See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/344539884

Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed

composite beams with corrugated steel webs

Article in Steel and Composite Structures · October 2020

DOI: 10.12989/scs.2020.37.1.001

CITATIONS READS

3 141

3 authors, including:

Ferhat Erdal Osman Tunca

Akdeniz University Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi
50 PUBLICATIONS 1,028 CITATIONS 56 PUBLICATIONS 70 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Optimal design of civil engineering structures by aid of contemporary metaheuristic algorithms View project

Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm Based Design of Structures View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ferhat Erdal on 13 May 2022.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Steel and Composite Structures, Vol. 37, No. 1 (2020) 1-14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.37.1.001 1

Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed

composite beams with corrugated steel webs
Ferhat Erdal1, Osman Tunca2a and Ramazan Ozcelik1b
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University, 07058, Antalya, Turkey
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey

(Received January 14, 2020, Revised September 16, 2020, Accepted September 22, 2020)

Abstract. Composite beams with corrugated steel webs represent a new innovative system which has emerged in the past
decade for medium span in the construction technology. The use of composite beams with corrugated steel webs results in a
range of benefits, including flexible spaces and reduced foundation costs in the construction technology. The thin corrugated
web affords a significant weight reduction of these beams, compared with hot-rolled or welded ones. In the current research, an
optimal designed I-girder beam with corrugated web has been proposed to improve the structural performance of continuous
composite girder under bending moment. The experimental program has been conducted for six simply supported composite
beams with different loading conditions. The tested specimens are designed by using one of the stochastic techniques called
hunting search algorithm. In the optimization process, besides the thickness of concrete slab and studs, corrugated web
properties are considered as design variables. The design constraints are respectively implemented from Eurocode 3, BS-8110
and DIN 18-800 Teil-1. The last part of the study focuses on performing a numerical study on composite beams by utilizing
finite element analysis and the bending behavior of steel girders with corrugated webs experimentally and numerically verified
the results. A nonlinear analysis was carried out using the finite element software ANSYS on the composite beams which were
modelled using the elements ten-node high order quadrilateral type.
Keywords: composite structures; corrugated web beams; load carrying capacity; structural optimization; failure modes
of beams; finite element analysis

1. Introduction Corrugated structure of the web cross-section not only

increases the resistance of the beam against to shear force
The use of long span steel beams results in a range of and other possible local effects, but also prevents the
benefits, including flexible, free internal spaces and reduced buckling due to loss of moment of inertia before the plastic
foundation costs. Many large clear-span design solutions limit. This specific structure of the web leads to a decrease
are also well adapted to simplify the integration of in the beam unit weight and increase in the load carrying
mechanical or utility services. Corrugated steel web beams capacity. These efficient construction materials, commonly
provide economical solution and pleasing appearance for used in developed countries over years, can be utilized at
space structures. In construction applications, the web part the roofs as an alternative to space truss and roof truss, at
of beam usually carries the compressive stress and transmits the slabs as floor beams or columns under axial force.
shear in the beam while the flanges support the applied Although the designers are aware of the advantages of the
external loads. By using greater part of the material for the composite systems to be produced with that beams, there is
flanges and thinner web, materials saving could be achieved still not a detailed technical specification about their design
without weakening the load-carrying capability of the beam. and behavior. The first studies on the corrugated web beams
In this case, the compressive stress in the web has exceeded were focused on the vertically trapezoidal corrugation.
the critical point prior to the occurrence of yielding, the flat Elgaaly et al. (1996, 1997) investigated the failure
web loses its stability and deforms transversely. Corrugated mechanisms of trapezoidal corrugation beams under loading
web beams shown in Fig. 1 are built-up girders with a thin- conditions, namely shear mode and bending mode. They
walled, corrugated web and plate flanges. found that the web could be neglected in the beam bending
design calculation due to its insignificant contribution to the
beam’s load-carrying capability. Besides that, the two
distinct modes of failure under the effect of patch loading
Corresponding author, Ph.D. were dependent on the loading position and the corrugation
E-mail: [email protected] parameters. These are found agreeable to the investigation
a
Ph.D. by Johnson and Cafolla (1998) were further discussed in
E-mail: [email protected] their writings. In addition, the experimental tests conducted
b
Ph.D. by Li et al. (2000) demonstrated that the corrugated web
E-mail: [email protected] beam has 2 times higher buckling resistance than the plane
web type. According to Pasternak et al. (2010), the buckling
Copyright © 2020 Techno-Press, Ltd.
http://www.techno-press.org/?journal=scs&subpage=8 ISSN: 1229-9367 (Print), 1598-6233 (Online)
2 Ferhat Erdal, Osman Tunca and Ramazan Ozcelik

with parameter sets.

