EUM114- Advanced Engineering Calculus

Tutorial 4 (Matrix and Linear Differential Equations)

1. Let
a b c
A =  d e f  if det( A) = −7 .
 g h i 
a g d
Compute (i) det ( 2 A )  (ii) b
−1
h e .
 
c i f
[Ans: i) -1/56 ii) 7 ]

Solution:

(i)
1 1 1 −1
det ( 2 A )  =
−1
= 3 = 3 =
  det(2 A) 2 det( A) 2  ( −7) 56
(ii)
a g d a b c
b h e = g h i  property (a)
c i f d e f
a b c
= −1 d e f interchanging the 2nd and 3rd rows
g h i
= − det( A) = 7

2. Solve

by using Cramer's rule. [ans:x1=1 , x2=2 , x3=3 ]

Solution First we calculate :

Now substitute

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for column 1 and calculate

Similarly,

3. Solve the system of linear equations by reducing the augmented matrix to its row echelon
form.
x1 – 2x2 + x3 = –5
2x1 + x2 – x3 = –2
x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 0
1 −2 1 −5
[Ans: 0 1 0 1  ]
0 0 1 −1

Solution
The augmented matrix is

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1 −2 1 −5  1 −2 1 −5 1 −2 1 −5
 2 1 −1 −2  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R 2 − 2 R1 R 2
→ 0 5 −3 8  ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 5 −3 8 
  R 3− R 2 R 3
  R 3− R1 R 3
1 3 1 0  0 5 0 5  0 0 3 −3

1 −2 1 −5 1 1 −2 1 −5

R 2 + R 3 R 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 
→ 0 5 0 5  ⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
R 2 R 2
→ 0 1 0 1 
1
R 3 R 3
0 0 3 −3 3 0 0 1 −1

1 1 1 
4.Compute A −1
, given A =  2 0 −1 .
 0 1 1 

 1 0 −1
[Ans: A −1
=  −2 1 3  ]
 2 −1 −2 

Solution

First, we form the augmented matrix  A I  and perform row operations on  A I  so that the

augmented matrix becomes the form of  I B  where B is the inverse of A.

Thus we have,

 1 1 1 1 0 0  1 1 1 1 0 0 
   
 2 0 −1 0 1 0  → 0 −2 −3 −2 1 0 
 0 1 1 0 0 1  0 1 1 0 0 1 

1 1 1 1 0 0  1 1 1 1 0 0 
   
→ 0 −2 −3 −2 1 0  → 0 −2 −3 −2 1 0 
0 0 −1 −2 1 2  0 0 1 2 −1 −2 

1 1 1 1 0 0  1 1 1 1 0 0 
   
→ 0 −2 0 4 −2 −6  → 0 1 0 −2 1 3 
0 0 1 2 −1 −2  0 0 1 2 −1 −2 

1 0 1 3 −1 −3 1 0 0 1 0 −1
   
→ 0 1 0 −2 1 3  → 0 1 0 −2 1 3 
0 0 1 2 −1 −2  0 0 1 2 −1 −2 

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At this point we have the solution:

 1 0 −1
A −1
=  −2 1 3 
 2 −1 −2 

5. Solve the system using Gauss-Jordan reduction on inverse method

x1 + x 2 + x 3 = 2

2x 1 – x3 = 0

x2 + x3 = 1

1
[ Ans: x =  −1 ]
 2 

Solution

Firstly, the linear system is written in the form of a matrix equation:

1 1 1   x1   2 
 2 0 −1  x  =  0 
   2  
 0 1 1   x3   1 

since this system has the coefficient matrix the same as matrix A of Example 2 above,

2  x1 
and b =  0  , x =  x2  ; so that Ax = b. Hence, the solution is
 
 1   x3 

 1 0 −1  2  1
x=A −1
b =  −2 1 3   0  =  −1
   

 2 −1 −2   1   2 

1 2 − 3
6. Using Gauss Jordon reduction method ,find the inverse of A = 1 −2 1  if
 

5 −2 − 3

it exists.

