GUNDECHA EDUCATION ACADEMY, KANDIVALI (E)

FIRST TERMINAL PORTION – 2023-2024

CLASS - XI

SUBJECT TOPIC SCOPE

ENGLISH 1. Compositions Descriptive, Narrative, Argumentative, Discursive, Reflective
LANGUAGE , Story Writing

2. Directed Writing Newspaper Report, Article Writing

3. Proposal Writing (i) Heading, (ii) Statement of Objectives, (iii) List of

Measures,

4. Grammar Transformation of sentences ( Subject Verb Agreement,

Active and Passive Voice, Direct and Indirect Speech, Simple
,Compound and Complex Sentences), Prepositions and
Verbs.
5. Comprehension Unseen Passage- Synonyms, Homonyms, Question and
Answers and connected passage of 100 words in the form of
a Grid.

ENGLISH 1. Drama- Macbeth

LITERATURE Act 1 ( Scene I, II, William Shakespeare as a playwright, Plot, Setting, Character
III) Sketches( development of the characters according to the
Acts), Resolution, Relationships, Supernatural Elements,
Themes.
2.Prism (A
collection of ISC
Short Stories
A Living God Theme , Message, Justification of title, Setting ,Plot,
Character Sketch, Relationships, Critical Appreciation
Advice to Youth Theme , Message, Justification of title, Setting ,Plot,
Character Sketch, Relationships, Critical Appreciation
3. Rhapsody ( A
Collection of ISC
Poems
Abhisara- the Tryst About the poet, His style of writing, Type of poem, Setting ,
Theme, Pattern, Symbolism, Imagery, Message, Personal
response.
Why I like the About the poet, His style of writing, Type of poem, Setting ,
Hospital Theme, Pattern, Symbolism, Imagery, Message, Personal
response.
PHYSICS 4. Motion in a Straight Frame of reference, concept of point mass, rest and motion;
Line distance and displacement, speed and velocity, average speed
and average velocity, uniform velocity, instantaneous speed
and instantaneous velocity, acceleration, instantaneous
acceleration, s-t, v-t and a-t graphs for uniform acceleration
and conclusions drawn from these graphs; kinematic
equations of motion for objects in uniformly accelerated (ISC
Revised Syllabus 2024) 3 rectilinear motion derived using
graphical, calculus or analytical method, motion of an object
under gravity, (one dimensional motion). Differentiation as
rate of change; examples from physics – speed, acceleration,
velocity gradient, etc. Formulae for differentiation of simple
functions: xn , sinx, cosx, ex and ln x. Simple ideas about
integration – mainly. ∫ xn .dx. Both definite and indefinite
integrals to be mentioned (elementary calculus not to be
evaluated).
5. Motion in a Plane Motion in a Plane Scalar and Vector quantities with
examples. Position and displacement vectors, general vectors
and their notations; equality of vectors, addition and
subtraction of vectors, Unit vector; resolution of a vector in a
plane, rectangular components, Scalar and Vector product of
two vectors. Projectile motion and uniform circular motion.
(a) General Vectors and notation, position and displacement
vector. Vectors explained using displacement as a prototype -
along a straight line (one dimensional), on a plane surface
(two dimensional) and in an open space not confined to a line
or a plane (three dimensional); symbol and representation; a
scalar quantity, its representation and unit, equality of
vectors. Unit vectors denoted byi ˆ , j ˆ ,k ˆ orthogonal unit
vectors along x, y and z axes respectively. Examples of one
dimensional vector V 1 r =ai ˆ or b j ˆ or ck ˆ where a, b, c are
scalar quantities or numbers; V 2 r = ai ˆ + b j ˆ is a two
dimensional or planar vector, V 3 r = a i ˆ + b j ˆ + ck ˆ is a
three dimensional or space vector. Concept of null vector and
coplanar vectors. (b) Addition: use displacement as an
example; obtain triangle law of addition; graphical and
analytical treatment; Discuss commutative and associative
properties of vector addition (Proof not required).
Parallelogram Law; sum and difference; derive expressions
for magnitude and direction from parallelogram law; special
cases; subtraction as special case of addition with direction
reversed; use of Triangle Law for subtraction also; if a r +b r
=c r ; c r - a r =b r ; In a parallelogram, if one diagonal is the
sum, the other diagonal is the difference; addition and
subtraction with vectors expressed in terms of unit vectors i ˆ
, j ˆ ,k ˆ ; multiplication of a vector by a real number. (c) Use
triangle law of addition to express a vector in terms of its
components. If a r +b r =c r is an addition fact, c r = a r +b r
is a resolution; a r and b r are components of c r . Rectangular
components, relation between components, resultant and
angle between them. Dot (or scalar) product of vectors a r . b
r = abcosθ; example W = F r . S r = FS Cosθ . Special case of
θ = 0o , 90 o and 1800 . Vector (or cross) product a r ×b r =
[absinθ]nˆ ; example: torque τ r = r r × F r ; Special cases
using unit vectors ˆi , j ˆ ,k ˆ for a r .b r and a r ×b r . (d)
Various terms related to projectile motion; obtain equations
of trajectory, time of flight, maximum height, horizontal
range, instantaneous velocity, [projectile motion on an
inclined plane not included]. Examples of projectile motion.
6. Newton's Laws of (a) Newton's first law: Statement and explanation; concept of
Motion inertia, mass, force; law of inertia; mathematically, if ∑F=0,
a=0. Newton's second law: p r =m v r ; F r α ; F r =k . Define
unit of force so that k=1; F r = ; a vector equation. For
classical physics with v not large and mass m remaining
constant, obtain F r =m a r . For v→ c, m is not constant.
Then m = 22 o cv-1 m Note that F= ma is the special case for
classical mechanics. It is a vector equation. || . Also, this can
be resolved into three scalar equations Fx=max etc.
Application to numerical problems; introduce tension force,
normal reaction force. If a = 0 (body in equilibrium), F= 0.
Statement, derivation and explanation of principle of
conservation of linear momentum. Impulse of a force: F∆t
=∆p. Newton's third law. Obtain it using Law of
Conservation of linear momentum. Proof of Newton’s second
law as real law. Systematic solution of problems in
mechanics; isolate a part of a system, identify all forces
acting on it; draw a free body diagram representing the part
as a point and representing all forces by line segments, solve
for resultant force which is equal to m a r . Simple problems
on “Connected bodies” (not involving two pulleys). (b) Force
diagrams; resultant or net force from Triangle law of Forces,
parallelogram law or resolution of forces. Apply net force ∑
Fr=mar