2. Design of composite corrugated web beams

The ultimate state design of a beam necessitates check

of its strength and serviceability. The computation of the
strength of a corrugated web beam is determined by
considering the interaction of flexure and shear at the
sinusoidal web. Consequently, the constraints to be
considered in the design of a corrugated web beam include
the displacement limitations, transverse force load capacity
of webs, normal force load carrying capacity of flanges,
lateral torsional buckling capacity of the entire span, rupture
Fig. 1 Geometric properties of corrugated web beam of the welded joint, formation of a flexure mechanism and
practical restrictions for corrugated web and flanges
mentioned in Erdal et al. (2016, 2017).
resistance of presently used sinusoidal corrugated webs is
comparable with plane webs. The adoption of steel beam 2.1 Stochastic optimization techniques
with corrugated web for mechanical performance of the
structure has been studied by Sayed et al. (2001) and Jiang A combinatorial optimization problem requires
et al. (2015), respectively. This key feature has been exhaustive search and effort to determine an optimum
demonstrated by Chan et al. (2002), Chen et al. (2015, solution which is computationally expensive and, in some
2016) and Wang et al. (2018) on the structural cases, may even not be practically possible. Meta-heuristic
performances of composite girders with steel corrugated techniques are established to make this search within
webs, including the flexural capacity, then searched by He computationally acceptable time period. Amongst these
et al. (2012), Hassanin et al. (2013, 2014), Mo et al. (2000, techniques are simulated annealing (Kirkpatrick et al.
2003), Ding et al. (2012) and Chen et al. (2016) including (1983)), evolution strategies (Rechenberg (1965)), particle
shear capacity, the torsional behavior and the dynamic swarm optimizer (Perez et al. (2007)), tabu search (Glover
properties of mentioned beams. Then, Lu and Ji (2018) (1989)), ant colony optimization (Dorigo and Stutzleet
investigated to optimize and improve the prestressed (2004)), harmony search method (Lee and Geem (2004)),
concrete composite box-girders with corrugated steel webs genetic algorithms (Goldberg (1989)) and others. All of
with two different ways. And then, an analytical model these techniques implement particular meta-heuristic search
accounting for the interaction between the local and global algorithms that are developed based on simulation of a
shear buckling of corrugated steel web beams is proposed natural phenomenon into numerical optimization procedure.
by Barakat and Leblouba (2018). Experimental results from They have gained a worldwide popularity recently and have
that study are compared with the analytical model. Lastly, proved to be quite robust and effective methods for finding
the long-term behavior of a three-span bridge with solutions to discrete programming problems in structural
corrugated steel webbing has been examined by Zhan et al. optimization.
(2019). In the present study, the ultimate load capacities of
optimally designed composite corrugated web beams are 2.1.1 Hunting search algorithm
tested in a self-reacting frame to perform critical loads for Hunting search method based optimum design algorithm
all tested specimens. For this purpose, six corrugated beams has six basic steps, which is outlined in the following
are tested to determine the ultimate load capacities of (Oftadeh and Mahjoob 2010). In the first step design
mentioned beams under loading conditions. The tested algorithm and parameters are initialized. HGS defines the
specimens are designed by using one of the stochastic group size which is the number of solution vectors in
search techniques called hunting search method. This meta- hunting group, MML represents the maximum movement
heuristic algorithm is successfully applied to the optimum toward the leader and HGCR is hunting group consideration
design problems of structures where the design constraints rate which varies between 0 and 1. Then, hunting group is
are implemented from BS EN1993-1:2005 (Annex-D, generated in the second step. On the basis of the number of
Eurocode 3), BS-8110 and DIN 18-800 Teil 1-3 provisions. hunters (HGS), hunting group is initialized with following
In this formulation, the thickness of concrete slab and studs, equation by selecting randomly sequence number of
web height and thickness, distance between the peaks of the sections (Ii) for each group.
two curves, the width and thickness of flange in the 𝐼𝑖 = INT[𝐼min + 𝑟(𝐼max − 𝐼min )] 𝑖 = 1,….,n (1)
composite corrugated web beams are considered as design
variables. The computational steps of the algorithm and the Where; the term r represents a random number between
design process are not demonstrated in the paper due to 0 and 1, Imin is equal to 1, Imax is the number of values in the
space limitations, yet the detailed implementation specifics discrete set and n is the number of design variables. In Step
of the search method and optimum design process of 3, hunters move toward the leader. New hunters’ positions
corrugated web beams can be found in Erdal et al. (2017) are generated by moving toward the leader hunter.
 Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed composite beams with corrugated steel webs 3

Concrete
𝐼𝑖′ = 𝐼𝑖 + 𝑟 MML ( 𝐼𝑖𝐿 − 𝐼𝑖 ) 𝑖 = 1,….,n (2) i Shear Connertors
xc i+1

Where; IiL
is the position value of the leader for i-th Mi Vi
D3
Dc Vi+1 T -T M i+1
variable. Then, position correction-cooperation between Ti
xct i 2
T3
hunters is done in the fourth step. After moving toward the
leader, hunters tend to choose another position to conduct D

`hunt' efficiently, i.e., better solutions. Position correction is Ti xcd Ti

performed in two ways, first one is real value correction and
the other is digital value. In this study, real value correction
is employed for the position correction. Fig. 2 The demonstration of composite corrugated web
beam cross-section
𝑗'
𝑗'
𝐼𝑖 ∈ { 𝐼𝑖1 , 𝐼𝑖2 , … , 𝐼𝑖𝐻𝐺𝑆 } → 𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑅
𝐼𝑖 ←{
𝑗′
(3)
INT (𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼𝑖 ± Ra) → (1 − 𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑅)
𝑊𝑘𝑜𝑚 = 𝜌𝑠 ((2 × 𝑏𝑓 × 𝑡𝑓 × 𝐿) + (ℎ × 𝑡𝑤 × 𝐿𝑑ü𝑧 ))
In the penultimate step, each member of hunting group + 𝜌𝑏𝑒𝑡 [𝐴𝑏𝑒𝑡 𝐿 + (𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑢 𝑁𝑠𝑡𝑢 )]
(5)
must reorganize themselves to get another chance to find
the global optimum. If the difference between the objective Where, ρS density of steel, bf the width of flange, tf
functions obtained by the leader and the worst hunter in the thickness of flange, L span of beam, h height of corrugated
group becomes smaller than a predetermined constant (ε1) web, tw thickness of corrugated web and Ldüz span of beam
and the termination criterion is not satisfied, then the group before corrugation process. Ρbet the density of concrete
reorganized. By employing the Eq. (6), leader keeps its class, Abet the section area of the concrete slab, Astu net
position and the others randomly select positions. section area of connection members between concrete slab
𝐼𝑖′ = 𝐼𝑖𝐿 ± 𝑟 ( max(𝐼𝑖 ) − min(𝐼𝑖 ) ) 𝛼 (−𝛽 EN ) (4) and corrugated beam, Nstu the number of connection
members between the concrete slab and corrugated beam
Where; IiL is the position value of the leader for the i-th along span. The demonstration of composite corrugated
variable, r represents the random number between 0 and 1, web beam under loading conditions is given in Fig. 2 with
min(Ii) and max(Ii) are minimum and maximum values of more detail.
variable Ii, respectively, EN refers to the number of times Although some design parameters are left to the
that the hunting group has trapped until this step. α and β engineer, for web and flange dimensions, the following
are determine the convergence rate of the algorithm. geometrical restrictions in Eqs. (6)-(9) are required to be
Finally, third and fifth steps are repeated until a pre- observed, respectively.
assigned maximum number of cycles are reached for
termination. 333 𝑚𝑚 ≤ ℎ ≤ 1500 𝑚𝑚 (6)

1.5 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑤 ≤ 5.0 𝑚𝑚 (7)

