WELDS. CONNECTIONS 5.19 TABLE 5.9 Number of Nut or Bolt Tums from Snug. Tight Condition for High-Strength Bolts* Slope of outer faces of bolted parts One face normal to Both faces normal bolt axis and the Bolt length (Fig. 5.1) to bolt axis other slopedt Both faces slopedt Up to 4 diameters ‘ % % Over 4 diameters but not ‘ x” % more than 8 diameters Over 8 diameters but not ”» % 1 more than 12 diameters? * Nut rotation is relative to the bolt regardless of whether the nut or bolt is turned. For bolts installed by ¥ tum and less, the tolerance should be +30°. For bolts installed by % tum and more, the tolerance should be =45°. This table is applicable only to connections in which all material within the grip of the bol is steel, 4 Slope is not more than 1:20 from the normal to the bolt axis, and a beveled washer is not used, No research has been performed by RCSC to establish the turn-of-the-nut procedure for bolt lengths exceeding 12 diameters. Therefore, the required rotation should be determined by actual test in a suitable tension-measuring device that stimulates conditions of solidly fitted steel, condition. All fasteners should then be tightened, progressing systematically from the most rigid part of the connection to the free edges in a manner that will minimize relaxation of previously tightened fasteners prior to final twist off or yielding of the control or indicator clement of the individual devices. In some cases, proper tensioning of the bolts may require more than a single cycle of systematic tightening Welded connections often are used because of simplicity of design, fewer parts, less material, and decrease in shop handling and fabrication operations. Frequently, a combination of shop welding and field bolting is advantageous. With connection angles shop welded to a beam, field connections can be made with high-strength bolts without the clearance problems that may arise in an all-bolted connection. Welded connections have a rigidity that can be advantageous if properly accounted for in design. Welded trusses, for example, deflect less than bolted trusses, because the end of a welded member at a joint cannot rotate relative to the other members there. If the end of a beam is welded to a column, the rotation there is practically the same for column and beam. A disadvantage of welding, however, is that shrinkage of large welds must be considered. It is particularly important in large structures where there will be an accumulative effect. Properly made, a properly designed weld is stronger than the base metal. Improperly made, even a good-looking weld may be worthless. Properly made, a weld has the required penetration and is not brittle. Prequalified joints, welding procedures, and procedures for qualifying welders are covered by AWS D1.1, “Structural Welding Code—Stecl,” and AWS D1, “Bridge Welding Code,” American Welding Society. Common types of welds with structural steels intended for weld- ing when made in accordance with AWS specifications can be specified by note or by symbol with assurance that a good connection will be obtained. In making a welded design, designers should specify only the amount and size of weld actually required. Generally, a ‘As-in weld is considered the maximum size for a single pass.5.20 SECTION FIVE The cost of fit-up for welding can range from about one-third to several times the cost of welding. In designing welded connections, therefore, designers should consider the work necessary for the fabricator and the erector in fitting members together so they can be welded. 5.15 WELDING MATERIALS Weldable structural steels permissible in buildings and bridges are listed with required elec- trodes in Tables 5.10 and 5.11. Welding electrodes and fluxes should conform to AWS 5.1, 5.5, 5.17, 5.18, 5.20, 5.23, 5.25, 5.26, 5.28, or 5.29 or applicable provisions of AWS D1.1 or D1.5. Weld metal deposited by clectroslag or clectrogas welding processes should conform to the requirements of AWS D1.1 or D1.5 for these processes. For bridges, the impact requirements in D1.5 are mandatory. Welding processes are described in Art, 2.6. For welded connections in buildings, the electrodes or fluxes given in Table 5.10 should be used in making complete-penetration groove welds. These welds can be designed with allowable stresses for base metal indicated in Table 6.23. (See Art. 6.14.) TABLE 5.10 Matching Filler-Metal Requirements for Complete-Penetration Groove Welds in Building Construction Welding process Base metal* Shielded metal-arc ‘Submerged-are Gas metal-arc Flux cored are