaces at + It protects vital body organs such joints. as brain, lungs etc. G Qy~ B——aacuna | ss chondrocyte x Cmca || = OCR NSS ES one antl AND Be lacuna ISIE NANG ae a Fig: Bone CARTILAGE Fluid connective tissue links the different parts of the body and maintains continuity in the body. It includes blood and lymph. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 381 of 595Blood: In this tissue cells move in a fluid or liquid matrix or medium © called blood plasma. The blood Va ee plasma contains cells called blood corpuscles or blood cells. ESvePesetne Three types of cells in blood are: 1. RBC or erythrocytes 2. WBC or leucocytes : 2 3. Platelets or thrombocytes Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Plasma comprises of 92% water and 8% solids. It includes inorganic & organic compounds. Organic substances are soluble proteins (e.g., albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen), glucose, amino acids, enzymes, hormones, etc. Inorganic substances include sodium, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate ions etc. > RBC: Most numerous blood cells, 5 million in males and 4.5 million in females. Contain Iron containing red pigment haemoglobin. They are circular, biconcave, and disc-like and lack nucleus. They transport O2. RBC is formed in the bone marrow and has life span of 120 days. > WBC: These protect our body from pathogens. B lymphocytes produce antibodies. > Blood platelets lack nucleus and are disc-like in shape. They help in clotting of blood. ain pallets Lymphocyte! Functions of Blood: Blood transports nutrients, hormones, vitamins to tissue. RBC carries Oz to cells. WBC provides immunity to body. Platelets help in clotting of blood. ReNe LYMPH - is a colourless fluid filtered out of blood capillaries. Its composition is like blood except that it lacks RBCs and some blood proteins. ‘WBCs are abundant in lymph. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 382 of 595Function: It is a component of immune system of the body. 4) NERVOUS TISSUE: - + A tissue which is specialized to transmit messages in our body is nervous tissue. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue. Nervous tissue contains highly specialized unit cells called nerve cells or neurons. These cells are specialized for the conduction of impulse over great distance at great speed. A neuron consists of a cell body (cyton or soma) with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair- like parts arise called dendrons. Dendrons further branch out to form dendrites. From the distal part of cyton arises a very long process called axon. It forms fine branches terminally which ends in a swollen structure called synaptic knob. Axon is covered by a sheath called myelin sheath which is discontinuous. DENDAITE NODE oF, RANVIER AIYELIN SHEATH AXON TERMINALS The functional junction between two nerve cells is called synapse. Function: + The nervous tissue is responsible for the reception and transmission of information between different parts of the body. + The dendrites receive impulses, and the axon takes impulses away from the cell body. ‘SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 383 of 595eM indng appa tens SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 384 of 595,Plant Tissue aN Mefstematc Tissue Pemanet Tse (civide throught ite) (eset fo ide fre) Apiallsen | | Laeleen | nec Men Sige Tse SS Parscyma| | Ckschna| | Sense SS EXPERIMENT [PRACTICAL FILE] Aim: To identify Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma Tissues in Plants Materials Required + Prepared slide of Parenchyma tissue + Prepared slide of Sclerenchyma tissue + Compound microscope Procedure * Take the slide containing the parenchyma tissue and place it on the stage of the compound microscope. * Observe the features of the tissue using the low power lens (10X) of the compound microscope. + Draw the diagram based on your observations and label the features. Repeat the same procedure for the slide containing the sclerenchyma tissue. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 385 of 595Observations- Parenchyma tissue + Allcells are isodiametric, which means the cells have the same length and width. + The cells are loosely packed, so there are large intercellular spaces found in this tissue. + The cells consist of cytoplasm and nucleus that are surrounded by a cell wall. Fag A type parenchyma ts Thin eval Nae mercer Cyan + Each cell has a vacuole at the centre. Inference parenchyma tissues. Observations- Sclerenchyma tissue + The tissue consists of thick-walled, dead cells. extremely thick secondary walls. + There are no intercellular spaces between the cells. + The cell contains little or no protoplasm. + Nucleus is absent in the cell. + Empty vacuoles are present. As the cells are of the same length and have a thin cell wall witha large vacuole present