3. Optimum design problem
120 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑏𝑓 ≤ 450 𝑚𝑚 (8)
The design of a composite corrugated web beam
requires the selection of width and thickness of a plate from 6.0 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 𝑡𝑓 ≤ 30.0 𝑚𝑚 (9)
which the corrugated web is to be produced, distance
between the peak points of each corrugate, the length of
3.1 Transverse load carrying capacity of corrugated
corrugate web, the selection of width and thickness of a
webs
plate for upper and lower flanges in the beam, thickness of
the concrete slab and connection members between the
Based on the experimental test results (Test report on
concrete slab and corrugated beam are considered as design
experiments carried out on I-beams with corrugated web
variables. For this purpose, a design pool is prepared. The
plates (1990) and Final Report on the Bearing Performance
optimum design problem formulated considering the design
of Corrugated Web Beams (1996)) and DASt-Ri.015
constraints explained in the previous sections yields the
(1990), the following design procedure for shear load
following mathematical model. Find a integer design vector
bearing capacity (VTK-MAX) has been suggested: An
{I} = { I1, I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I7}T where I1 is the sequence
orthotropic plate with rigidities (Dx;Dy) in corrugated web
number of for the width of upper and lower flanges, I2 is the
should be checked in Eq. (10). For transverse buckling
sequence number for the thickness of upper and lower
stress of corrugated web (τ EG) Eq. (11), for slenderness
flanges, I3 is the thickness of corrugated web, I4 is distance
parameter of corrugated web (λGN) Eq. (12), for the
between the peak points of corrugate webs and I5 the height
buckling coefficient of corrugated web (KB) Eq. (13) and
of corrugate web, I6 thickness of the concrete slab and I7 is
transverse force load carrying capacity for the corrugated
the connectors between the slab and corrugated beam.
web finally results in Eq. (14) (DASt-Ri.015).
Hence the design problem turns out to be minimizing the
weight of the composite beam (Wkom). 𝐷𝑥 =
𝐸×𝑤×𝑡 3
,𝐷𝑦 =
𝐸×𝐼𝑦
for 𝐷𝑥 ≤ 𝐷𝑦 (10)
12×𝑠 𝑤
4 Ferhat Erdal, Osman Tunca and Ramazan Ozcelik

In these equations, d height of steel section, d1 distance

162 (11)
𝜏𝐸𝐺 = 3
2 √(𝐷𝑥 × 𝐷𝑦 ) between the center of steel section and upper part, yc
5 × 𝑡𝑤 × ℎ distance between the center of pressure region of steel
section and upper part, yt distance between the center of
𝑓𝑦 (12) tension region of steel and lower part, tc height of slab, bc
𝜆𝐺𝑁 = √
√3 × 𝜏𝐸𝐺 effective slab width, hf height of steel deck, fy yield strength
of steel, fck compressive strength of concrete, γa and γc are
coefficients for steel and concrete Nstu.
𝐾𝐵 =
1 (13)
(𝜆𝐺𝑁 )3/2
3.4 The design of concrete slab for corrugated web
𝐾𝐵 × 𝑓𝑦 × ℎ × 𝑡𝑤 (14) beams
𝑉𝑇𝐾−𝑀𝐴𝑋 =
√3
The effective length of concrete slab and number of
shear connectors have been calculated for OGK_330,
3.2 Normal load carrying capacity of flanges OGK_415 and OGK_500 beams according to EC4, BS-
5950 Part-3, Section 3-1.
It is necessary to check tensile and compressive stresses
𝑙0 470𝑐𝑚
in corrugated beams (DIN 18800 Teil 1 and Teil 2). The 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓= = = 117,5𝑐𝑚 (23)
first one is the tensile stress capacity of beam. The load 4 4
capacity of the flange is derived in Eq. (15).
𝑅𝑆 = 0,95𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑎 (24)
𝑁𝑇−𝑀𝐴𝑋
𝜎𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊 =
𝑏𝑓 × 𝑡𝑓
(15) In these equations, beffis effective length of concrete slab
and l0 is span of beam.
Reformulation of the expression for ψ = 1 leads to the
following elastic limit stress 𝑅𝐶 = 0,45𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ𝑐 (25)
4000 In the equation 25, Rc is compressive force of concrete,
𝜎𝐸𝐿 = 2 (16) hc the depth of the concrete slab, Aa is section area of steel,
(𝑏𝑓 × 𝑡𝑓 ) h height of steel section, hp the depth of concrete slab at tab
Therefore the reduced normal force on the flange of the deck. If plastic neutral axis is on the upper flange of
steel section, moment is defined as
𝑁𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 = 𝜎𝐸𝐿 × 𝑏𝑓 × 𝑡𝑓 (17)
ℎ ℎ𝑐
𝑀𝑝𝑙,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑅𝐶 ( + ℎ𝑝 ) (26)
Failure of stability - lateral buckling of the flange - is 2 2
equivalent to the verification against torsional-flexural
The calculation of shear connectors for composite
buckling. If the restraining effect of the web is ignored, the
beams has been defined in equations 27, 28 and 29. In these
torsional-flexural verification is carried out as the buckling
equations, fu maximum tensile stress of steel shear
verification for the “isolated” flange. The following
connectors, h the height of shear connectors, d the diameter
condition for the distance between lateral supports is
of shear connectors, γv safety factor, and α is constant.
obtained
𝑏𝑓2 × 𝑡𝑓 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐸𝑐
𝜋 𝑃𝑅𝑑 = 0,29𝛼𝑑 2 (27)
𝜏𝐸𝐺 = √𝐸 × 𝑓𝑦 × (18) 𝛾𝑣
4√3 𝑘𝑐 × 𝑐
𝜋𝑑 2 (28)
𝑃𝑅𝑑 = 0,8𝑓𝑢
3.3 Behavioural and geometrical restrictions of 4𝛾𝑣
composite beam ℎ (29)
𝛼 = 0,2 ( + 1) ≤ 1 →
𝑑
The moment capacity of composite corrugated web
beam with sinusoidal web function (𝑀𝑅𝐷 ) has been defined
as following equations. For the neutral axis on concrete slab
4. Design example
𝑓𝑦 𝑇𝐴𝐷 ×𝛾𝑐
𝑇𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴 × and 𝑎 = (19)
𝛾𝑎 0.85×𝑓𝑐𝑘 ×𝑏𝑐
Optimum design algorithms presented are used to
design a corrugated steel web beam (OGK) with 5-m span
𝑀𝑅𝐷 = 𝑇𝐴𝐷 × (𝑑1 + ℎ𝐹 + 𝑡𝑐 − 𝑎/2) (20)
shown in Fig. 3. The beam is subjected to point loading.
For the neutral axis on steel profile The upper flange of the beam is laterally supported by the
𝑓𝑐𝑘 1 floor system that it supports. The maximum displacement is
𝐶𝐶𝐷 = 0.85 × 𝑏𝑐 × 𝑡𝑐 and 𝐶𝑎𝑑 = × limited to 17 mm. The modulus of elasticity is 205 kN/mm2.
𝛾𝑐 2 (21)
(𝑇𝐴𝐷 − 𝐶𝐶𝐷 ) The design example is solved by hunting search (HSA).
The maximum number of generations is taken as 5000
𝑀𝑅𝐷 = 𝐶𝐴𝐷 × (𝑑 − 𝑦𝑡 − 𝑦𝑐 ) + 𝐶𝐶𝐷 ((𝑡𝑐 /2) + ℎ𝑓 + 𝑑 − 𝑦𝑡 ) (22) (Table 1).
 Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed composite beams with corrugated steel webs 5