A361, A53 grade B AWS AS.1 or AS.5§. AWS AS.17 or A5.238 AWS A5.20 or AS.29§ A500 grades A and B E60XX F6XX-EXXX E6XT-X A501, A529, and AS70 E70XX FIXX-EXXX or AWS AS.I8—- EIXT-X. grades 30 through 50 ETOXX-X FIXX-EXX-XX, ER70S-X (Except -2, -Gs) ETXTX-XX AS72 grade 42 and 50, and AWS AS.1 or AS.S§ AWS AS.17 or A5.23§. AWS AS.I8. AWS AS.20 AS88¢ G4 in. and under) E7015, E7016, FIXX-EXXX ER70S-X, or A5.29§ 7018, E7028 FIXX-EXX-XX, ETXEX E7015-X, E7016-X, (Except -2, E7018-X, -GS) ETXTX-X A572 grades 60 and 65 AWS AS.58 AWS A5.235 AWS AS.28§ AWS A5.295 F8016-X, F8015-X_ F8XX-EXX-XX ER 80S-X E8XTX-X, E8018-X. “In joins involving base metals of different groups, either of the following filler metals may be used: (1) that which matches the higher strength base metal; or 2) that which matches the lower strength base metal and produces a low-ydrogen deposit, Preheating must be in conformance with the requirements applicable to the higher strength group. Only low-hydrogen electrodes may be used for welding A36 stecl more than 1 in thick for cyclically loaded structures, Special welding materials and procedures (¢g., ESOXX-X low-alloy electrodes) may be required to match the notch toughness of base metal (for applications involving impact loading or low temperature) or for atmospheric corrosion and weathering characteristics $Filler metals of alloy group B3, B3L, B4, BAL, BS, BSL, B6, BOL, B7, BTL, BS, BSL, or BO in ANSI/AWS AS.S, AS.23, A528, ‘or AS.29 are not prequalified for use in the as-welded condition,CONNECTIONS 5.21 For welded connections in bridges, the electrodes or fluxes given in Table 5.11 should be used in making complete-penetration groove welds. These welds can be designed with allowable stresses for base metal indicated in Table 11.6 or 11.29. (See Art. 11.8 or 11.37.) Allowable fatigue stresses must be considered where stress fluctuations are present. (See Art, 6.22, 11.10, or 11.38.) 5.16 TYPES OF WELDS ‘The main types of welds used for structural stecl are fillet, groove, plug, and slot. The most commonly used weld is the fillet. For light loads, it is the most economical, because little preparation of material is required. For heavy loads, groove welds are the most efficient, because the full strength of the base metal can be obtained easily. Use of plug and slot welds generally is limited to special conditions where fillet or groove welds are not practical. More than one type of weld may be used in a connection. If so, the allowable capacity of the connection is the sum of the effective capacities of each type of weld used, separately computed with respect (o the axis of the group. ‘Tack welds may be used for assembly or shipping. They are not assigned any stress- carrying capacity in the final structure. In some cases, these welds must be removed after final assembly or erection. Fillet welds have the general shape of an isosceles right triangle (Fig. 5.12). The size of the weld is given by the length of leg. The strength is determined by the throat thickness, the shortest distance from the root (intersection of legs) to the face of the weld. If the two legs are unequal, the nominal size of the weld is given by the shorter of the legs. If welds are concave, the throat is diminished accordingly, and so is the strength. Fillet welds are used to join two surfaces approximately at right angles to each other. The joints may be lap (Fig. 5.13) or tee or corner (Fig. 5.14). Fillet welds also may be used with groove welds to reinforce corner joints. In a skewed tee joint, the included angle of weld deposit may vary up to 30° from the perpendicular, and one corner of the edge to be con- nected may be raised, up to Ys in. If the separation is greater than Yis in, the weld leg should be increased by the amount of the root opening. Groove welds are made in a groove between the edges of two parts to be joined. These welds generally are used to connect two plates lying in the same plane (butt joint), but they also may be used for (ee and corner joints. Standard types of groove welds are named in accordance with the shape given the edges to be welded: square, single vee, double vee, single bevel, double bevel, single U, double U, single J, and double J (Fig, 5.15). Edges may be shaped by flame cutting, arc-air gouging, or edge planing. Material up (o % in thick, however, may be groove-welded with square- cut edges, depending on the welding process used. Groove welds should extend the full width of parts joined. Intermittent groove welds and butt joints not fully welded throughout the cross section ate