in the cytoplasm, we can confirm that the slide contains + These cells are long, narrow and have hard and |thick secondary primary coll wall coll wall Inference: As the cells have a thickened cell wall, little protoplasm, and no nucleus, we can confirm that the slide contains sclerenchyma tissues. ‘SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 386 of 595‘Aim: To identify Striated , Unstriated and cardiac Muscle fibre Materials Required + Prepared slide of striated, smooth and cardiac muscle fibres + Compound microscope Procedure + Take the slide containing the muscle fibres and place it on the stage of the compound microscope. + Observe the features of the each type of muscle fibres using the low power lens (10X) and then focus on high power lens (40X) of the compound microscope. + Draw the diagram based on your observations and label the features. Observation I- Striated muscle fibres Striped muscle fibre + The cells are structured as very long and Dark band cylindrical fibres. + These fibres are multinucleate. + Each myofibril contains alternate light and dark bands. Neel ‘Sarcolenms Observation II- Unstriated muscle fibres - Cells are spindle shaped. -Uninucleate -Light and dark band absent os Striations Nucleus Observation III - Cardiac muscle Cylindrical and branched - Uninucleate Junction between adjacent cells SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 387 of 595EXPERIMENT [PRACTICAL FILE] Aim: To identify Nerve Cells in Animals Materials Required: + Prepared slide of nerve cells + Compound microscope Procedure + Take the slide containing the nerve cell and place it on the stage of the compound microscope. + Observe the features of neuron using the low power lens (10X) and then focus on high power lens (40X) of the compound microscope. + Draw the diagram based on your observations and label the features. Observations- Nervous tissues + The large body of the neuron, called the Cyton, that contains the cell’s nucleus, can be seen. The cell body or cyton branches out to form dendrons. + The dendrons further branch out to form fibres of different lines called dendrites. + There is also a single long fibre Nerve Cell projecting from the cell body called Dandie the axon. Dendrons. + The axon is covered by the myelin a sheath. Inference ‘Axon The presence of cells with a large cell el steath body that is divided into dendrons ‘Axon terminal and has a large axon, confirms that ‘button the slide contains nerve cells. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 388 of 595ASSIGNMENT MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS: 1. A tissue whose cells are not capable of dividing is called: a. apical meristem. c. sclerenchyma b. intercalary meristem d. lateral meristem 2. Fatsare stored in human body in: a. bones b. adipose tissue c.cuboidal epithelium —d. cartilage 3. The flexibility in plants is due toa tissue called: a. chlorenchyma_b. parenchyma c.sclerenchyma _— d. collenchyma 4. — Indesert plants, rate of water loss gets reduced due to the presence of: a. cuticle b. stomata c. lignin d.suberin 5. Ifthe tip of sugarcane plant is removed from the field, even then it keeps on growing in length. It is due to the presence of: a. cambium c. lateral meristem. b. apical meristem d. intercalary meristem 6. The tissue present in the lining of kidney tubules and ducts of salivary glands is: a. squamous epithelium tissue b. glandular epithelium tissue >. cuboidal epithelium tissue d. columnar epithelium tissue a A nail is inserted in the trunk of a tree at a height of 1 meter from the ground level. After 3 years the nail wil a. move downwards c. move upwards b. remain at the same position d. move sideways 8 Bone matrixis rich in a. fluoride and calcium c. calcium and phosphorus b. calcium and potassium d. phosphorus and potassium 9. The cells of cork are dead and have a chemical in their walls that makes them impervious to gases and water. The chemical is: a. lignin b.suberin c.cutin d. wax ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS: The following questions consist of two statements-Assertions (A) and Reason(R). [1X_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 389 of 595Answer the questions selecting the appropriate option below: a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A) b) Both A and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation for (A) c)(A) is true but (R) is false d) (A) is false but (R) is true 1, Assertion: Chlorenchyma cellsare main seat of photosynthesis. Reason: They have chlorophyll. Ans: (a) Explanation - The parenchymatous cells that contain chloroplasts are the main seats of photosynthesis. 2. Assertion: A simple tissue is made up of only one type of cell. Reason: Xylem is a complex tissue. Ans: (b) both are true but reason is not correct explanation of assertion. 