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 0 −1/ 4 1/ 4 
[Ans:  0 −5 / 8 1/ 8  ]
 1 3 / 2 −1/ 2 

Solution:
Form the augmented matrix

1 2 −3 1 0 0
 0 1 0  .
 A | I3  = 1 −2 1
5 −2 −3 0 0 1 
And the transformed matrix in reduced row echelon form is
1 0 −1 0 −1/ 4 1/ 4 
0 1 −1 0 −5 / 8 1/ 8 

0 0 0 1 3 / 2 −1/ 2 

7.Solve the system of linear equations:

x1 – x2 + x3 = 2
– x1 + 3x2 – x3 = 0
x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 6
1 0 0 1 
[Ans: 0 1 0 1  ]
0 0 1 2 

Solution
The augmented matrix is
 1 −1 1 2  1 −1 1 2 
 −1 3 −1 0  ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
R 2 + R1 R 2 0 2 0 2 
   
 1 1 2 6  1 1 2 6 

1 −1 1 2  1 −1 1 2 

R 3− R1 R 3  R 3− R 2 R 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 2 0 2  ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0 1 
1
R 2 R 2  
0 2 1 4  2
0 0 1 2 

At this stage, the matrix obtained is in the row echelon form, we have
x1 – x2 + x3 = 2;
x2 = 1;
and x3 = 2;

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By back substitution, we have

x1 = 2 + 1 – 2 = 1.
Therefore the solution is x1 = 1 ; x2 = 1 ; x3 = 2 or (1 , 1 , 2).

Alternatively, the augmented matrix can be further reduced to its reduced row echelon form:
 1 −1 1 2  1 0 1 3  1 0 0 1 
 0 1 0 1  ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
R1+ R 2 R1 0 1 0 1  ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1− R 3 R1
→ 0 1 0 1 
   
 0 0 1 2  0 0 1 2  0 0 1 2 

8.Solve the system of linear equations:

x1 + 4x3 + 2x4 = 0
– 2x1 + x2 – 2x3 =1
x2 + 3x3 + x4 = 1
1 0 4 2 0 
[Ans: 0 1 3 1 1  ]
0 0 1 1 0 

Solution
The augmented matrix is:
 1 0 4 2 0  1 0 4 2 0 1 0 4 2 0 
 −2 1 −2 0 1  ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R 2 R 3   R 3+ 2 R1 R 3
→  0 1 3 1 1  ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 3 1 1 
 
 0 1 3 1 1   −2 1 −2 0 1  0 1 6 4 1 

1 0 4 2 0  1 1 0 4 2 0 
R 3− R 2 R 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 3 1 1  ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
R 3 R 3
→ 0 1 3 1 1 
 
0 0 3 3 0  0 0 1 1 0 

9.Solve the system of linear equations

y – 2z = 1
2x – y + z = 2
4x – y =–4
 2 −1 1 2 
[Ans:  0 1 −2 1  ]
 0 0 0 1 

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Solution
The augmented matrix is
 0 1 −2 1   2 −1 1 2
 2 −1 1  R1 R 2
2  ⎯⎯⎯→  
  0 1 −2 1 
 4 −1 0 −4   4 −1 0 −4 

 2 −1 1 2   2 −1 1 2
→  0 1 −2 1  ⎯⎯⎯⎯→  0 1 −2 1 
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 
R 3− 2 R1 R 3 R 3− R 2 R 3 
 0 1 −2 −8  0 0 0 −9 

 2 −1 1 2 
Clearly on further reduction, we have  0 1 −2 1  .
 0 0 0 1 

As usual, we can write out the equivalent system of linear equations from the last augmented
matrix as:
2x – y + z = 2
0x + y – 2z = 1
0x + 0y + 0z = 1 .

10. Find LU decomposition of the following :

Solution:

8.

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11. Solve the System AX = b by using the LU factorization of A, where

Solution:

12. a) Suppose you are required to solve the matrix equation Ax=b. Use Crout's factorization
and write down the LU for A .

 1 1 −1 1 
A =  3 4 −2  and b =  2 
 −2 1 3   0 

 1 0 0  1 1 −1
[ans: LU =  3 1 0  0 1 1  ]
 −2 3 −2  0 0 1 
 1 0 0  1 1 −1
b) Convert the LU into Dolittle’s decomposition [ans: LU =  3 1 0  0 1 1  ]
 −2 3 1  0 0 −2 

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 
 −3 
 
3
c) Solve the Ax=b [ans: x =   ]
2
 −5 
 
2
Solution:
 1 1 −1  1 0 0  1 1 −1
a.) A =  3 4 −2  = LU =  3 1 0  0 1 1 
 
 −2 1 3   −2 3 −2  0 0 1 

 1 1 −1  1 0 0  1 1 −1
b) A =  3 4 −2  = LU =  3 1 0  0 1 1 
 
 −2 1 3   −2 3 1  0 0 −2 

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 
 −3 
 
3
c) x =  
2
 −5 
 
2

13. Find the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors for each of the following
matrices.
0 1 0  2 1 0
3 2 0 0 1  −1 0 1 
a. 4 1 b.   c.  
   0 0 0   1 3 1 

[ans:
 1   1
 −  −
a)  1= 5 and  2 = −1 and 2 =   2 .
   
