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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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International General Certificate of Secondary Education

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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/01

Paper 1
May/June 2006

1 hour 30 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer all questions.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

For Examiner’s Use

Total

This document consists of 12 printed pages and 4 blank pages.

SPA (DR) T04111/2
© UCLES 2006 [Turn over
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1 The diagram shows the percentage of the population of different countries that has access to
safe water and to sanitation.

100 Key:
Safe water
Percent of population

80
Sanitation
60

40

20

0
es
h zil ile ina ia ya xic
o ibia
d Bra Ch Ch Ind Ken e m
ngla M Na
Ba Country

(a) (i) Which country has the lowest percentage of its population with safe water?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Which country has the highest percentage of its population with sanitation?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Name two diseases which are carried by water.

Carried by water

1 ................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Name two diseases which are transmitted by animals which live all, or part, of their
lives in water.

Transmitted by water animals

1 ................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................[2]

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(c) Local people and government could find ways to improve sanitation. Describe one way
in which each could achieve this.

Local people

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......................................................................................................................................[2]

Local or National Government

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[Total: 10]

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2
MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY
In the year 79AD the volcano Vesuvius, in Italy, erupted. This event killed thousands of
people and destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Since this time, Vesuvius has
erupted over thirty times, most recently in 1944, with activity every 75 years or so. Today,
however, over 2 million people still live on, or near, the slopes of this volcano.

(a) (i) What is a volcano?

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Describe two major problems that survivors of the eruption in the year 79AD might
have faced.

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(iii) Explain why people are still prepared to live near volcanoes, despite the dangers.

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(b) In a country with volcanoes what strategies can be used to reduce the impact of future
eruptions in the country?

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[Total: 10]

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BLANK PAGE

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3 (a) The diagram below, shows the Earth and its atmosphere.

Ozone
layer

Significant
increased UV
penetration
Ozone hole

(i) Draw a simple sketch in the space below to show what this diagram would look like
if it was showing the Earth and the ozone layer many thousands of years ago.

[1]

(ii) Explain the causes of the changes between the diagram and your sketch.

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[2]
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(iii) How might the changes affect humans and the environment?

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(b) The following graph shows the amount of ozone destroying gases predicted to be
present in the atmosphere if countries do not follow the Montreal Protocol (an
International Agreement) to reduce damage to the ozone layer. It also shows what
might happen if they do. What actions do you think the Montreal Protocol suggested
countries should take with regard to ozone?

15000
Without
Montreal Protocol
Concentration of ozone
destroying gases (ppt)

12000

9000

6000
With
Montreal Protocol

3000

0
1950 1975 2000 2025 2050 2075 2100
Year

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[Total: 10]

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4 The United Kingdom population is growing at a rate of about 0.4% per year.
The diagram below shows how the United Kingdom population has changed in structure,
since 1901.

Percentage within age categories (%) 100

75

Key:
50
% 65+
% 15 – 64

25 % under 15

0
1901 1931 1951 1971
Year

(a) (i) What proportion (%) of the population was aged 65+ in 1971?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) What proportion (%) of the population was aged 65+ in 1901?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Using the diagram describe the changes in age structure which the United
Kingdom population has shown from 1901 until 1971.

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..............................................................................................................................[3]

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(b) Niger, a country in Africa, has a population growth rate of nearly 3% per year.

(i) State two environmental problems that such a high population growth rate might
cause in Niger.

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..............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) How can the governments in countries such as Niger reduce this high growth rate?

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[Total: 10]

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5 The diagrams below show sources of energy used in the world, A and in the USA, B.

World Energy Sources USA Energy Sources

charcoal/wood
5% gas gas
17% 23%

oil
oil 40%
36%
coal
25%
coal
22%
renewables
renewables nuclear nuclear
4% 7%
13% 8%

A B

(a) (i) What world energy source is not used by the USA?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Which is the most used energy source in the World?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Which is the least used energy source in the USA?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(iv) Which source of energy do you expect to increase most in years to come?

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(v) Worldwide 13% of energy comes from renewables, and in the USA 7%.
Name two kinds of renewable energy that these figures might represent.

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..............................................................................................................................[2]

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we are here in 2006!

Oil production

Time

(b) Look at the picture above of a T-shirt advertising the organisation www.oilcrisis.com.
The graph on the shirt shows oil production plotted against time and shows the present
day with the words ‘we are here’.

(i) Using the graph from the shirt, describe what will happen to world oil production in
the future.

..................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) An alternative to oil is nuclear energy. Describe two of the problems caused by the
production of nuclear energy.

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..............................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 10]

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6 The picture below shows part of an Ecosystem.

(a) (i) Using the picture, and your own knowledge, explain any two of the following terms:

niche,
habitat,
energy flow.

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(ii) Look at the different shaded areas on the diagram, a key is given below

Key: A B C

Say which letter represents:

Producers, .................................

Consumers, .................................

Solar energy. ................................. [3]

(b) The ecosystem shown contains trees. All around the world, trees are being cleared for
various purposes.

State three reasons why trees might be cleared.

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[Total: 10]

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Copyright Acknowledgements:

Question 1 © Global Eye; WorldAware.

Question 3 © http://www.ecocentre.org.uk/global-warming.html
Question 5(b) © www.cafepress.com/peakoilaware

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

0680/01/M/J/06