The experimental investigation was carried out on three

different sets of composite beam specimens under different
type of loadings. The ultimate load carrying capacities of
optimally designed these mentioned beams (OGKK) are
tested in a self-reacting frame. The tests have been carried
out on six full-scale OGKK_330, OGKK_415 and
OGKK_500 typebeams. These optimally designed simply
supported beams which have preliminary span lengths of
Fig. 3 Loading of 5-m span corrugated web beam 5000 mm are subjected to point loading, two points loading
and partially distributed loading, respectively. All
specimens are placed on simple supports at both ends. A
Table 1 The Parameters of HSA Technique pair of lateral supports is provided at the end of each beam
end for preventing lateral torsional buckling. The load is
The values of parameters provided by hydraulic jack reacting on the laboratory floor
HGS 90 Ramax 0.01 and aligned equally on each side of the beam. The canister
type load cell used for the experiments is calibrated before
MML 0.002 Ramin 0
testing procedure took place. To record overall
HGCR displacements of the corrugated beams, four transducers are
0.9 β=0.02 IE=25
and α
mounted to test specimens. For each beam, the adjustment
IE 25 𝑁𝑐𝑦𝑐 5000 of loading rod positions has been applied. The purpose of
this action is to prevent the eccentric loading. The main
focus of the experiment is to investigate ultimate carrying
Table 2 Optimum Design of Corrugated Beam with 5-m capacity of composite corrugated web beams and to observe
Span what type of failure would take place after compression
tests on these beams.
Optimum tw h tf Hc Lc Weight
Section (mm) (mm) (mm) (kg)
(mm) (mm) 5.1The fabrication process of composite corrugated
OGK_330 5 330 8 43 155 176.33 web beams
OGK_415 4 415 10 43 155 216.91
OGK_500 5 500 12 43 155 302.24 Six optimally designed composite corrugated web
beams (OGKK_330, OGKK_415 and OGKK_500)
fabricated are tested to find out ultimate load capacities of
such beams. Rolling of the web parts (Fig. 4(a)), welding
The result of the sensitivity analysis carried out for the
process of web and flanges (Fig. 4(b)), bolting of steel studs
HSA parameters is given in Table 2. In steel construction
(Fig. 4(c)) and the preparation of floor formwork for
applications, the web part of beam usually carries the
concrete slab (Fig. 4(d)) are shown in Fig. 4, respectively.
compressive stress and transmits shear in the beam while
the flanges support the applied external loads. By using
greater part of the material for the flanges and thinner web,
materials saving could be achieved without weakening the
load-carrying capability of the beam. In this case, the
compressive stress in the web has exceeded the critical
point prior to the occurrence of yielding, the flat web loses
its stability and deforms transversely.
It is apparent from the table that HSA produces 176.33
kg weight for corrugated web beam OGK_330. The
maximum value of the strength ratio is 0.98 which is almost
(a) Rolling of web (b) Welding web and flange
upper bound. This reveals the fact that the strength
constraints are dominant in the problem. The optimum
corrugated web beam should be produced such that it
should have 5 mm web thickness 330 mm web height, 8
mm flange thickness and 160 mm flange width. HSA also
produces 216.9 kg and 302.24 kg weight for corrugated web
beam OGK_415 and OGK_500, respectively. The
dimensions of OGK_415 and OGK_500 beams are also
(c) Anchor bolt (d) Concrete casting
given in Table 2.
Fig. 4 Fabrication processes of composite corrugated
web beams
5. Experimental tests on designed composite
corrugated web beams
6 Ferhat Erdal, Osman Tunca and Ramazan Ozcelik

and %190.5, respectively. The results obtained from tests on

OGKK_330 section beams demonstrate that all of the beams
failed from flexural bending as revealed in Fig. 7.
In the second part of the tests, two optimally designed
composite corrugated beams fabricated from OGKK_415
sections are tested to find out ultimate load capacities of
such beams. These two simply supported composite test
beams which have the same dimensions are subjected to
partially distributed loading. The test set up for OGKK_415
section is illustrated in Fig. 8.
The failure of OGKK_415 having achieved its ultimate
Fig. 5 Details of test set up for OGKK_330 composite
loads 478.36 kN and 492.83 kN under partially distributed
beams
loading over slab is described as flexural bending and
illustrated in Fig. 9.
Ultimate load carrying capacities of OGKK_415 steel
corrugated web beams are found as 215.5 kN and 205.94
kN at the member tests on steel corrugated web beams
Erdal et al. (2016).