    1 

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
 1
b)  1=  2 =  3= 0 and  0
  
 =  0  .
 0
  0 
 1 
 4 
  1
c)  1= −1,  2 =  3= 2 and  −   =   −3 .]
3 1
 4  4
    4 
 
 

Solution:
Using the characteristic equation, we have

det ( A −  I ) = 0

3 2  0
det   −   =0
4 1 0 

 3− 2 
Thus, det 
1 −  
=0
 4

3− 2
We obtain =0
4 1− 

 2 − 4 − 5 = 0

( − 5) ( + 1) = 0

Solving, we have  1= 5 and  2 = −1 .

To find the eigenvector belonging to  1= 5 , we will solve for

( A −  I )x = 0

We have, by replacing  = 5 ,

3 2 1 0 
A − I =   – 5 
4 1 0 1 

 −2 2 
=  
 4 −4 

By solving the homogeneous equation ( A −  I )x = 0 ;

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 −2 2 0   −1 1 0 
we have   ⎯⎯
→  
 4 −4 0   0 0 0

Let x2 =  we obtain the equation

− x1 = − x2 , x1 = 

 x    1 1
Thus, x =  1  =   =    . 1 is an eigenvector .
 x2    1 

Similarly, for  2 = −1 , we have

3 2 1 0 
A − I =   – (–1)  
4 1 0 1 

4 2
=  
4 2

Solving as before, the homogeneous equation

( A −  I )x = 0

4 2 0 2 1 0
We have,   ⎯⎯
→  
4 2 0 0 0 0

We obtain the equation 2x1 = − x2 .

Let x2 =  we obtain the equation

1 1
x1 = − x2 , x1 = − 
2 2

 1   1  1
 x1   −   −  − 2  is an eigenvector.
Thus, x =   = 2 =   2 .
 x2        
   1   1 

b. Using the characteristic equation we have

0 1 0  0 0 
 
det   0 0 1  −  0  0   = 0
  0 0 0   0 0   

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− 1 0
that is 0 − 1 =0
0 0 −

Expanding for determinant and equating to zero, we have

− 1
( − ) =0
0 −

(− )( 2 − 0) = 0

3 = 0

Thus, the eigenvalues are  1=  2 =  3= 0 .

For  = 0 , the eigenvectors can be found by solving ( A −  I )x = 0 ;

that is Ax = 0 .

0 1 0  1 0 0
0 0 1  – 0 0 1 0  = 0
   
 0 0 0   0 0 1 

By elementary row reduction,

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
   
0 0 1 0 ⎯⎯
→ 0 1 0 0
 0 0 0 0   0 0 1 0 

Let x 1 =  , we see that x 2 = x 3 = 0 .

  1 1
Thus, we have x =  0  =  0  .
  
 0  is an eigenvector.
 
 0   0   0 

c. Using the characteristic equation we have

  2 1 0  0 0 
  −1 0 1  −  0  0  
det       =0
  1 3 1   0 0   

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2− 1 0
that is −1 − 1 =0
1 3 1− 

Expanding for determinant and equating to zero, we have

− 1 −1 1
(2 −  ) − =0
3 1−  1 1− 

(2 −  )(− +  2 − 3) − ( − 1 − 1) = 0

(2 −  )(− +  2 − 3) − ( − 1 − 1) = 0

 3 − 3 2 + 4 = 0

( + 1)( 2 − 4 + 4) = 0

Thus, the eigenvalues are  1= −1,  2 =  3= 2 .

For  = −1 , the eigenvectors can be found by solving ( A −  I )x = 0 ;

that is Ax = 0 .

 2 1 0 1 0 0 
 −1 0 1  – (–1)  0 1 0  =0
   
 1 3 1   0 0 1 

By elementary row reduction,

 3 1 0 0  1 3 2 0
   
 −1 1 1 0  ⎯⎯
→  −1 1 1 0 
 1 3 2 0   3 1 0 0 

1 3 2 0
 
⎯⎯
→ 0 4 3 0
 0 −8 −6 0 

1 3 2 0
 
⎯⎯
→ 0 4 3 0
 0 0 0 0 

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Let x 3 =  , we see that 4 x 2 = −3x 3 x 1 = −3x 2 − 2 x 3

3  3 
x2=− x3 x 1 = −3  − x 3  − 2 x 3
4  4 

3 1
x2=−  x1= 
4 4

 1 
 4 
  1 1
Thus, we have x =  −   =   −3 .
3 1  −3 is an eigenvector.
 4  4    
    4   4 
 
 

For  = 2 , the eigenvectors can be found by solving ( A −  I )x = 0 ;

that is Ax = 0 .