7. Friction Laws of friction: Two laws of static friction; (similar) two

laws of kinetic friction; coefficient of friction µs = fs(max)/N
and µk = fk/N; graphs. Friction as a nonconservative force;
motion under friction, net force in Newton’s 2nd law is
calculated including fk. Motion along a rough inclined plane
– both up and down. Pulling and pushing of a roller. Angle of
friction and angle of repose. Lubrication, use of bearings,
streamlining, etc.
8. Uniform Circular Angular displacement (θ), angular velocity (ω), angular
Motion acceleration (α) and their relations. Concept of centripetal
acceleration; obtain an expression for this acceleration
using∆v r . Magnitude and direction of a same as that of ∆v r
; Centripetal acceleration; the cause of this acceleration is a
force - also called centripetal force; the name only indicates
its direction, it is not a new type of force, motion in a vertical
circle; banking of road and railway track
9. Work, Energy & Work done W= F r . S r =FScosθ. If F is variable dW= F r .
Power dS r and W=∫dw= F∫ r . dS r , for F r ║ dS r F r . dS r =FdS
therefore, W=∫FdS (ISC Revised Syllabus 2024) 5 is the area
under the F-S graph or if F can be expressed in terms of S,
∫FdS can be evaluated. Example, work done in stretching a
spring 1 2 2 W Fdx kxdx kx = = = ∫ ∫ . This is also the
potential energy stored in the stretched spring U=½ kx2 .
Kinetic energy and its expression, Work-Energy theorem
E=W. Law of Conservation of Energy; oscillating spring.
U+K = E = Kmax = Umax (for U = 0 and K = 0
respectively); graph different forms of energy and their
transformations. E = mc2 (no derivation). Power P=W/t; P Fv
= . r r . (ii) Collision in one dimension; derivation of velocity
equation for general case of m1 ≠ m2 and u1 ≠ u2=0; Special
cases for m1=m2=m; m1>>m2 or m1<
 10. Centre of Mass Definition of centre of mass (cm), centre of mass (cm) for a
two particle system m1x1+m2x2=Mxcm; differentiating, get
the equation for vcm and acm; general equation for N
particles- many particles system; [need not go into more
details];centre of gravity,
11. Rotational Motion Principle of moment, discuss ladder problem, concept of a
rigid body; kinetic energy of a rigid body rotating about a
fixed axis in terms of that of the particles of the body; hence,
define moment of inertia and radius of gyration; physical
significance of moment of inertia; unit and dimension;
depends on mass and axis of rotation; it is rotational inertia;
equations of rotational motions. Applications: only
expression for the moment of inertia, I (about the symmetry
axis) of: (i) a ring; (ii) a solid and a hollow cylinder, (iii) a
thin rod (iv) a solid and a hollow sphere, (v) a disc - only
formulae (no derivations required). (a) Statements of the
parallel and perpendicular axes theorems with illustrations
[derivation not required]. Simple examples with change of
axis. (b) Definition of torque (vector); τ r = r r x F r and
angular momentum L ur = r r x p r for a particle (no
derivations); differentiate to obtain d L ur /dt=τ r ; similar to
Newton’s second law of motion (linear);hence τ =I α and L =
Iω; (only scalar equation); Law of conservation of angular
momentum; simple applications. Comparison of linear and
rotational motions.

CHEMISTRY 1. Some Basic (i) Precision and accuracy: Quantities and their
Concepts of measurements in Chemistry, significant figures, SI
Chemistry units.
(ii)Dimensional analysis: Conversion of units,
numericals and applications of units. (iii)The concept of
atoms having fixed properties in explaining the laws of
chemical combination. Study about atoms. Dalton’s
atomic theory: Main postulates of the theory; its
limitations. Laws of chemical combinations: Law of
conservation of mass, Law of definite proportions, Law
of multiple proportions, Law of reciprocal proportions,
Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes. Statement,
explanation and simple problems based on these laws.
(iv)Atomic (isotopic masses) and molecular mass.
Relative molecular mass and mole: The atomic mass
unit is one of the experimentally determined unit. It is
equal to 1/12 of the mass of the carbon 12 isotope.
Numerical problems based on mole concept,
Avogadro’s number and gram molecular volume. (v)
Empirical and molecular formula: Numericals based on
the above(vi)Chemical equivalents, volumetric
calculations in terms of normality. C = 12.00 should be
taken as a standard for expressing atomic masses.
Equivalent weight expressing the combining capacity of
the elements with the standard elements such as H, Cl,
O, Ag, etc. Variable equivalent weight. Gram equivalent
weights, relationship between gram equivalent weight,
gram molecular mass and valency. Determination of
equivalent weight of acids, alkalis, salts, oxidising and
reducing agents. (experimental details not required).
Terms used in volumetric calculations such as
 percentage (w/w and w/v), normality, molarity,
molality, mole fraction, etc. should be discussed.
Students are required to know the formulae and
normality and molarity equations. Simple calculations
on the above topics. (vii)Chemical reactions –
stoichiometric calculations based on mass-mass, mass-
volume, volume-volume relationships and limiting
reagent.
2. Structure of (i) Types of spectra: emission and absorption spectra.
Atom Band and line spectra to be discussed. (ii) Bohr’s atomic
model. Postulates of Bohr’s theory – based on Planck’s
quantum theory. Merits of Bohr’s atomic model and
explanation of hydrogen spectra. Calculations based on
Rydberg’s formula. Numericals on Bohr’s atomic radii,
velocity and energy of orbits (derivation not required).
Defects in Bohr’s Model. (iii)Quantum mechanical
model of an atom - a simple mathematical treatment.
Quantum numbers; shape, size and orientation of s, p
and d orbitals only (no derivation). aufbau principle,
Pauli’s exclusion principle, Hund’s rule of maximum
multiplicity. Electronic configuration of elements in
terms of s, p, d, f subshells. de Broglie’s equation.
Numericals. Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle.
Numericals. Quantum numbers – types of quantum
numbers, shape, size and orientation of the s, p and d
subshells. Information obtained in terms of distance of
electron from the nucleus, node, nodal planes and radial
probability curve, energy of electron, number of
electrons present in an orbit and an orbital. aufbau
principle, (n+l) rule. Pauli’s exclusion principle. Hund’s
rule of maximum multiplicity. Electronic configuration
of elements and ions in terms of s, p, d, f subshells and
stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

