Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded media

Individual work

Jose Yamid Jojoa Gomez

Group 203058_40
1113637264

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2023 25-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What are the propagation mechanisms of electromagnetic waves?

Reflection: Change of direction of an electromagnetic when it hits a surface

without changing the medium of propagation.

Diffraction: Deflection of electromagnetic waves around an obstacle or through

an opening.

Dispersion: It originates when electromagnetic waves incident on objects have

dimensions equal to or less than their wavelength
2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic
wave?
It is a phenomenon that occurs when a ray of light passes through a medium
with a lower refractive index, so it is refracted in such a way that it does not
pass through the medium, being completely reflected.

3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic

wave?
This phenomenon occurs when an incident wave is completely refracted. There
is no reflection, it occurs only when one of the two materials has a negative
refractive index.
4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of
waves?
The purpose is to calculate the angle of refraction of light when it crosses a
separation surface between two wave propagation media, with different
refractive indices.
Application exercise:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to

the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.

𝐺𝐺 = 40
𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 264

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 travels

through the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺 ) and collides perpendicularly on a
plane wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20)𝛺. Calculate the
reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ at the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Solution 1

Dates:

𝑓 = 40 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺
𝜂2 = (264 + 20)𝛺 = 284𝛺
𝑃1− =?
𝑃2+ =?
Reflection coefficient:

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 284𝛺 − 377𝛺
Г= = = −0.1407
𝜂2 + 𝜂1 284𝛺 + 377𝛺

The reflectance is:

𝑅 = |Г|2 = |−0.1407|2 = 0.0198 = 1,98%

The transmittance:

𝑇 + 𝑅 = 100%
𝑇 = 100% − 𝑅
𝑇 = 100% − 1,98% = 98.02%

The reflected power:

|𝑃1− | = 𝑅 ∗ 𝑃1+
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃1− | = 1.98% ∗ 200 = 3.96𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2

Transmitted Power:

|𝑃2+ | = 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃1+
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃2+ | = 98,02% ∗ 200 2
= 196,04𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚

calculations in geogefra:
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 is
emitted by a generator through the air (𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and
collides perpendicularly on a wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
(𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20 )𝛺 and 30𝑐𝑚 thick.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

 a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection 𝚪 and transmission 𝝉 seen by the
generator.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑷𝒕 that is transmitted to the
receiver.

Solution 2

Dates:

𝑓 = 40 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺
𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (264 + 20)𝛺 = 284𝛺
𝚪 =?
𝝉 =?
𝑷𝒕 =?

We calculate the phase constant of the wall:

𝜔𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 2𝜋 ∗ 40 ∗ 106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 377Ω 9.475 ∗ 1010

𝛽= = = = 1.112 𝑅𝑎𝑑/𝑚
𝐶0 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠 ∗ 284Ω 8.52 ∗ 1010

The input impedance seen from the first boundary is a mixture of the

impedances of the air on the other side of the wall and the impedance of the

wall itself:

𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑖𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ tan(𝛽𝑥)

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝑖𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 ∗ tan(𝛽𝑥)
 𝑅𝑎𝑑
377Ω + 𝑖284Ω ∗ tan (1.112 𝑚 ∗ 0.3𝑚)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 284Ω 𝑅𝑎𝑑
284Ω + 𝑖377Ω ∗ tan (1.112 ∗ 0.3𝑚)
𝑚

𝜂𝑖𝑛 = (348.518 − 𝑖61.91)Ω

With this input impedance seen from the first interface, the first reflection

coefficient can be calculated:

𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 (348.515 + 𝑖61.91)Ω − 377𝛺

Г1 = =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 (348.515 + 𝑖61.91)Ω + 377𝛺

Г1 = −0.03174 − 𝑖0.08804

Transmittance Coefficient 1:

𝑇1 = 1 − |Г1 |2
𝑇1 = 1 − |−0.03174 − 𝑖0.08804|2
𝑇1 = 1 − 0.00876 = 0.99124 = 99.12%

Transmission Coefficient 1

𝜏1 = 1 + Г1 = 1 + (−0.03174 − 𝑖0.08804)
𝜏1 = 0.96826 + 𝑖0.08804

The reflectance on the first face of the wall is:

 𝑅1 = 1 − 𝑇1 = 1 − 0.99124 = 0.00876 = 0.88%

The reflection coefficient on the second face of the wall is calculated as:

𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 377Ω − 284𝛺

Г2 = = = 0.14069
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 377Ω + 284𝛺

Which results in a transmittance equivalent to:

𝑇2 = 1 − |Г2 |2
𝑇2 = 1 − |0.14069|2
𝑇2 = 1 − 0.01979 = 0.9802 = 98.02%

Reflectance 2:

𝑅2 = 1 − 𝑇2 = 1 − 0.9802 = 0.0198 = 1.98%

The power transmitted from the generator to the receiver is obtained as the

product of the two transmittances:

𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1∗ 𝑇2
𝑇𝑡 = 0.99124 ∗ 0.9802 = 0.9716 = 97.16%

Transmitted Power:
𝑚𝑊
|𝑃3+ | = 𝑇𝑡 ∗ 𝑃1+ = 0.9716 ∗ 200 = 194.32𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑚2
calculations in geogefra:
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several mediums as shown
in the graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

 Initially the wave travels through the air and strikes the surface of the
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜
sweet water at an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) with the surface. Using
20
Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total path of the wave until you find
the value of the angle 𝜃𝑏 .

Solution 3

Dates:
𝑜
𝐶𝐶𝐶 551
𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) = ( + 20) = 47.55𝑜
20 20

𝜃1 = 90 − 47.55 = 42.45𝑜 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎

Refractive indices:

𝑛1 = 1.00029
𝑛2 = 1.33
𝑛3 = 1.5
𝑛4 = 1.00029

Analysis at point B

Snell's law:

𝑛1 sin(𝜃1 ) = 𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 )

We clear the angle of refraction.

𝑛1 1.00029
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( sin(𝜃1 )) = sin−1 ( sin(42.45)) = 30.51𝑜
𝑛2 1.33
Analysis at point C

Snell's law:

𝑛2 sin(𝜃2 ) = 𝑛3 sin(𝜃3 )

We clear the angle of refraction.

𝑛2 1.33
𝜃3 = sin−1 ( sin(𝜃2 )) = sin−1 ( sin(30.5)) = 26.75𝑜
𝑛3 1.5

Analysis at point C

Snell's law:

𝑛3 sin(𝜃3 ) = 𝑛4 sin(𝜃4 )

We clear the angle of refraction.

𝑛3 1.5
𝜃4 = sin−1 ( sin(𝜃3 )) = sin−1 ( sin(26.75)) = 42.45𝑜
𝑛4 1.00029
𝜃𝑏 = 90 − 42.45 = 47.55𝑜
calculations on scientific calculator:
 Video link

URL:

References

Reference 1:

reference

Paz, A. (2013). Electromagnetismo para ingenieria electronica. (pp. 250-300).

cali, Colombia: Editorial Javeriano.

Gaviria Ortiz, Á., 2016. Curso De Campos Electromagneticos Notas Breves. 2nd
ed. Medellín: Reimpresos.