3. Assertion: Skin epithelial cells are called stratified squamous epithelium. Reason: It is multi layered and protects us from mechanical injury. Ans: (a) both are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. 4. Assertion: Vessel and sieve tube both are meant for transport purpose. Reason: Vessels are lignified. Ans: (b) both are true but reason is not correct explanation of assertion. 5. Assertion: The inner lining of intestine has long and cylindrical epithelial cells. Reason: Columnar epithelium facilitates absorption and secretion. Ans: (a) both are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Name the constituents of phloem. Ans: Sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. 2. Name the types of epithelial tissue. Ans: Squamous epithelium, Cuboidal epithelium, Columnar epithelium, Glandular epithelium, and Ciliated epithelium 3. Name different types of connective tissue. SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 390 of 595An: 4. An: 5. An: s: Blood. Lymph, bone, cartilage, Tendons, ligaments, Areolar tissue, and adipose tissue. Name two fluid connective tissues. 1s: Blood and Lymph. Name the two basic tissues found in plants. s: Meristematic tissue and permanent tissue SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 An: How many elements are found in Xylem? Mention their functions. s: Xylem is composed of four different types of cells: i Tracheids i. Vessels iii. Xylem parenchyma(Stores food and help in lateral conduction of water/sap) iv. Xylem fibres (Provides mechanical strength). Tracheids and vessels are tubular structures and involved in conduction of water and minerals from roots to different parts of the plants. How does meristematic tissue differ from permanent tissue? s: Meristematic tissue - A meristematic tissue constitutes a group of actively dividing cells present in the growing region of plant, e.g., the tips of roots and stems and helps in increasing the length and girth of the plant. Permanent tissue - A permanent tissue is a group of cells, which is derived from the meristematic tissues, but these cells have lost the power of division temporarily or permanently. Differentiate between Ligament and Tendon. s: Ligaments: These are elastic structures made up of yellow elastic fibrous tissues which connect bone to another bone. It has considerable strength. Ligaments contain little matrix. Sprain is caused by excessive pulling (stretching) of ligaments. (1X_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 391 of 595Tendons: Tendons are cord like, strong inelastic structures that join skeletal muscles to bones. They are composed of white collagen fibrous tissue. It has great strength, but its flexibility is limited. 4. | Why isepidermis important to plants? Ans: The function of epidermis is to protect plant from injury and infection. Cuticle of epidermis also helps to reduce water loss by evaporation to prevent desiccation. Stomata present in the epidermis allow gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis and respiration. It also facilitates transpiration. 5. Explain the structure of cardiac muscles with the help of a labelled diagram. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS 1. Describe the structure of a typical neuron. Ans: A neuron consists of a cell body (cyton) with a nucleus and cytoplasm, from which long thin hair- like parts called dendronsarise. + Dendrons further branch out to form dendrites. + From the distal part of cyton arises a very long process called axon. It forms fine branches terminally which ends in a swollen structure . Axon is covered by a sheath called myelin sheath which is discontinuous. + The functional junction between two nerve cells is called synapse. 2. Draw labeled diagram of a. striated and non-striated muscles b. nerve cell c. various types of blood cell 3. Describe the structure, occurrence and function of collenchyma. Ans: Collenchyma: * Collenchyma is usually found in 3-4 layers beneath epidermis in stem, petioles and leaves of herbaceous dicot plants. * The cells of this tissue are living, elongated, and irregularly thickened at the corner due to deposition of lignin. (1X_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 392 of 595* Incollenchyma, intercellular spaces are generally absent or reduced. Functions: © It provides the mechanical support, protection, flexibility, and elasticity to the plant's organs. o Itallows easy bending in various parts of the plant (leaf, stem) without breaking. 4, Drawa neat and labelled diagram of phloem. 5. Identify the type of tissues in the following: skin, bark of tree, lining of kidney tubule and vascular bundle. Ans: Skin- Stratified Squamous Epithelium Bark of Tree- Cork Bone- Connective tissue with solid matrix Lining of Kidney Tubule- Cuboidal Epithelium Vascular Bundle- Complex Tissue (Xylem and Phloem) SCM_IX_2023-24_TERM-1 Page 393 of 595