3. Classification of (i) Modern Periodic Law Modern

Elements and periodic law (atomic number taken as the basis of
Periodicity in classification of the elements). (ii) Long form of
Properties Periodic Table. General characteristics of groups and
periods. Division of periodic table as s, p, d
and f blocks. IUPAC nomenclature for elements with
Z&gt; 100. (iii)Periodic trends in properties of
elements. Atomic radius, ionic radius, ionisation
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy,
electronegativity, metallic and non-metallic
characteristics. Periodic properties such as valence
electrons, atomic and ionic radii and their variation in
groups and periods. The idea of ionisation
enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy and electronegativity
must be given and their variation in groups
and periods may be discussed. The factors (atomic
number, screening effect and shielding effect,
the number of electrons in the outermost orbit) which
affect these periodic properties and their
variation in groups and periods. (iv)Periodic trends in
 chemical properties – periodicity of valence
or oxidation states. Anomalous properties of second
period elements. Diagonal relationship; acidic
and basic nature of oxides.
4. Redox Reactions Concept of oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen,
hydrogen, electrons. −
Redox reactions – examples. − Oxidation number: rules
for calculation, simple calculations of oxidation state in
molecules and ions. − Oxidation and reduction in terms
of change in oxidation number. − Balancing of redox
reactions in acidic and basic medium by oxidation
number and ion electron method.
5. Organic (i) Introduction to organic chemistry:
Chemistry: Some Vital force theory, reason for separate study of organic
basic Principles and chemistry and its importance, characteristics of carbon
Techniques atoms (tetravalency), Reasons for large number of
organic compounds: catenation, isomerism and multiple
bonding, etc.
(ii) Classification of organic compounds:
(definition and examples): open chain, closed chain,
homocyclic, hetrocyclic, aromatic, alicyclic compounds,
homologous series and its characteristics, functional
groups.
(iii) IUPAC rules for naming organic compounds.
Aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic compounds.
(iv) Definition and classification of isomerism:
Structural isomerism: definition, classification,
examples.
Chain isomerism, Positional isomerism, Functional
isomerism, Metamerism, Tautomerism - examples for
each of the above.
Stereoisomerism: definition and classification,
examples.
Geometrical isomerism: Definition.
Conditions for compounds to exhibit geometrical
isomerism; types and examples, cis and trans, syn and
anti. Examples.
Optical isomerism: Definition, Nicol prism, plane
polarised light. polarimeter. Method of measuring angle
of rotation. Specific rotation. Conditions for optical
activity. d, l form; External compensation, Internal
compensation, racemic mixture & meso form.
Examples – lactic acid and tartaric acid.
(v) Analysis of organic compounds:
Detection of elements (qualitative analysis) such as
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens and sulphur
should be considered by using Lassaigne’s test and
reactions
involved in it.
(vi) Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
halogens, sulphur and phosphorous: Estimation of
carbon and hydrogen – Leibig’s method.
Estimation of nitrogen - Kjeldahl’s method. Estimation
of halogens sulphur and phosphorous - Carius method.
 Numericals included. Experimental details required.
(vii)Types of chemical reactions and their
mechanisms.
Substitution, addition, elimination reactions:
definition and examples.
Homolytic and heterolytic fission – definition and
examples. Free radicals, carbocation, carbanion (their
reactivities and stabilities).
Electrophiles and nucleophiles – definition and
examples (including neutral electrophiles and
nucleophiles).
Inductive, electromeric, mesomeric effect and
hyperconjugation – definition, examples.
(viii)Free radicals and polar mechanisms in terms of
fission of the bonds and formation of the new bonds
including SN1, SN2, E1 and E2 mechanisms. Explain
with relevant examples and conditions
BIOLOGY 1. The Living World (i) Need for classification. (ii) Three domains of life –
distinguishing features of (archaea, bacteria, eukarya).
(iii) Definition and explanation of the terms taxonomy
(numerical taxonomy, cytotaxonomy and
chemotaxonomy) and systematics. Concept of species.
(iv) Major taxonomical hierarchies (phylum, class,
order, family, genus, species): definition and examples
with reference to classification of man, house fly,
mango and wheat. Rules of binomial nomenclature and
advantages of using scientific names. (v) Definition of
taxonomical keys. (vi) Three systems of classification –
artificial, natural and phylogenetic
2. Biological (i) Five-kingdom system of classification and
Classification characteristics of different kingdoms with examples. (ii)
Kingdom Monera: Bacteria - classification of bacteria
according to shape, nutrition and mode of respiration;
differences between gram +ve and gram –ve bacteria;
types of reproduction – definition of fission,
conjugation, transduction and transformation. (iii) Brief
idea of the role of different types of archaebacteria
(methanogens, halophiles and thermoacidophiles in their
extreme environments. (iv) Mycoplasma – three
distinctive features. Economic importance of bacteria.
(v) Kingdom Protista – only two general characteristics
and two examples of subgroups: (a) Chrysophytes (b)
Dinoflagellates, (c) Euglenoids, (d) Slime moulds, (e)
Protozoans (to be studied under rhizopods, flagellates,
ciliates and sporozoans with two characteristics
including modes of locomotion and two examples of
each). (vi) Kingdom Fungi: general characteristics and
mode of reproduction of each (including types of spores
and sexual reproduction – definition of isogamy,
anisogamy, oogamy, plasmogamy, karyogamy and
dikaryophase). Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes, Deuteromycetes - characteristics with
examples. Role of fungi in the field of medicine, bakery
and environmental decomposition. (vii) Definition of
 lichens and mycorrhiza (ecto and endo). (viii) Virus
(characteristic features – link between living and non-
living, structure of TMV and bacteriophage and
contribution of the following scientists: D.J. Ivanowsky,
M.W. Beijerinck, W.M. Stanley) and Viroid (definition
only)
3. Plant Kingdom (i) Algae - characteristics (morphology, common name,
major pigments, stored food, composition of cell wall,
flagellar number and position of insertion, habitat, mode
of sexual reproduction) and examples of Chlorophyceae,
Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae; Economic importance of
algae – any five. (ii) Bryophyta – general characteristics,
distinctive features of liverworts and mosses; graphic
outline of life cycle of Funaria with reference to
alternation of generations. Economic importance of
bryophytes. (iii) Pteridophyta: characteristics;
classification into classes: psilopsida (Psilotum),
lycopsida (Selaginella, Lycopodium), sphenopsida
(Equisetum) and pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris and
Adiantum). Graphic outline of life cycle of a typical
pteridophyte (fern). Definition of homospory and
heterospory with relevant examples. Economic
importance. (iv) Gymnosperms: general characteristics
and graphic outline of life cycle of a typical
gymnosperm (Pinus). Economic importance.
4. Animal Kingdom (i) Non-chordata - five distinguishing characters with
two examples of Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora,
Platyhelminthes, Nematoda (Aschelminthes), Annelida,
Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Hemichordata.
(ii) Chordata – sub-classification of Chordata with
reference to notochord - sub phyla Urochordata,
Cephalochordata. (iii) Vertebrata (classes –
cyclostomata, chondrichthyes, osteichthyes, amphibia,
reptilia, aves and mammalia) – three distinguishing
characters with two examples of each)
5. Morphology of (i) Types of roots, regions, modifications of roots for
Flowering Plants storage, respiration and support. (ii) Stems – features
(nodes internodes, buds), modifications – underground,
aerial and sub-aerial. (iii) Leaves - parts of a simple
leaf, venation, types of leaves (simple and compound –
pinnate and palmate), phyllotaxy – alternate, opposite,
whorled. Modifications for mechanical support (tendril),
protection (spine), storage (bulb), reproduction
(Bryophyllum); insectivorous plants (pitcher plant,
Venus-fly-trap). (iv) Structure of a typical flower,
bracteates/ebracteate, non-essential whorls, essential
whorls (androecium: cohesion - syngenesious,
synandrous, monadelphous, diadelphous,
polyadelphous; adhesion – epipetalous, epiphyllous;
number of lobes – monothecous, dithecous; Gynoecium:
position of ovary – epigynous, hypogynous, perigynous,
cohesion – apocarpous, syncarpous, number of locules,
types of inflorescence: racemose and cymose –
definition and differences (subtypes not required).
 6. Anatomy of (i) Characteristics of meristematic tissue; classification
Flowering Plants of meristems based on origin and location; structure,
function and location of permanent tissues; simple and
complex tissues; epidermal, ground and vascular tissue
systems. (ii) Cellular diagrams of T.S. of roots and stem
and V.S. of monocot and dicot leaves are required.
BIOTECHNOLOGY 1)Cell division and cell Types and significance of cell division and a brief note about
cycle the different stages of cell division – mitosis and meiosis.
Basic concept of cell cycle and cell cycle regulation,
definition of Mitotic Index.