Fig. 6 Flexural Bending on Composite OGKK_330

400
350
300
Load (kN)

250
200 Fig. 8 Details of test set up for OGKK_415 composite
OGKK-330-TEST2 beams
150
100 OGKK-330-TEST1
50 OGKK-330-AVRG
0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Displacement (mm)
Fig. 7 The Load-deflection graphics for OGKK_330

5.2 Tests on composite corrugated web beams Fig. 9 Flexural bending on composite OGKK_415
In the first part of the tests, two optimally designed
composite corrugated beams fabricated from OGKK_330 600
sections are tested to find out ultimate load capacities of
such beams. These two simply supported composite test 500
beams which have the same dimensions are subjected to
400
two-point loading. The test set up for OGKK_330 section is
Load (kN)

illustrated in Fig. 5. 300

The results obtained from experimental tests on OGKK-415-TEST2
OGKK_330 beams demonstrate that beams have failed 200
OGKK-415-TEST1
under the applied values of 342.07 kN and 359.54 kN, 100 OGKK-415-AVRG
respectively (Fig. 6).
Ultimate load capacities of OGKK_330 steel corrugated 0
web beams are found as 140.36 kN and 188.78 kN at the 0 30 60 90 120 150
member tests on steel corrugated web beams in Erdal et al. Displacement (mm)
(2016).
Fig. 10 The Load-deflection graphics for OGKK_415
Afterwards, installing a reinforced concrete slab over
these beams increases the capacities of such beams %243.7
 Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed composite beams with corrugated steel webs 7

corrugated web beams (Erdal et al. 2016). Afterwards,

installing a reinforced concrete slab over these beams
increases the capacities of such beams %202.5 and %199.8,
respectively. The results obtained from tests on OGK_500
section composite beams demonstrate that all of the beams
failed from flexural bending as revealed in Fig. 13.

5.3Tensile and compressive tests on specimens

The objective of tensile and compression experiments is

to determine the yield stress, ultimate stress and modulus of
Fig. 11 Details of test set up for OGKK_500 composite
elasticity properties of different steel profiles from standard
beams
test specimen and to describe compressive strength of
concrete slab (Fig. 14).
ASTM E 8M-04 is applied in the standard tensile test of
steel rectangular test specimen and ASTM C39/C39M is
also provided standard test method for compressive
strength of cylindrical concrete specimens, respectively.
Observed data from tensile tests were used to calculate the
tensile strength of specimens, and at the same time,
converted and plotted a stress–strain curve for each
specimen and determine the values indicated above and to
Fig. 12 Flexural bending on composite OGKK_500 compare test results with materials. These stress–strain
corrugated web beam graphs are then used in determination of the modulus of
elasticity of the specimens. For this purpose, the slope of
the elastic region of these curves is determined by fitting a
700 straight line, with the least-square method. Stress–strain
600 graphs for each specimen of steel beams plotted in MS
Excel are demonstrated respectively in Figs. 15(a)-15(c).
500 Using the stress–strain graphs in Figs. 15(a)-15(c), in
400 this study, the average value of elasticity modulus is
determined as 1.92×105 MPa. After the tension tests, the
Load (kN)

300 OGKK-500-TEST2
OGKK-500-TEST1 average values of yield strength are respectively determined
200
OGKK-500-AVRG as 240 MPa, 235 MPa and 220 MPa for OGKK_330,
100 OGKK_415 and OGKK_500 steel sections. In addition to
these values, Poisson ratio is taken as 0.3 for each steel
0
0 50 100 150
section. Modulus of elasticity, Poisson ratio, yield and
Displacement (mm) ultimate strength values found at tensile tests are used in
FEA of corrugated beams.
Fig. 13 The Load-deflection graphics for OGK_500 After the compression tests, ultimate load capacities of
tested cylindrical concrete samples are determined as 386.2
kN, 383.3 kN and 343.8 kN, respectively. The average
Afterwards, installing a reinforced concrete slab over value of compressive strength is determined as 371.1 kN on
these beams increases the capacities of such beams %221.9 the basis of test of cylindrical samples.
and %239.3, respectively. The results obtained from tests on
OGKK_415 section beams demonstrate that all of the beams
failed from flexural bending as revealed in Fig. 10.
In the last part of tests, optimally designed composite
beams fabricated from OGKK_500 are tested to find out
load capacities of such beams. These two simply supported
composite test beams which have the same dimensions are
subjected to single concentrated loading at the middle part
of the composite beam. The test set up for OGKK_500 is
illustrated in Fig. 11.
Fig. 12 shows that the results obtained from tests on
OGKK_500 beams demonstrate that beams have failed
under the applied values of 561.05 kN and 587.84 kN,
Fig. 14 Tension and compression tests on OGKK
respectively.
specimens
Ultimate load capacities of OGK_500beams are found
as 277.04 kN and 294.21kN at the member tests on steel
8 Ferhat Erdal, Osman Tunca and Ramazan Ozcelik

(a) OGK_330 (b) OGK_415 (c) OGK_500

Fig. 15 Stress-strain graph of tensile tests of corrugated steel web beam specimens

6. Finite element analysis of composite corrugated 3-D target surfaces for the contact surface elements.
web beams
6.2 Mesh generations on composite corrugated web
The objective of this section is to carry out non-linear beams with ANSYS
finite element analysis of the composite corrugate web
beams that were considered in the experimental study in In this study, automatically generated, tetrahedrons and
order to determine their ultimate load capacity for hex-dominant meshing types are tested for FEM of
comparison. FE method has been used to predict their entire composite corrugated web beams to compare their created
response to increasing values of external loading until they nodes and elements for the same mesh sizing. In this
lose their load carrying capacity. These finite element purpose, OGKK_330 type beam is used to mesh with these
models are used to simulate the experimental work in order generation types. Mesh size is taken as 100 mm for each
to verify of test results and to investigate the non-linear method. It is observed from Table 3 that when all meshing
behavior of failure modes of OGKK_330, OGKK_415 and methods give different values for nodes and elements.
OGKK_500 type composite corrugate web beams. Finite When the mesh type is taken as automatically-generated
element analysis was carried out on composite beams with for 100 m mesh size, beam consists of 25300 elements and
corrugated webs using the finite element software ANSYS- 53732 nodes. For the same mesh size, hex–dominant
Workbench in this study. Three-dimensional finite element consists of 22616 elements and 55116 nodes. In comparison
models of these beam specimens are built to determine with other types, tetrahedron meshing provides better size
maximum values and locations of stress, strain and distribution for the beam across the model with 29531
displacement concentrations under loading conditions. The elements and 56957 nodes. Therefore, tetrahedron meshing
objective of these analyses is to determine stress, strain and option is selected for solving the all models. Consequently,
displacements in the OGKK and to compare experimental an accurate simulation of the nonlinear behavior is
results with the results of observed nonlinear analyses. obtained. Mesh sizing is important for accurate stress and
Based on these analyses, proper locations for the instalment displacement values. For this purpose, tetrahedron mesh
of transducers in the OGKK sections are determined. divides various sizing mesh starting from 300 mm. When
the stress and displacement values are stable, this mesh
6.1 Element and material modelling on ANSYS sizing can be applicable for FEM analysis. Fig. 16
program illustrates that mesh sizing is important to find exact stress
values.
During FEA process, structure is divided into small Fig. 16 also demonstrates that maximum stress values
elements to calculate individual deformation easily. (325.55 MPa and 336.39 MPa) on the corrugated web beam
Tetrahedron volume is selected in the modelling of are nearly the same as the taken mesh sizes of 25 mm and
composite corrugated web beams. These elements are 10 mm. It means 10 mm mesh size can be used for FEM
composed of 10-node high-order element types and every analysis of these beams shown in Fig. 17.
node of this volume has three degrees of freedom. In this
study, this element has also quadratic displacement behavior
and is well suited to model irregular meshes comparing Table 3 The number of nodes and elements for different
with other types. For 3-D analysis of beams, one of the mesh types
contact surface elements CONTA-174 is selected to Number Number
represent contact and sliding between 3-D target surfaces Mesh Type
of Nodes of Elements
and a deformable surface given that it is defined as a Automatically
53732 25300
higher-order element. The element is applicable to 3-D Generated
structural and coupled field contact analyses. This element Hex-Dominant 55116 22616
is defined by eight nodes and is located on the surfaces of 3- Tetrahedrons 56957 29531
D solid or shell elements with mid-side of nodes. For the
target segment, TARGE-170 is selected to represent various
 Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed composite beams with corrugated steel webs 9

