MAT040

Lesson 2 : The Indefinite Integral

2C: Antiderivatives and
Formulas on Antidifferentiation
(Trigonometric Functions)
MA. CRISTINA DUYAGUIT
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, CSM
The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)

Theorem 2.4 The following are formulas for integrals involving

trigonometric functions.

1. ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 4. ‫ ׬‬cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sin 𝑢 + 𝑐

2. ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 5.‫ ׬‬sec 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sec 𝑢 + tan 𝑢 + 𝑐

3. ‫ ׬‬tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln sec 𝑢 + 𝑐 6. ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln csc 𝑢 − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐

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The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)

7. ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + c 9. ‫ ׬‬sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐

8. ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − csc 𝑢 + 𝑐 10. ‫ ׬‬csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = − cot 𝑢 + 𝑐

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The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)
Example 2.5: Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.
5 sec 𝑥 −7 cos2 𝑥 𝑤 𝑤
𝑎 ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 (d) ‫ ׬‬cos sin 𝑑𝑤
cos 𝑥 2 2
1 sec2 2−3𝑥 sin(2−3𝑥)
𝑏 ‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (e) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1−sec(2−3𝑥)
2 cot 𝑥 −3 csc2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑐 ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

Solution:
5 sec 𝑥 −7 cos2 𝑥 sec 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
𝑎 ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = 5‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 − 7‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Note: In evaluating every
2
indefinite integral, a constant
should always be added. But,
= 5 ‫ ׬‬sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 7 ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
as we see here, we can
always combine the constants = 5 tan 𝑥 + 𝐶1 − 7 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶2 .
in the final answer..
= 5 tan 𝑥 − 7 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶
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The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)
1 1
𝑏 ‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 = 𝑥 1Τ2 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 − 1Τ2 𝑑𝑥, i.e.
2
1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = . It follows that 𝑑𝑥 = , = 2𝑑𝑣, and
2 𝑥 2 𝑥
1 1
‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 − 𝑥
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
= ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
2
1
= − cos 𝑢 + 2 cos 𝑣 + 𝐶
2
1
= − cos 2𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 .
2

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The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)
2 cot 𝑥 −3 csc2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cot 𝑥 csc2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑐 ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = 2‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 − 3‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
= 2 ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ‫ ׬‬3 𝑑𝑥 .
sin 𝑥

cos 𝑥 −3
To evaluate ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥, we let
sin3 𝑥
𝑢 = sin 𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Thus, we have
cos 𝑥 −3 cos 𝑥
‫ ׬‬sin3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫𝑢 ׬‬−3 𝑑𝑢
1
= − 𝑢−2 + 𝐶1
2
1
=− + 𝐶1 .
2 sin2 𝑥

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The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)
Therefore,
2 cot 𝑥 −3 csc2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ‫ ׬‬csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin3 𝑥
3
= −2 csc 𝑥 + 𝐶2 + + 𝐶1
2 sin2 𝑥
3
= −2 csc 𝑥 + +𝐶 .
2 sin2 𝑥

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The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)
𝑤 𝑤
(d) ‫ ׬‬cos 2
sin
2
𝑑𝑤

To solve this, we use a trigonometric identity. Recall that

sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃. Thus,
𝑤 𝑤 1
cos sin = sin 𝑤.
2 2 2
Therefore,
𝑤 𝑤 1 1
‫ ׬‬cos 2
sin
2
𝑑𝑤 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑤𝑑𝑤 = − cos 𝑤 + 𝑐.
2 2

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 The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)
1
sec2 2−3𝑥 sin(2−3𝑥) sec 2−3𝑥 cos(2−3𝑥) sin(2−3𝑥)
(e) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1−sec(2−3𝑥) 1−sec(2−3𝑥)
sin(2−3𝑥)
sec 2−3𝑥 cos(2−3𝑥)
Let 𝑢 = 1 − sec(2 − 3𝑥) = ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
1−sec(2−3𝑥)
𝑑𝑢 = (− sec 2 − 3𝑥 tan(2 − 3𝑥))(−3)𝑑𝑥 sec 2−3𝑥 tan(2−3𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= sec 2 − 3𝑥 tan(2 − 3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 =‫׬‬
3 1−sec(2−3𝑥)
You may write your solution like this. 𝑑𝑢
That is, writing in the left side the part 3
in which you define 𝑢 and taking the =‫׬‬
differentials of both sides of the 𝑢 Τ2
1
1
equation. This is a part of your solution
and hence should be seen with your = ‫ 𝑢 ׬‬−1Τ2 𝑑𝑢
answer.
3
1 𝑢1Τ2
We see in this example that though
= 1 +𝑐
the function involves trigonometric 3
functions, we did not use any of the 2
integration formulas in Theorem 2.4. 2 1Τ 2
We used integration by substitution. = 1 − sec(2 − 3𝑥) +𝑐
3
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The Indefinite Integral (Trigonometric Functions)
Exercise 2.3: Evaluate the following integrals:
3 𝜃 𝜃
1. a) ‫ ׬‬tan2 2𝑥 + 1 tan(2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 4. a) ‫ ׬‬cos 3 − cos 𝑑𝜃
2 2
b) ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 b) ‫ ׬‬sec 1 − 5𝑥 tan 1 − 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
cos 𝑥 sec 2 − 1
2. a) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥 5. a) ‫׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥 2 tan2 2

b) ‫ ׬‬sec 4 1
2
𝜃 − sec 2 1
2
𝜃 𝑑𝜃 b) ‫ ׬‬sin 2𝑥 + cos(3𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

5 cos2 𝜃 − 3 tan 𝜃
3. a) ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃
b ) [3 cot 2 2𝑥 − 2 csc 2 3𝑥]𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬
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References:

· Canoy, Sergio, Jr., et al. A First Course in Analytic Geometry and Calculus. Revised Edition.
Department of Mathematics, MSU-IIT. 2010.

· Leithold, I. (1996). The Calculus 7. HarpenCollins College Publishing.

· Leithold, Louis. The Calculus with Analytic Geometry, 7th edition, 1995.

· Mendelson, Elliott. 3,000 Solved Problems in Calculus. Mc-Graw Hill, 1988.

· Protter, M &Protter, P. (1988). Calculus with Analytical Geometry. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publisher.

· Protter, Murray H. and Morrey, Charles B. Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Addison-Wesley
Educational Publishers Inc., 1971.

· Purcell, E. & Patterson, R. (1978). Calculus with Analytic Geometry. Prentice-Hall.