2)Scope and Names, definitions and importance of various fields that can
importance of be covered under biotechnology such as - agricultural/ plant
biotechnology biotechnology, animal biotechnology/medical biotechnology,
nanobiotechnology, industrial biotechnology, immunology
and health care, energy and environment.
Biotechnology - global and Indian scenario. Various
institutes, centres and funding agencies - NBTB, CCMB,
ICGEB, ICMR, ICAR, DBT, DST which deal with
biotechnology and bioinformatics in India: names only.
3)Laws of inheritance Concept of trait, gene, allele, phenotype, genotype,
homozygosity, heterozygosity and hemizygosity. Types of
inheritance: autosomal inheritance - dominant, co-dominant,
recessive, polygenic, pleiotropic.Pedigree construction using
different standard symbols.Sex chromosome inheritance -
with special reference to X chromosomal inheritance with
suitable examples (colour blindness and haemophilia).
4)Errors in cell Concept of mutation: causes; types –somatic, germinal,
division spontaneous, induced, gene, chromosomal and genomatic
mutations, euploidy, aneuploidy, monosomy, nullisomy,
trisomy and tetrasomy; various factors causing mutations.
Non-disjunction in sex chromosomes – Turner’s syndrome
and Klinefelter’s syndrome - chromosomal composition and
symptoms only.Numerical chromosomal aberrations with
respect to autosomes, i.e. Down’s syndrome –chromosomal
composition and symptoms only.Structural chromosomal
abnormalities – deletions, duplications, translocations,
inversions.Polyploidy and its significance in plants.
5)Genes in population Concept of gene pool and allele frequency,Evolution
theories, definition of Hardy Weinberg law, its applications.
Possibility of disease resistant and susceptible genes in
population. Definition and application of pharmacogenetics
and pharmacogenomics.
MATHEMATICS Section A
Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite and Infinite
sets. Equal sets. Subsets. Subsets of a set of real numbers
especially intervals (with notations). Power set.
Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and Intersection of sets.
Practical problems on union and intersection of two and three
sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set.
Sets Properties of Complement of Sets.
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements
in the cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product
of the set of reals with itself (up to R x R x R).
Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain
and range of a relation. Function as a special type of relation.
Relations and Function as a type of mapping, types of functions (one to
Functions one, many to one, onto, into) domain, co-domain and range
 of a function. Real valued functions, domain and range of
these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational,
modulus, signum, exponential, logarithmic and greatest
integer functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, product
and quotient of functions.
Relationship between trigonometric functions.
- Proving simple identities.
- Signs of trigonometric functions.
- Domain and range of the trigonometric functions.
- Trigonometric functions of all angles.
Trigonometric - Periods of trigonometric functions.
Functions - Graphs of simple trigonometric functions (only sketches).
Addition and subtraction formula:
Double angle, triple angle, half angle and one third angle
formula as special cases.
Compound and - Sum and differences as products
multiple angles - Product to sum or difference
Statement of Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, solution of
quadratic equations (with real coefficients).
• Use of the formula In solving quadratic equations.
• Equations reducible to quadratic form.
• Nature of roots − Product and sum of roots. − Roots are
rational, irrational, equal, reciprocal, one square of the other.
−
Complex roots. − Framing quadratic equations
with given roots.
• Quadratic Functions. Given α, β as roots then find the
equation. Real roots Case I: a &gt; 0 Complex roots Equal
Roots
C Understanding the fact that a quadratic expression
(when plotted on a graph) is a parabola.
• Sign of quadratic Sign when the roots are real and when
they
Quadratic Equations are complex.
Section B
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three dimensions.
Points and their Coordinates of a point. Distance between two points and
coordinates in section formula. - As an extension of 2-D - Distance
3-dimension formula. - Section and midpoint form
Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/
phrases - consolidating the understanding of "if and only if
(necessary and sufficient) condition", "implies",
"and/or", "implied by", "and", "or", "there exists" and their
use through variety of examples related to the Mathematics
and real life. Validating the statements involving
Mathematical the connecting words, Difference between contradiction,
Reasoning converse and contrapositive.
Section C
- Price index or price relative. - Simple aggregate method. -
Weighted aggregate method. - Simple average of price
relatives. - Weighted average of price relatives (cost
Index Numbers of living index, consumer price index).
ECONOMICS 1. Definition of Definition of Economics: Adam Smith,Alfred Marshall,
Economics Lionel Robbins, Samuelson.Basic understanding of
economics and economic phenomena to be explained
especially in the context of the concept of scarcity and
allocation of resources. Features of definitions and two- three
criticisms.
2. Basic Concepts of Micro and Macro, consumption, saving, Business cycle,
Economics Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply.
Meaning and difference between Micro and Macro
Economics. A conceptual understanding of the terms: Human
wants- classification; factors of production; utility – types
and features, total utility, marginal utility and diminishing
marginal utility; price – definition and general rise and fall in
price; value – real vs nominal value; wealth – explanation of
the term, classification (personal and social); welfare –
economic:welfare, social welfare and relation between
wealth and welfare; money – barter economy vs money
economy; market – meaning and size; capital – meaning;
investment – meaning, investment as a process of capital
formation; income – meaning, factor incomes; production –
meaning; consumption – meaning; saving – meaning;
individual saving and aggregate savings.
(The above terms to be explained with the help of relevant
examples. Economics – Meaning and Difference. Basic
concepts: utility, price,value, wealth, welfare, money,
market,capital, investment, income, production.
3. Basic problems of an What to produce; how to produce; for whom produce;
Economy efficient use of resources.The basic problem of scarcity and
choice must be emphasized. As this problem is universal in
character, i.e. faced by all economies, irrespective of the
economic system they follow, Production Possibility
Curve.The role of technology in shift and rotation in the
Production Possibility
Curve (assumptions and features)
4. Types of Economies Developed and developing; Economic systems: capitalism,
socialism and mixed economy; mechanism used to solve the
basic problems faced by each economy.
Characteristics of developed and developing economies;
India: introducing regional and global economic grouping
such as SAARC,
European Union, ASEAN, G-8, G-20 (basic knowledge) ;
different types of economic systems; definition, features,
merits and demerits of capitalism, socialism and mixed
economic system; mechanisms used to solve the basic
problems under each economic system to be explained with
the help of examples. The role of government along with
the price mechanism to be emphasized. Price mechanism as a
tool to solve economic problem.
5. Solutions to the Main features, problems and policies of agriculture, industry
basic problems of an and foreign trad Parameters of development: per capita
Economy income (definition and limitations); meaning and
construction of Human Development Index (HDI). India and
HDI as per the UNDP report.
6. Meaning, Scope and Statistics: definition, scope and limitations of statistics.
Importance of Special emphasis to be laid on importance of statistics in
Statistics economics.
7. Collection, Collection of data - Sources of data: primary, secondary.
Organisation and Methods of collecting data: Some important sources of
Presentation of data collecting secondary data; ways of collecting primary
data; organization of data: meaning and types of variables,
frequency; presentation of data: tabular and diagrammatic
presentation(bar diagram, pie, line, histogram, polygon
and ogive curve).
 8. Measures of Central Measures of Central Value: average defined; type of
Value averages: arithmetic mean; simple and weighted (numericals
only on mean)
COMMERCE 1. Classification of Meaning of Human Activities, Meaning and
Human activities- Characteristics of Economic Activities, Meaning of
Economic and Non- Non-Economic Activities, Types of Economic
Economic Activities-Business, Profession, Employment-Meaning
and Features, Distinction between Business, Profession
and Employment
2. Nature and Meaning and Characteristics of business. Objectives of
Objectives of Business- Economic, Social, Human, National
Business Objectives, Role of Profit in Business
.
3. Classification of Meaning and Characteristics of Industry, Types of
Business activities Industry, Role of small businesses in India, Meaning
and Characteristics of Commerce ,Functions and
Importance of Commerce, Branches of Commerce-
Trade and Aids to Trade, Interrelationship between
Commerce, Trade and Industry ,Distinction between
Industry, Commerce and Trade