through tensile tests of coupons taken from the tests for

steel members and compression tests of core samples taken
from slabs. Since the main objective of this FEA was to
determine failure behavior in corrugated web post regions,
significant attention was paid on properly modelling the
connection of the composite beam to the loading frame.
When the maximum displacement obtained from
experimental study, 135.32 mm, is applied to the beam by
Fig. 16 Different mesh sizes and stress values virtue of two-point loading, maximum equivalent stress
which is 336.39 MPa, shown in Fig. 19(a), occur upper part
of the flange.
When the same displacement value is applied to the
beam maximum shear stress occurred at corrugated web
part with the value of 103.80 MPa (Fig. 19(b)). It is
observed from the Figs. 20(a) and 20(b) that maximum
stress and force values on OGKK_330 slab and
reinforcement mesh are 19.95 MPa and 17.34 kN,
respectively.
According to Fig. 21, the ultimate axial load carrying
capacity from the finite element analysis of OGKK_TEST_1
is 370.76 kN compared to 347.02 kN average value from
the experimental tests which has 6.84% overestimation by
finite element analysis. Fig. 21 also demonstrates that the
Fig. 17 Tetrahedron mesh model with 10-mm size result obtained from the finite element analysis is close to
the one from the experiment.
6.3 Nonlinear finite element model of composite 6.3.2 Nonlinear solution of OGKK_415
corrugated web beams In the second part of nonlinear FEA, 135.49 mm
displacement for OGKK_415, the average value obtained
The main objective of the nonlinear FEA is to determine from experimental tests of these composite corrugated web
stress, strain and displacements in the composite corrugated beams, is applied at the middle of the slab as partially
web beams and to compare test results with the results of distributed load in 10 steps as pressure (Fig. 22(a)).
observed nonlinear analyses. Nonlinear static analyses
produce more accurate stress results than linear static
analyses for models where the loading results in
concentrated stress values beyond the material yield point
and also nonlinear analyze give more real behavior when
compared with the linear ones. Based on these analyses,
proper locations for the installment of transducers in the
OGKK_330, OGKK_415 and OGKK_500 elements are
determined.

6.3.1Nonlinear solution of OGKK_330

The first part of nonlinear FEA of composite corrugated
beams focuses on OGKK_330. 135.32 mm displacement,
the average value obtained from experimental tests of (a) Applying pressure
composite beams, is applied to the beam at 10 steps and
each step is applied to the beam with equal incremental
displacement. As explained in the previous section, when
this value is applied to a particular point, it stays inside
meshes and sinks; consequently, ANSYS program does not
analyze the composite beam model. For that reason, two
point loading is applied to the mentioned composite beams
as pressure as shown in the Fig. 18(a). Fig. 18(b)
demonstrates that maximum displacement occurred in the
middle of the beam as expected with a 142.55 mm for
beam.
An isotropic material with Von-Mises yield criterion (b) Deformation values
was used for the composite beam model the nonlinear
Fig. 18 Applying force and deformation values on
material behavior of the beam. The material properties used
OGKK_330
in the OGKK section beam models were determined
10 Ferhat Erdal, Osman Tunca and Ramazan Ozcelik

(a) Equivalent stress (b) Shear stress

Fig. 19 Stress values on OGKK_330

(a) Equivalent Stress (b) Directional Axial Force

Fig. 20 Stress and force values on OGKK_330 slab and reinforcement mesh

400
350
300
Load (kN)

250
200
OGKK-330-TEST2
150
OGKK-330-TEST1
100 OGKK-330-AVRG
50 OGKK-330-FEA

0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Displacement (mm)
Fig. 21 Load-deflection curve for experimental and FEA results on OGKK_330

(a) Applying pressure (b) Deformation values

Fig. 22 Applying force and deformation values on OGKK_415
 Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed composite beams with corrugated steel webs 11

(a) Equivalent Stress (b) Shear Stress

Fig. 23 Stress Values on OGKK_415

(a) Equivalent Stress (b) Directional Axial Force

Fig. 24 Stress and Force Values on OGKK_330 Slab and Reinforcement Mesh

600

500

400
Load (kN)

300

200 OGKK-415-TEST2
OGKK-415-TEST1
100 OGKK-415-AVRG
OGKK-415-FEA
0
0 30 60 90 120 150
Displacement (mm)
Fig. 25 Load-deflection curve for experimental and FEA results on OGKK_415

average value obtained from experimental tests of these

composite corrugated web beams, is applied at the middle
Figs. 24(a) and 24(b) clearly shows that maximum stress of the slab as point load in 10 steps. When obtained value
and force values on OGKK_415 slab and reinforcement from tests was applied to the middle of the beam as shown
mesh are found as 19.98 MPa and 17.34 kN under applied above, maximum equivalent stress occurred at the middle
same point loading. According to Fig. 25, the average value part of upper flange (Fig. 27(a)). It was determined as
of experimental results, 447.81 kN, is compared with those 398.49 MPa after the application of load in 10 steps and the
of nonlinear solution values, 488.86 kN, it is found that the maximum displacement occurred in the middle of the upper
average load value obtained in OGKK_415 is 9.16% less flange as expected with a 126.64 mm for beam (Fig. 26(b)).
than the nonlinear displacement value. When the same average value is applied to the middle part
of the OGKK_500, maximum shear stress which is 125.85
6.3.3 Nonlinear Solution of OGKK_500 MPa shown in Fig. 27(b), occurred around corrugated web
Lastly, 117.13 mm displacement for OGKK_500, the part of the beam.
12 Ferhat Erdal, Osman Tunca and Ramazan Ozcelik