 2 1 0 1 0 0
 −1 0 1  – (2)  0 1 0  = 0
   
 1 3 1   0 0 1 

By elementary row reduction,

 0 1 0 0  1 3 −1 0 
   
 − 1 −2 1 0  →  − 1 −2 1 0 
⎯⎯
 1 3 −1 0   0 1 0 0 

 1 3 −1 0 
 
⎯⎯
→ 0 1 0 0
 0 1 0 0 

 1 3 −1 0 
 
⎯⎯
→ 0 1 0 0
 0 0 0 0 

Let x 3 =  , we see that x 2 = 0, x 1 = −3x 2 + x 3

x1=

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  1  1 
Thus, we have x =  0  =  0  .
   0  is an eigenvector.
 
  1  1 

14.Find the eigenvalues of these matrices by inspection

 2 0 0  2 0 0
a) 0 − 3 0 c) 3 5 0
0 0 6 2 1 6

3 5 7 
b) 0 − 2 1 
0 0 0

[Ans: a) 2,-3,6 b) 3,-2,0 c) 2,5,6]

15. What are the eigenvalues of

6 0 0 0 
7 3 0 0 
[ A] =  [ans: 1 = 6, 2 = 3, 3 = 7.5, 4 = −7.2 ]
 9 5 7 .5 0 
 
 2 6 0 − 7. 2 

Solution
Since the matrix [ A] is a lower triangular matrix, the eigenvalues of [ A] are the diagonal
elements of [ A] . The eigenvalues are
1 = 6, 2 = 3, 3 = 7.5, 4 = −7.2

16.One of the eigenvalues of

5 6 2 
[ A] = 3 5 9 
2 1 − 7 
is zero. Is [ A] invertible?

Solution
 = 0 is an eigenvalue of [ A] , that implies [ A] is singular and is not invertible.

17.Given the eigenvalues of

 2 − 3.5 6 
[ A] = 3.5 5 2  [ans: 1 = −1.547, 2 = 12.33, 3 = 4.711 ]
 8 1 8.5
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are
1 = −1.547, 2 = 12.33, 3 = 4.711

18. What are the eigenvalues of [B ] if

 2 3.5 8 
[B] = − 3.5 5 1  [ans: 1 = −1.547, 2 = 12.33, 3 = 4.711 ]
 6 2 8.5
Solution
Since [ B] = [ A]T , the eigenvalues of [ A] and [B ] are the same. Hence eigenvalues of [B ]
also are
1 = −1.547, 2 = 12.33, 3 = 4.711

19. Given the eigenvalues of

 2 − 3.5 6 
[ A] = 3.5 5 2  [ans: 89.88 ]
 8 1 8.5
are
1 = −1.547, 2 = 12.33, 3 = 4.711
Calculate the magnitude of the determinant of the matrix.

Solution
Since
det[ A] = 1 2 3
= − 1.547 12.33 4.711
= 89.88

 5 0 0 0
   
20.Let A =  −9 4 −1 and u = 1  . Determine an eigenvalue of this matrix A.
 −6 2 1   2
   

[Ans:  = 2 ]
Solution.
Multiplying the matrix and column vector we have
 5 0 0 0 0 0
      
Au =  −9 4 −1 1  =  2  = 2  1 
 −6 2 1   2   4   2
      
We have Au = u where  = 2 . Hence  = 2 is an eigenvalue of the matrix A with an
eigenvector u.

21.
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0 1 2
A =  2 3 0  .
0 4 5 
Find the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of A.
 3
 
[Ans:  = 6 and r 2, r  R, r  0 ]
8

solution:

 −1 −2
f ( ) = det(I − A) = − 2  − 3 = ( − 1) ( − 6) = 0
2
0
0 −4  −5
  = 1, 1, and 6.

(i) As  = 1,
− 1 1 2  x1 
( A − 1  I )x =  2 2 0  x2  = 0 .
 0 4 4  x3 
 x1   1 
 x =  x 2  = t − 1, t  R.
 x3   1 
Thus,
1
t − 1, t  R, t  0 ,
 1 
are the eigenvectors associated with eigenvalue  = 1.
(ii) As  = 6 ,
− 6 1 2   x1 
( A − 6  I )x =  2 − 3 0   x2  = 0 .
 0 4 − 1  x3 
 x1  3
x =  x2  = r 2, r  R.
 x3  8
Thus,
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 3
r 2, r  R, r  0 ,
8
are the eigenvectors associated with eigenvalue  = 6.
1 0 4 
 
22. i)Determine the eigenvalues of A =  0 4 0 
 3 5 −3 
 
[Ans: 1 = 4, 2 = −5 and 3 = 3 ]
Solution.