4. Introduction to Meaning and Characteristics of a business organization,

Business Types of Business Organisations, Distinction between
Organisations Public Enterprise, Private Enterprise and Joint Sector
5. Sole Trader Meaning and Characteristics of Sole Trader, Merits and
Demerits of Sole Proprietorship
6. Partnership Meaning and Features of Partnership Firms, Formation,
meaning and contents of Partnership Deed, Registration
of Partnership Firms, Consequences of Non-
Registration ,Types of Partnership and Partners,
Evaluation, Merits and Demerits of Partnership
7. Joint Stock Meaning and Features of Joint Stock Company, Merits
Company and Demerits of a Company
8. Types of Classification of Companies, Private and Public
Companies Company ,Privileges of a Private Company, Meaning
and Characteristics ,Merits and Demerits of Global
Enterprises ,Distinction between Private and Public
Company

9. Formation of a Meaning and Stages in Promotion, Meaning and Types,

Company Role of Promoters, Incorporation of a company-
Meaning and Steps of incorporation (including filing of
documents), Certificate of incorporation,
Commencement of business-Steps, Certificate of
Commencement, Memorandum of Association-
Meaning and Contents of Memorandum, Articles of
Association-Meaning and Contents of Articles,
Prospectus – Meaning, Contents of Prospectus,
Statement in lieu of Prospectus, Distinction of MOA
and AOA
10. Public Meaning, Characteristics, Objectives, role and forms of
Enterprises, Public Public Sector Undertakings, Objectives, Role and
Utilities and Private- rationale, Criticism of Public Enterprises, Forms of
Public Partnerships Public Sector Enterprises-Departmental Undertakings,
 Public Corporations and Government companies-
Definitions, Features, Objectives and Role.Meaning and
Features of Public private partnerships.
ACCOUNTS 1. Introduction To (i) Evolution of accounting: The three phases. (ii)
Accounting Meaning and definition of Book-keeping, Accounting
and Accountancy
(iii) Difference between book-keeping, Accounting and
Accountancy; (iv) Accounting cycle. (v) Users of
accounting information. (vi) Subfields of accounting:
Meaning of financial accounting, cost accounting and
management accounting
2. Basic Accounting Basic Terms: Event, Transaction, Vouchers, Capital,
Terms Assets (intangible, tangible, fixed, current, liquid,
wasting and fictitious), Liabilities (internal and external
– current, long-term and contingent), Trade Debtors,
Trade Creditors, Purchases, Sales, Goods traded in,
Stock (raw material, work in progress and finished
goods), Profit, Loss, Expense, Revenue, Income and
Drawings.
7. Journal 1. Meaning of Double Entry System. 2. Rules of
Journalizing - Traditional Classification and Modern
Approach. 3. Format of Journal.
Simple and Compound Journal Entries. Journalizing
transactions (Practical Problems without and with GST)
Adjusting and closing journal entries.