(a) Applying pressure (b) Deformation values

Fig. 26 Applying force and deformation values on OGKK_500 Beam

(a) Equivalent Stress (b) Shear Stress

Fig. 27 Stress values on OGKK_500

(a) Equivalent Stress (b) Directional Axial Force

Fig. 28 Stress and force values on OGKK_500 slab and reinforcement Mesh

700
600
500
Load (kN)

400
300 OGKK-500-TEST2
OGKK-500-TEST1
200 OGKK-500-AVRG
OGKK-500-FEA
100
0
0 50 100 150
Displacement (mm)
Fig. 29 Load-deflection curve for experimental and FEA results on OGKK_500
 Experimental investigation and numerical analysis of optimally designed composite beams with corrugated steel webs 13

The maximum stress and force values shown in Figs. the reasonable range. Finally, obtained failure loads from
28(a) and 28(b) for OGKK_500 slab and reinforcement experimental tests are also compared with FEA values for
mesh are found as 19.98 MPa and 17.34 kN under applied OGKK_500. The load-deflection diagrams related with
point loading. According to Fig. 29 the average value of OGKK_500 type composite corrugated web beam
experimental results, 576.65 kN, is compared with those of illustrated in the study reveal that average deflection values
nonlinear solution values, 602.82 kN, it is found that obtained from experimental tests for lower flange of
average load values obtained in OGKK_500 is 4.53% less OGKK_500 under 576.65 kN load is 4.53% less than from
than the nonlinear displacement value. It is also shown in FEA results which is the closest value obtained between
Fig. 29 that the result obtained from the finite element them. These results demonstrate that the nonlinear analysis
analysis for OGKK_500 is so close the one from the results correlate well with experimental ones and the
experimental results. discrepancies are within 10%. This approximation is within
the acceptable accuracy and it is concluded from the
verification study that the proposed finite element
7. Conclusions modelling is completely capable of predicting the behaviour
of the composite corrugated web in the study.
In this research, a combination of experimental and
finite element analysis method was applied to study the
performance of optimally designed composite corrugated Acknowledgments
web beams under the action of different loadings in a self-
reacting frame. The tested beams are designed by using This paper is partially based on researches supported by
hunting search optimization method. A total of six the Akdeniz University Research Funding (FBA-2018-
composite beams varying in the corrugation profiles and 3668) and Scientific Research Council of Turkey
dimensions were tested under two-point, single point and (TUBITAK Research Grant No: 213M656) which are
partially distributed loading, respectively. It means that the gratefully acknowledged.
compression flange of the corrugated web beams is
sufficiently restrained by the floor system. In construction
application using I-section beam, the thin web usually bears References
most of the compressive stress and transmits shear in the
beam while the flanges support the major external loadings. Barakat, S. and Leblouba, M. (2018), “Experimental and
Thus, by using greater part of the material for the flanges analytical study on the shear strength of corrugated web steel
and thinner web, materials saving could be achieved beams”, Steel Compos. Struct., 21(5), 1045-1067.
without weakening the ultimate load-carrying capability of https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.5.1045.
British Standards, BS8110 (1997), Structural Use of Concrete,
the steel and composite beams. Nevertheless, as the Part 1. Code of Practice for Design and Construction, British
compressive stress in the web has exceeded the critical Standard, London, UK.
point prior to the occurrence of yielding, the flat web loses Chan, C.L., Khalid, Y.A. and Sahari, B.B. (2002), “Finite element
its stability and deforms transversely. Experimental tests on analysis of corrugated web beams under bending”, J. Constr.
OGKK_330, OGKK_415 and OGKK_500 composite Steel Res., 58(11), 1391-1406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-
corrugated web beams showed that this can be achieved by 974X(01)00075-X.
using corrugated web, an alternative to the plane web, Chen, X.C., Au, F.T., Bai, Z. and Li, Z. (2015), “Flexural ductility
which produces higher stability and strength without of reinforced and prestressed concrete sections with corrugated
steel webs”, Comput. Concrete, 16(4), 625-642.
additional stiffening and use of larger thickness.
https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2015.16.4.625.
The experimental work is also simulated by using Chen, X.C., Bai, Z., Zeng, Y., Jiang, R. and Au, F.T. (2016), “Pre-
ANSYS-workbench finite element integrated software stressed concrete bridges with corrugated steel webs: Nonlinear
program to verify the test results and to a good degree with analysis and experimental investigation”, Steel Compos.
the non-linear behaviour of failure modes of OGKK_330, Struct., 21(5), 1045-1067.
OGKK_415 AND OGKK_500 type composite beams. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.5.1045.
Failure loads obtained from experimental tests are Chen, X.C., Li, Z., Au, F.T. and Jiang, R. (2016), “Flexural
compared with finite element analysis values for these three vibration of pre-stressed concrete bridges with corrugated steel
composite beams with corrugated web. Load-deflection webs”, Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn., 16(10), 1750023.
https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219455417500237.
diagrams shown in the study reveal that average deflection
DAST - Richtlinie 015 (1990), Träger mit schlanken Stegen.
values obtained from experimental tests for OGKK_330 (German recommendations for girders with slender web plates.)
type composite beams under 347 kN load is 6.84% lower DIN V ENV 1993-1-1, EUROCODE 3: Design of Steel
than finite element analyse results which is within the Structures; Part 1- General Rules and rules for buildings.
acceptable range. Moreover, the failure loads obtained from DIN 18 800 Teil1-3, Stahbauten; Bemessung und Konstruktion.
experimental tests are compared with finite element Ding, Y., Jiang, K.B. and Liu, Y.W. (2012), “Nonlinear analysis for
analysis values for OGKK_415 type composite beam. The PC box-girder with corrugated steel webs under pure torsion”,
load-deflection diagrams shown in the study also reveal that Thin-Wall. Struct., 51, 167-173.
average deflection values obtained from experimental tests https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2011.10.013.
Dorigo, M. and Stutzle, T. (2004), “Ant Colony Optimization a
for lower flange of OGKK_415 under 447.81 kN load is
Bradford Book” Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
9.16% more than from FEA results which is again within Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England.
14 Ferhat Erdal, Osman Tunca and Ramazan Ozcelik