We have
 1 0 4    0 0  1 −  0 4 
     
A − I =  0 4 0  −  0  0  =  0 4− 0 
 3 5 −3   0 0    3 −3 −  
     5
It is easier to remember that A − I is actually matrix A with − along the leading diagonal
(from top left to bottom right). We need to evaluate det ( A −  I ) .
It will be easier to evaluate the determinant along the second row, containing the elements 0,
4 −  and 0. Because it has two zeros so that we do not have to evaluate the 2 by 2
determinants associated with these zeros. From above we have
1 −  0 4 
 
det ( A −  I ) = det  0 4− 0  Row 2
 3 −3 −  
 5
 1 −  4   Expanding the 
= ( 4 −  ) det    
  3 −3 −    Second Row 
= ( 4 −  ) (1 −  )( −3 −  ) − ( 3  4 )   By Determinant of 2 by 2
= ( 4 −  ) (  − 1)( 3 +  ) − 12  Taking Out Minus Signs 
= ( 4 −  ) 3 +  2 − 3 −  − 12  Opening Brackets and − − = + 
= ( 4 −  )  2 + 2 − 15 Simplifying 
= ( 4 −  )(  + 5 )(  − 3)  Factorizing 
By the characteristic equation which is det ( A −  I ) = 0 , means that we equate all the above
to zero:
( 4 −  )(  + 5)(  − 3) = 0
Solving this gives the eigenvalues 1 = 4, 2 = −5 and 3 = 3 .

.ii) Determine the eigenvectors associated with 3 = 3 for the matrix A given in the above.

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 x   2s   2
     
[Ans: u =  y  =  0  = s  0  ]
z   s 1 
     

Solution.
1 0 4 
 
Substituting the eigenvalue 3 =  = 3 and the matrix A =  0 4 0  into ( A −  I ) u = O
 3 5 −3 
 
(subtract 3 from the leading diagonal) gives:
1 − 3 0 4 
( A − 3I ) u =  0 4 − 3 0  u = O

 3 −3 − 3 
 5
where u is the eigenvector corresponding to 3 = 3 .
What is the zero vector, O, equal to?
0 x
   
Remember this zero vector is O =  0  and also let u =  y  . Substituting these into the above
0 z 
   
and simplifying gives
 −2 0 4   x   0 
    
 0 1 0  y  = 0
 3 5 −6   z   0 
    
Expanding this yields the linear system
−2 x + 0 + 4 z = 0 ( †)
0+ y+0 = 0 ( ††)
3x + 5 y − 6 z = 0 ( ††† )
From the middle equation ( ††) we have y = 0 . From the top equation ( † ) we have
2 x = 4 z which gives x = 2 z
If z = 1 then x = 2 ; or more generally if z = s then x = 2s where s  0 [Not Zero].
 x   2s   2
     
The general eigenvector u =  y  =  0  = s  0  where s  0 and corresponds to 3 = 3 .
z   s 1 
     

23. Solve the following initial value problem (IVP).

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[Ans: ]

Solution

So, the first thing that we need to do is find the eigenvalues for the matrix.

Now let’s find the eigenvectors for each of these.

We’ll need to solve,

The eigenvector in this case is,

We’ll need to solve,

The eigenvector in this case is,

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Then general solution is then,

Now, we need to find the constants. To do this we simply need to apply the initial conditions.

Now solve the system for the constants.

The solution is then,

24. Solve the following IVP.

[Ans:

Solution
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First the eigenvalue for the system.

Now let’s get the eigenvector.

Now find ,

The general solution for the system is then,

Applying the initial condition gives,

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Note that we didn’t use t=0 this time! We now need to solve the following system,

The actual solution is then,

25. Solve the following IVP.

[Ans: ]

Solution:

Let’s get the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the matrix.

Now get the eigenvector for the first eigenvalue.

We need to solve the following system.

Using the second equation we get,

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So, the first eigenvector is,

The solution corresponding the this eigenvalue and eigenvector is

As with the first example multiply cosines and signs into the vector and split it up. Don’t
forget about the exponential that is in the solution this time.

The general solution to this system then,

Now apply the initial condition and find the constants.

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The actual solution is then,

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