8. Ledger Meaning of Ledger, Format of Ledger, Mechanics of

posting, Balancing of various ledger accounts. (Practical
Problem)
12. Accounting of
goods and service GST : Meaning , Components, Intra and Inter state GST
Tax
13. Trial balance Preparation of the Trial Balance by the balance method
from the given ledger account balances. (Practical
Problems)
19 & 20 Final 1. Meaning 2. Preparation of Trading, Profit and Loss
account [with and Account and Balance Sheet of a sole trader (Without and
With adjustments] with adjustment). (Practical Problems).
18. Capital and Capital and Revenue Expenditure/Income.
revenue Expenditure (a) Meaning and difference between capital expenditure
and capital revenue
(b) Meaning and difference between capital income and
revenue income
(c) Meaning and difference between capital profit and
revenue profit
(d) Meaning and difference between capital loss and
revenue loss.
(e) Meaning of deferred revenue expenditure.
15. Depreciation (i) Meaning, (ii) Methods of charging depreciation: Straight
Line and Written Down Value method
(iii)Methods of recording depreciation: charging to asset
account.
BUSINESS (i) Introduction to the concept of business environment.
STUDIES Meaning and definition of business environment.
(ii) Features and importance of business environment.
Features: dynamic, relative, inter related, complex,
uncertain, totality of internal and external forces,
general and specific forces, universality, various
stakeholders; Need to understand business environment:
first mover advantage, early warning signals, business
strategies, competitive advantage, customer confidence
and public image, coping with change, customer needs,
1. Business keeping pace with consumerism. PESTLE analysis and
Environment Porter’s five factor analysis in understanding the
business environment
ii)SWOT Analysis Meaning and importance of SWOT
analysis. Components of SWOT
(i) Introduction to Entrepreneur. Meaning and definition
of entrepreneur; Classification of entrepreneurs:
independent and spin-off; types of entrepreneurs as
given by Clarence Danhof: Innovative, Imitating, Fabian
and Drone
(ii) Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Meaning,
definition and characteristics of entrepreneurship.
Characteristics of successful entrepreneur: forward
looking, hardworking, passionate, opinionated,
confident, resourceful, positive; Factors affecting
entrepreneurship: political, statutory (legal and
taxation), capital availability, availability of required
labour, availability of required raw material; Types of
entrepreneurship: small business, scalable startup, large
company, social.
(iii)Intrapreneurship Meaning, definition and
characteristics of intrapreneurship; Differences between
entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship; Classification of
intrapreneurs: venture and project; factors affecting
entrepreneurship; management support, resource
availability, organization structure, risk taking capacity,
reward
(iv)Enterprise Meaning and definition; steps in setting
up an enterprise: selecting the line of business, choosing
the form of ownership, locating the appropriate site to
set up the business, financing the proposition
(identifying 142 capital requirements and its sources),
setting up the physical layout and the facilities,
2. Entrepreneurship acquiring required human resource. Compliance with
statutory requirements, launching the business). Five
phases of a business: expansion, peak, recession, trough,
recovery.
Startup business – meaning only
Meaning of business risks. Types of business risks:
3. Business risks and strategic risks, financial risks, operational risks,
causes of failure. compliance risks, competition and market risks,
environmental risks, reputational risks, credit risks,
innovation risks: a brief explanation of each.
 Causes of business failure: internal causes (poor
management, premature scaling, funding shortfall,
inadequate profits, labour problems, small customer
base) and external forces (economy fluctuations, market
fluctuations, non-availability of credit, change in
technology, change in government policies and laws,
natural disasters, lack of availability of raw material).
Methods of managing business risk: accept and absorb,
avoid, transfer, mitigate, exploit (clear understanding of
the methods).
PSYCHOLOGY 1.The Subject Definition of Psychology; schools of thought
Psychology Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviourism,
Psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology- Psychology and
other disciplines.
Definition of Psychology, meaning of the terms:
behaviour, stimulus and response. The eclectic approach
of modern Psychology. Main features of the schools of
Structuralism, Functionalism and Behaviourism,
Psychoanalysis, Gestalt psychology (two Psychologists
of each approach and their relevant
concepts).Psychology and other Disciplines:
Relationship between Psychology and Economics,
Political Science, Law and Criminology, Sociology,
Computer Science, Mass Communication and Music &
Fine Arts.
(ii) Fields of Psychology – clinical, counselling,
developmental, educational, organizational and social.
The general importance and aims of studying
Psychology and its special benefits. Applications -
different branches and the kind of work done in special
fields - clinical, counselling, developmental,
educational, organizational and social (in brief).
(iii)Heredity and Environment – meaning of the term
‘heredity’; basic principles and mechanism of heredity
(genetic). Meaning of the term ‘environment’;
importance of both heredity and environment in
behaviour. The definition and role of chromosomes and
genes (dominant and recessive); the laws of heredity:
uniformity and variability. Significance of environment:
physical and social. Heredity related diseases: Mental
Retardation and Huntington’s disease. How both
heredity and environment interact to produce behaviour
(Twin studies, Adoption Studies, Separated Twin Study)
2. Research scientific observation? Field study; controlled and
Methodology uncontrolled observation; longitudinal and cross-
sectional studies; the case history method; the
experimental method - variables and controls - steps in
an experiment; surveys and use of questionnaires/self-
reports. One advantage and one disadvantage for each
method of Psychology. Meaning of samples (random,
biased, representative); meaning of population.
Psychological tests – characteristics, definition, uses and
types. Ethical Issues- voluntary participation, informed
consent, debriefing, sharing results of the study,
 confidentiality of data. (ii) Interpretation of research
results – use of statistics in interpretation of data -
understanding of why statistics is used (descriptive &
inferential). Basic statistical concepts – statistics,
sample, population. Why statistics is used in Psychology
- interpretation of findings: describing and summarizing
data, comparing individuals/ groups, investigating
relationships between variables, predicting. Descriptive
statistics - for summarizing scores. Inferential statistics -
to determine whether observed differences between
groups are likely/unlikely to have occurred by chance.
How scores are grouped into frequency distributions;