prohibited. Groove welds also are classified as complete-penetration and partial-penetration welds. In a complete-penetration weld, the weld material and the base metal are fused through- out the depth of the joint. This type of weld is made by welding from both sides of the joint or from one side to a backing bar or backing weld. When the joint is made by welding from both sides, the root of the first-pass weld is chipped or gouged (o sound metal before the weld on the opposite side, or back pass is made. The throat dimension of a complete- penetration groove weld, for stress computations, is the full thickness of the thinner part joined, exclusive of weld reinforcement. Partial-penetration welds generally are used when forces to be transferred are small, ‘The edges may not be shaped over the full joint thickness, and the depth of weld may be less than the joint thickness (Fig. 5.15). But even if edges are fully shaped, groove welds made from one side without a backing strip or made from both sides without back gouging5.22 SECTION FIVE TABLE 5.11 Matching Filler-Metal Requirements for Complete-Penetration Groove Welds in Bridge Construction, (a) Qualified in Accordance with AWS DIS Paragraph 5.12 Welding processt Flux-cored arc with external Base metal* Shielded metal-are Submerged-are shielding gas A36/M270M grade 250 AWS AS.1 or ASS AWS AS.17 AWS AS.20 E7016, E7018, or F6A0-EXXX E6XT-LS 7028, E7016- FTAO-EXXX EIXT-L; X, B7018-X AS72 grade 50/M270M AWS AS.1 or ASS AWS AS.17 AWS AS.20 grade 345 type 1, 2, E7016, E7018, FTAO-EXXX EIXT-1S or3 E7028, E7016- X, or E7018-X A588/M270M grade AWS AS.1 AWS AS.17 or AWS 5.20 34SWi 4-in and E7016, E7018, A823 or A529 under E7028 FTAO-EXXX, EIXT-LS AWS AS.5 F8A0- E7016-X, E7018- EXXX$ X, B1028-X, E7018-W E7015, 16, 18- CIL, C2L. 8016, 18-Cl, 2g E8016, 18-C38 E8018-W§ ‘A852/M270M grade AWS AS.5 AWS 5.23 AWS 5.29 485i E9018-M F9A0-EXXX-X E9XTL-X EOXTS-X AS14/M270 grades 690 AWS AS.5 and 690W E1018-M Over 2% in thick (b) Qualified in accordance with AWS DI.S Paragraph 5.13 Welding processt Electrogas (not authorized for Flux-cored are, tension and stress reversal Shielded Base metal* self-shielding Gas metal-are members) Submerged-arc metal-are A36/M270M grade AWS A5.20 AWS AS.18. AWS A525 AWS A5.26 250 EOXT-6,8 ER70S FES 60-XXXX_EG60XXXX ETXT-68 2,36,7 FES 70-XXXX EG62XXXX AWS A5.29 FES 72-XXXX_EG70XXXX F6XTS-8 EG72XXXX ETXT8-X, AS72 grade 50/ AWS A520 AWS AS.18. AWS A525 AWS A5.26 ‘M270M grade 345 ETXT-6,8 ER 708- FES 70-XXXX_EG70XXXX AWS 5.29 2,36,7 FES 72-XXXX_EG72XXXX ETXT8-X.CONNECTIONS 5.23 (®) Qualified in accordance with AWS D1.5 Paragraph 5.13 (continued) Welding processt Electrogas (not authorized for Flux-cored are, tension and stress reversal Shielded Base metal* self-shielding Gas metal-are members) Submerged-are metal-are AS88/M270M grade AWS A520. AWS AS.18. AWS A525 AWS AS.25 345Wi 4 in and E7XT68 ——_-ERT0S- FES70-XXXX under AWS 5.29 2,3.6,7_FES72-XXXX ETXTS8-NiX$ AWS A528 EG72- ER80S-NiX XXXX ‘A852/M270 grade ‘As Approved by Engineer 485Wi AS14/M270M grades With external AWS AS.28 AWS AS.23 690 and 690W# over shielding ER1O0S-1 FIOA4-EM2-M2 24% in thick gas ER100S-2 AWS AS.29 E100 T5-K3 E01 T1-K7 AS14/M270M grades With external AWS AS.28 AWS A523 AWS 690 and 690W 2% shielding ERI10S-1 FIIAGEM3-M3.—_ ASS in thick or less gas EL1018-M AWS A529 ELIOTS- K3.K4 ELLITL-K4 “In joints involving base metals of two different yield strengths, filler metal applicable to the lower-strength base metal may be used. ‘Electrode specifications with the same yield and tensile properties, but with lower impact-test temperature may be substituted (e.g. FTA2-EXXX may be substituted for F7A0-EXXX, Special welding materials and procedures may be required to match atmospheric, corrosion and weathering characteristics. See AWS DLS. §"The SSOMPa filler metals are intended for exposed applications of weathering steels. They need not be used on applications of M270M grade 345W steel that will be painted. (b FIGURE 5.12 Fillet weld. (a) Theoretical cross section. (6) Actual cross section,5.24 SECTION FIVE WE 9s. ELD { FIGURE 5.13 Welded lap joint. FIGURE 5.14 (a) Tee joint. (b) Comer joint. are considered partial-penetration welds. They often are used for splices in building columns carrying axial loads only. In bridges, such welds should not be used where tension may be applied normal to the axis of the welds. Plug and slot welds are used to transmit shear in lap joints and to prevent buckling of lapped parts. In buildings, they also may be used to join Components of built-up members (Plug or slot welds, however, are not permitted on A514 stecl.) The welds are made, with lapped parts in contact, by depositing weld metal in circular or slotted holes in one part. ‘The openings may be partly or completely filled, depending on their depth. Load capacity of a plug or slot completely welded equals the product of hole area and allowable stress Unless appearance is a main consideration, a fillet weld in holes or slots is preferable. Economy in Selection. In selecting a weld, designers should consider not only the type of joint but also the type of weld that would require a minimum amount of metal. This would yield a saving in both material and time. While strength of a fillet weld varies with size, volume of metal varies with the square of the size. For example, a ¥4-in fillet weld contains four times as much metal per inch of EFFECTIVE // WELD THROAT — ~~ CN Lys LL ROOT FACE oouaLe vee FIGURE 5.15. Groove welds.CONNECTIONS 5.25 length as a Y4-in weld but is only twice as strong. In general, a smaller but longer fillet weld costs less than a larger but shorter weld of the same capacity. Furthermore, small welds can be deposited in a single pass. Large welds require multiple passes. They take longer, absorb more weld metal, and cost more. As a guide in selecting welds, Table 5.12 lists the number of passes required for some frequently used types of welds Double-V and double-bevel groove welds contain about half as much weld metal as single-V and single-bevel groove welds, respectively (deducting effects of root spacing). Cost of edge preparation and added labor of gouging for the back pass, however, should be considered. Also, for thin material, for which a single weld pass may be sufficient, it is uneconomical to use smaller electrodes to weld from two sides. Furthermore, poor accessi- bility or less favorable welding position (Art. 5.18) may make an unsymmetrical groove weld mote economical, because it can be welded from only one side. ‘When bevel or V grooves can be flame-cut, they cost less than J and U grooves, which require planning or arc-air gouging 5.17 STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS These should be used on drawings to designate welds and provide pertinent information concerning them. The basic parts of a weld symbol are a horizontal line and an arrow: Extending from either end of the line, the arrow should point to the joint in the same manner as the electrode would be held to do the welding. TABLE 5.12 Number of Passes for Welds Single-bevel groove welds (back-up weld Single-V groove welds (back-up not included) weld not included) Weld size,* in Fillet welds. 30° bevel «45° bevel ~—30" open 60" open_—_90" open Ke 1 ‘ 1 1 1 2 3 3 Ye 1 % 3 2 2 3 4 6 Ye 4 h 4 2 2 4 5 7 ‘a 6 3 3 4 6 8 ‘x 8 4 5 4 7 9 % 5 8 5 10 10 1 5 u 5 13 2 Vs 7 ul 9 15 2 1A 8 u 12 16 32 1% 9 15 13 a 36 VA 9 18 1B 25 40 m% ul 2 Plate thickness for groove welds.5.26 SECTION FIVE Welding symbols should clearly convey the intent of the designer. For the purpose, sec- tions or enlarged details may have to be drawn to show the symbols, or notes may be added. Notes may be given as part of welding symbols or separately. When part of a symbol, the note should be placed inside a tail at the opposite end of the line from the arrow: i el Type and length of weld are indicated above or below the line. If noted below the line, the symbol applies to a weld on the arrow side of the joint, the side to which the arrow points, If noted above the line, the symbol indicates that the other side, the side opposite the one (o which the arrow points (not the far side of the assembly), is to be welded. A fillet weld is represented by a right triangle extending above or below the line to indicate the side on which the weld is to be made. The vertical leg of the triangle is always on the left. a wave 4 The preceding symbol indicates that a /-in fillet weld 6 in long is to be made on the arrow side of the assembly. The following symbol requires a ¥-in fillet weld 6 in long on both sides. If a weld is required on the far side of an assembly, it may be assumed necessary from symmetry, shown in sections or details, or explained by a note in the tail of the welding symbol. For connection angles at the end of a beam, far-side welds generally are assumed: Po | a Wap Length of weld is not shown on the symbol in this case because the connection requires a continuous weld the full length of each angle on both sides of the angle. Care must be taken not to omit length unless a continuous full-length weld is wanted. “Continuous” should