Elgaaly, M., Hamilton, R.W. and Seshadri, A. (1996), “Shear Pasternak, H. and Kubieniec, G. (2010), “Plate girders with
strength of beams with corrugated webs”, J. Struct. Eng. - corrugated webs”, J. Civil Eng. Management, 16(2), 166-171.
ASCE, 122(4),390-398. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733- https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2010.17.
9445(1996)122:4(390). Perez, R.E. and Behdinan, K. (2007), “Swarm approach for
Elgaaly, M., Hamilton, R.W. and Seshadri, A. (1997), “Bending structural design optimization”, Comput. Struct., 85(19-20),
strength of steel beams with corrugated webs”, J. Struct. Eng. - 1579-1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.10.013.
ASCE, 123(6), 772-782. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733- Rechenberg, I. (1965), “Cybernetic solution path of an
9445(1997)123:6(772). experimental problem”, Royal Aircraft Establishment, Library
Erdal, F., Tunca, O. and Dogan, E. (2017), “Optimum design of Translation, 1122. Farnborough, Hants, UK
composite corrugated web beams using hunting search Sayed-Ahmed, E.Y. (2001), “Behaviour of steel and (or)
algorithm”, Int. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 9(2), 156-168. composite girders with corrugated steel webs”, Canadian J.
https://doi.org/10.24107/ijeas.323633. Civil Eng., 28(4), 656-672. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-027.
Erdal, F., Tunca, O. and Taş, S. (2016), “Experimental tests of https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:6(772).
optimally designed steel corrugated beams”, Proceedings of the “Standard test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of
2nd international conference on new advances in civil steel products”, Designation: A370 - 11, ASTM International,
engineering (ICNACE 2016), Zagreb, Crotia. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 701 19428-
Glover, F. (1989), “Tabu search-part I”, ORSA J Comput, 1(3), 2959, USA.
190-206. https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.1.3.190. “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
Goldberg, D.E. (1989), “Genetic Algorithms in Search, Concrete Specimens”, Designation: C39/C39M – 18, ASTM
Optimization and Machine Learning”, Addison-Wesley International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA
Publishing, Boston, MA, USA 701 19428-2959, USA.
Hassanein, M.F. and Kharoob, O.F. (2013), “Behaviour of bridge Test report on experiments carried out on I-beams with corrugated
girders with corrugated webs: (II) shear strength and design”, web plates, Vienna University of Technology, Institute for Steel
Eng. Struct., 57, 544-553. Construction, Department of Applied Model Statics in Steel
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.04.015. Construction, August 1990. (in German)
Hassanein, M.F. and Kharoob, O.F. (2014), “Shear buckling Final Report on the Bearing Performance of Corrugated Web
behavior of tapered bridge girders with steel corrugated webs”, Beams; Brandenburgische Technische Universität, Lehrstuhl für
Eng. Struct., 74, 157-169. Stahlbau, Cottbus 1996. (in German).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.05.021. Wang, Y. and Shao, Y. (2018), “Stress analysis of a new steel-
He, J., Liu, Y., Lin, Z., Chen, A. and Yoda, J. (2012), “Shear concrete composite I-girder”, Steel Compos. Struct., 28(1), 51-
behaviour of partially encased composite I-girder with 61. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.28.1.051.
corrugated steel web: numerical study”, J. Constr. Steel Res., Zhan, Y., Liu, F., Ma Z J., Zhang, Z., Duan, Z. and Song, R.
79, 166-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.07.018. (2019), “Comparison of long-term behavior between prestressed
Jiang, R.J., Au, F.T.K. and Xiao, Y.F. (2015), “Prestressed concrete concrete and corrugated steel web bridges”, Steel Compos.
girder bridges with corrugated steel webs: review”, J. Struct. Struct., 30(6), 535-550.
Eng., 141(2), 040141081-040141089. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.6.535.
https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001040.
Johnson, R.P. and Cafolla, J. (1998), “Local Flange Buckling in
Plate Girders with Corrugated Webs”, Struct. Build. (ICE),
122(2), 148-156. https://doi.org/10.1680/istbu.1997.29304.
Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C.D. and Vecchi, M.P. (1983),
“Optimization by simulated annealing”, Science, 220(4598),
671-680. DOI: 10.1126/science.220.4598.671.
Lee, K.S. and Geem, Z.W. (2004), “A new structural optimization
method based on the harmony search algorithm”, Comput.
Struct., 82 (9-10),781-798.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.01.002.
Li, Y., Zhang, W., Zhou, Q., Qi, X. and Widera, G.E.O. (2000),
“Development and research on H-beams with wholly corrugated
webs”, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 101(1-3), 115-118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(00)00463-5.
Lu, Y. and Ji, L. (2018), “Behavior of optimized prestressed
concrete composite box-girders with corrugated steel webs”,
Steel Compos. Struct., 26(2), 183-196.
https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.26.2.183.
Mo, Y.L., Jeng, C.H. and Chang, Y.S. (2000), “Torsional behaviour
of prestressed concrete box-girder bridges with corrugated steel
webs” ACI Struct J., 97(6), 849-859. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)
ST.1943-541X.0001040.
Mo, Y.L., Jeng, C.H. and Krawinkler, H. (2003), “Experimental
and analytical studies of innovative pre-stressed concrete box-
girder bridges”, Mater. Struct., 36(2), 99-107.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02479523.
Oftadeh, R., Mahjoob, M.J. and Shariatpanahi, M. (2010), “A
novel meta-heuristic optimization algorithm inspired by group
hunting of animals: Hunting search”, Comput. Math. Appl.,
60(7), 2087-2098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2010.07.049.

View publication stats