central tendency of a frequency distribution - mean,
median, mode and when each measure is used;
dispersion: the extent to which scores are spread out -
range, variance, standard deviation; why both (ISC
Revised Syllabus 2024) 2 central tendency and
variability are important in psychology
3.Learning What is meant by learning; how learning takes place -
Classical and Operant Conditioning; Insight learning,
Observational Learning and Learning Styles Definition
of learning - Pavlov and Classical Conditioning;
Thorndike and Trial and Error; Skinner and Operant
Conditioning; experiments, findings and principles
established. Insight and Observational
Learning - Kohler and Bandura's studies. Learning
Styles – Auditory, Visual and Kinaesthetic. (ii) Learning
disabilities: definition and types. Characteristics of the
disabilities - Dyslexia,
dyscalculia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia. Characteristics of
each learning disability. Remedials for Dyslexia only.
4.Attention and Nature of attention - its inner and outer determinants.
Perception The importance of attention in perception - how both
physical factors such as size, colour, movement, change,
intensity, contrast and psychological factors such as
need, interest and emotion determine attention and
perception. (ii) Perceptual processes - difference
between sensation and perception. Organizational
principles of perception - laws, constancies, depth and
colour perception. Process involved in transforming
sensation to perception. Important factors in perceptual
process - figure and ground, laws of grouping:
similarity, proximity, continuation, simplicity, good
figure; constancy of size, shape, colour and brightness;
factors involved in depth perception -monocular and
binocular cues; attributes of colour - hue (definition
only); wavelength (sound waves), brightness and
saturation; after-images positive and negative.
SOCIOLOGY 1. Origin and Emergence of Sociology as a Discipline. Discuss the
Development of definition, origin and growth of the discipline briefly.
Sociology and Define the nature and scope of Sociology. (ii) Classical
Anthropology Thinkers and Theories. Contribution of the Classical
Thinkers on the basis of their theories. Discuss the
contribution of the following on the basis of the given
 theories: • Auguste Comte – Positivism; • Max Weber -
Interpretive Sociology (bureaucracy, types of authority);
• Karl Marx - Conflict Theory (class and class struggle).
(iii) Sociology and other Social Sciences. An
understanding of the interrelationship between
Sociology and other Social Sciences Relationship
between Sociology and other Social Sciences
(similarities and differences) - Political Science,
Economics, Anthropology History, Psychology,
Philosophy
2.Research Importance of research methodology in Sociology and
Methodology Anthropology. Definition and importance of social
research. Tools of data collection (primary and
secondary): A brief idea of research tools used –
questionnaire, interview, observation, documentary
research. Definition, merits and demerits of the above.
3. Basic Concepts Individual and Society. Understanding the role of an
individual and his relation to society. Definition of
Society; characteristics of Society – to be explained in
detail. Discuss the definition, characteristics, problems
and differences between Rural and Urban Society. (ii)
Socialization – Man as a Social Animal. Human being
as a rational and social partner in environmental actions.
Definition and characteristics of socialization; primary
and secondary agencies of socialization (family, school,
society, peer group, media, religion). Definition of
natural selection, social selection and heredity. Nature
vs. nurture – to be discussed briefly (Explain man as a
social being, using the examples of the feral cases of
Amla and Kamala. Documentaries on Genie and Anna
may be shown as resource material). (iii)Culture Notion
and attributes of culture. Definition and characteristics
of culture; brief explanation of the features of norms,
folkways, mores, customs, values. Definitions only of
material and non-material culture, culture lag and
culture conflict. A brief look at some past traditions and
customs which reflect a close understanding of material
and non-material culture e.g. johads, farmers crops and
growing season in complete harmony with the local
environment and seasons, etc.
COMPUTER 1 Number System Numbers
SCIENCE Representation of numbers in different bases and
interconversion between them (e.g. binary, octal, decimal,
hexadecimal). Addition and subtraction operations for
numbers in different bases.
Introduce the positional system of representing numbers and
the concept of a base. Discuss the conversion of
representations between different bases using English or
pseudo code. These algorithms are also good examples for
defining different functions in a class modelling numbers
(when programming is discussed). For addition and
subtraction (1’s complement and 2’s complement) use the
analogy with decimal numbers, emphasize how carry works
(this will be useful later when binary adders are discussed).
(a) Binary encodings for integers and real numbers using a
 finite number of bits (sign-magnitude, 2’s complement,
mantissa-exponent notation).
Signed, unsigned numbers, least and most significant bits.
Sign-magnitude representation and its shortcomings (two
representations for 0, addition requires extra step); two’s-
complement representation. Operations (arithmetic, logical,
shift), discuss the basic algorithms used for the arithmetic
operations. Floating point representation: normalized
scientific notation, mantissa-exponent representation, binary
point (discuss trade-off between size of mantissa and
exponent). Single and double precision.
(b) Characters and their encodings (e.g. ASCII, ISCII,
Unicode).
Discuss the limitations of the ASCII code in representing
characters of other languages. Discuss the Unicode
representation for the local language. Java uses Unicode, so
strings in the local language can be used (they can be
displayed if fonts are available) – a simple table lookup for
local language equivalents for Latin (i.e. English) character
strings may be done. More details on Unicode are available at
www.unicode.org.
2 Proportional Logic (a) Propositional logic, well-formed formulae, truth values
and interpretation of well-formed formulae, truth tables.
Propositional variables; the common logical connectives
((not)(negation), ∧ (and)(conjunction), ∨ (or)(disjunction), ⇒
(implication), ⇔ (equivalence)); definition of a well-formed
formula (wff); representation of simple word problems as wff
(this can be used for motivation); the values true and false;
interpretation of a wff; truth tables; satisfiable, unsatisfiable
and valid formulae.
(b) Logic and hardware, basic gates (AND, NOT, OR) and
their universality, other gates (NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR),
half adder, full adder.
Show how the logic in (a) above can be realized in hardware
in the form of gates. These gates can then be combined to
implement the basic operations for arithmetic. Tie up with the
arithmetic operations on integers discussed earlier in 2 (a).

3 General OOP Programming Paradigms,

Concepts Abstraction,Inheritance,Encapsulation,Modularity
Polymorphism

ART Art Paper 2 Make a detailed study of the given specimen

Drawing or Painting Special attention should be paid to the structure,
from Nature proportion, texture, shade, light and tones.
Art Paper 4 Specified objects for inclusion in a composition, or
Original Imaginative in any other from that will stimulate the
Composition in Colour imagination, Work if possible on scenes that they
have themselves observed.
PHYSICAL Section A - 1. Concept (i) Meaning of Physical Education, its aim and objectives.
EDUCATION of Physical Education Understanding of the term ‘Physical Education’. Aims and
objectives of Physical Education Importance of Physical
Education. Need for Physical Education and how it is
important. (ii) Misconceptions about Physical Education and
the relevance of Physical Education in the inter-disciplinary
context (sports medicine, sports engineering, sports
psychology, sports journalism, sports physiotherapy, sports
nutritionist, sports fashion designing). Misconceptions with
 respect to Physical Education; how Physical Education is
related to various other disciplines as listed above. (iii)
Meaning of ‘Play’ and ‘Recreation’. Definition and
importance of ‘Play’; Characteristics of Play (freedom and
time, space and spontaneity, enjoyment, intrinsic value).
Definition and importance of recreation. (iv) Meaning and
concept of ‘Games and Sports’. Meaning, definition and
characteristics of‘ games and Sports’
2. Individual Aspects and Group Dynamics(a) Interest and
attitude. Meaning and definition of the term Interest (inborn
and acquired); Methods of developing interest (in Physical
Education activities and programmes).Meaning and
definition of the term Attitude (experience, derived,
2. Individual Aspects
emotional challenge, profession);attitude: by means of
and Group Dynamics
suggestions, by blindly accepting the social norms, by means
of some intense emotional experiences, through participating
in games and sports (forming attitude to win, attitude towards
exercise, attitude towards physical fitness, fair play,
obedience, discipline, etc.)
(i) Physique, Physical Fitness and Wellness. Understanding
of the term ‘Physique’; A basic understanding of the three
body types (a) Endomorph (b) Mesomorph (c) Ectomorph.
Meaning and importance of Physical Fitness and Wellness.
(ii) Components of physical fitness and wellness.
Components of physical fitness: Health related fitness such as
Cardio vascular endurance, muscular endurance, strength;
5. Physical Fitness &
flexibility; body composition. Skill related fitness: such as
Wellness
Cardio vascular endurance, muscular endurance, strength;
flexibility; body composition, balance; coordination; agility;
power, reaction time and speed (Candidates should be made
to understand that skill related fitness includes all health
related fitness components). Components of Wellness: social,
spiritual, physical, mental, emotional and intellectual (a basic
understanding of each).
Knowledge of the game, strategies and tactics, and how to
improve performance. – Detailed understanding of the rules
and regulations of the game. Match time, extra time, tie
breaker, sudden death, ball in play and out of play,
importance of lines on the field. Various methods of starting
and restarting the game. Substitution procedure, penalty cards
and their importance. – Knowledge of the dimensions of the
field, thickness of the lines, dimensions of center circle,
quarter circle, goal and penalty area, penalty arc and
complete specifications and markings on it. Equipment of the
game with their length, width, weight, thickness, material and
dimensions. Diagram of goal post and field. – Duties of the
Section B -
officials, requirements of the game, equipment needed,
FOOTBALL
numbers of players, duty of coach, captain, assistant referees,
technical officials, grounds men, ball boys, match organizers,
technical area. – Laws governing the game. Suspensions,
penalisations, draws, match fixtures, arrangements needed to
conduct tournaments, punishment on players, coaches. –
Basic skills and techniques (Passing - types of pass, ground
lofted, chip, volley, angle of pass. Control (use of various
surfaces-head chest, foot thigh). Dribbling (running with the
ball, rhythm and pace, feints, body swerves, screening,
beating an opponent. Heading the ball with intention of
(attacking, defending, jumping, to head down, high, pass,
score). Shooting skills with either foot, inside or outside,
 short and long range shots, swerving shots, volleys, penalty
kicks, power and accuracy. Tackling skills - interception,
jockeying for the ball, trapping by various body parts,
position, tackle front, side, slide, recovery. Goalkeeping skills
- stopping, watching, guiding the team, saving goal, dealing,
catching, heading, kicking, punching, throwing, diving,
anticipation, speed and reflexes
Knowledge of the game, strategies and tactics, and how to
improve performance. – Detailed understanding of the rules
and regulations of the game. – Knowledge of the dimensions
and diagram of the court, thickness of the lines, dimensions
within the court, full specifications of the net, pole and other
equipment required for the game. – Duties of the officials,
table officials, referees, requirements of the game, equipment
needed, numbers of players, reserve bench, duty of coach,
Volleyball captain, etc. Basic skills and techniques, tactics and team
skills, Knowledge of basic skills, volley-two hand pass over
the head forearm pass. The serve underarm, over arm float,
over arm jump, over arm top spin, round house jump. The
smash -high set cross court, down the line, speed smash, tip
the ball over the block. The block-line of defence, defence
against smash, attack at set ball. Teamwork importance in
both defence and attack. Understanding rotation, blocking
and screening.
ENVIRONMENTAL 1. Modes of (i) Modes of existence and their features: hunting -
SCIENCE (EVS) Existence gathering; pastoral; agricultural; industrial. (ii) Their
impact on natural resource base: energy resources;
material resources; scale of catchment; quantity of
resources used. Impact of each mode on the available
natural resources. Their social organisation: size of
group; kinship; division of labour; access to resources.
Their ideology and idiom of man-nature relationship.
(iii) An appreciation of the coexistence of all four
modes of existence in contemporary India. (iv)
Ecological conflicts arising therein.
2. Ecology (i) Definition of ecology and ecosystem. Structure of an
ecosystem: biotic and abiotic components. (ii) Trophic
relationships: food chains and food webs. Bio
magnification and bioaccumulation of toxic wastes. (iii)
Relationships between living organisms: competition,
predation, mutualism, parasitism, commensalism.
Examples of each type. (iv) Coevolution - Definition
and types with examples. (v) Basic understanding of:
Habitats and niche; Gause’s Exclusion Principle;
Resource Partioning; Energy pyramid and Flow of
energy. (vi) Nutrient cycles: Nitrogen, Carbon,
Phosphorous and Hydrological cycles; their working
and impact of human activities on these cycles. (vii)
Definition of Ecological succession. Classification as
primary and secondary. Causes (autogenic and
allogenic). Understanding of the stages of succession
3. Pollution (i) Air pollution: definition and causes. (ii) An
understanding of greenhouse effect. Human sources of
greenhouse gases and Effects of greenhouse gases. (iii)
Need for pollution control. Pollution prevention and
control measures; Role of Pollution Control Boards.
Correction at source- point and non-point sources.
Industrial pollution removal of particulate pollutants
(cyclone collector, electrostatic precipitator) – removal
of gaseous pollutants by wet dry system. Subsidies and
Incentives for Pollution Control. (iv) Problems related
to combating Global warming. (v) Definition of water
pollution. Understanding water cycle. Causes of
pollution of surface, ground and ocean water and their
effects. Point and non-point sources of water pollution.
Difficulty in dealing with ground water pollution. (vi)
Soil pollution – sources, effects and mitigation.