ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 Consist of glands that produce hormones to control the body’s normal functioning
 Made up of a group of organs called endocrine glands

GLANDS

 Organ in the body that produces and releases a chemical substance called hormones.
Endocrine Glands
 Are ductless glands that secrete hormone directly into either the bloodstream or the
fluid around the cells
 Endo means “within”, krinein means separate; to secrete
 In addition to endocrine glands, other organs contain cells or tissues that
secrete hormones. These includes the brain, stomach small intestine, kidney,
liver and heart.
FUNCTIONS
 The endocrine system is an organ system that maintain the total order pf circadian
rhythm.
 Regulates the activity of the human body (all of it) it is the system of checks and balances.
It’s the temperature regulator
CIRCADIAN CLOCK & RHYTHM

 24 hour internal clock that is running in the background of your brain & cycles between
sleepiness & alertness at regular intervals
 Known as your sleep/wake cycle
GLANDS & HORMONES
Hypothalamus
 Connected to the pituitary gland by blood vessels
  It is a small gland located at the base of the brain. It regulates the body,
homeostasis & reproduction
 Monitors the body temperature , blood pressure, use of water, pH & other
conditions
 Signals pituitary gland if conditions need to be corrected
 The link between the nervous system & the endocrine system
HORMONES
 Releasing & inhibiting hormone
Target: Anterior pituitary Gland
 Releases a signal hormone to the anterior pituitary gland to release or inhibit the
specific hormone
 On & off
PITUITARY GLAND

 A.K.A Hypophysis
 It is a pea sized gland found in the center of the skull, right behind the bridge of the nose 7
below the hypothalamus
 It is divided into the anterior pituitary & posterior pituitary gland, each different
hormones
 Signals other glands to produce their hormones when needed
 The anterior lobe of the pituitary receives signals from the hypothalamus &
responds by sending out the appropriate hormone to other endocrine glands
 The posterior pituitary receives oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the
hypothalamus, relays them to the body as necessary
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Target: Thyroid Gland
 Stimulates production & secretion of thyroxin
 Regulates our bodies metabolism
“Whether you like to eat or not”… blame this hormone
Prolactin
Target: Mammary Glands
 Responsible for signaling the mammary glands to create breast milk
 Active mostly after pregnancy
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Target: adrenal cortex
 Responsible for the secretion of corticosteroids that helps in immune response &
stress response
 Endorphin
Target: Brain
 The body’s natural pain reliever. Too much will make you “high” like taking cocaine.
Growth hormone
Target: Somatic cells
 Signals the somatic cells to go for mitotic division for a person to grow
 Also for regeneration purposes
Luteinizing hormone
Target: Ovary
 Stimulates ovulation in preparation for pregnancy
 Production of estrogen and progesterone
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Target: ovary & testes
 Stimulates growth of ovarian follicle for the egg cell to develop inside & be released
later
 Stimulates sperm production
POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Oxytocin
Target: Mammary Gland, uterus
 Stimulate milk secretion
 Stimulates uterine contraction
Antidiuretic hormone
Target: kidneys
 Increase water absorption in the nephrons
PARATHYROID GLAND

 Are four glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid

Parathyroid hormone
Target: bones, digestive tract
 Stimulates calcium release in the blood
 Stimulates calcium absorption
THYROID GLAND

 Located in just under the larynx or voice box

Hormones:
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Target: most tissues
  Regulate the body’s temperature, metabolism & heart rate together T4
Thyroxine (T4)
Target: most cells
 Increased metabolic rate & growth
Calcitonin
Target: bones
 Stimulates calcium uptake in the stomach
ADERNAL GLANDS

 Adrenal means “above the kidney”

 It is located a top each kidney
 Made up of two parts:
 The outer adrenal cortex
 The inner adrenal cortex
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Target: circulatory system
 Increases heart rate, blood pressure & blood sugar
 Promote the “fight or flight response”
 It increases the uptake of sodium & water in the kidneys
Norepinephrine
Target: respiratory system
 Increases breathing rate & clears airways for running long distance when you’re
really scared
 Yung hindi ka marunong umakyat ng puno pero dahil sa aso bigla kang
marunong umakyat
PANCREAS

 Located beneath the stomach

 Part of the digestive system
Insulin
Target: many cells
 Stimulates glucose uptake and blood sugar reduction
Glucagon
 Stimulates glucose release into blood to use as energy source
PANCREAS

 Consist of two major types of secretory tissue which reflects its dual function
Exocrine Gland
 Secretes digestive juice
 Localized in the acinar cells
  Acini – secretes pancreatic juice
Endocrine Gland
 Releases hormones
 Localized in the islet cells (islets of Langerhans)
 Islets of Langerhans- secrete insulin & glucagon
GLANDS OF THE BODY
EXOCRINE: Duct present
ENDOCRINE: No duct secrete hormones directly into the blood
OVARY
Estrogen
Target: Many cells
 Female development & behavior and the reason why they are so mysterious
Progesterone
Target: uterus
 Stimulates growth of the uterine lining & menstrual cramp in women
TESTES
Testosterone
Target: many cells
 Stimulates male development & behavior
THYMUS

 Located behind the sternum & between the lungs, just behind the breastbone
Thymosin
Target: white blood cells
 Stimulates differentiation in WBCs for the body’s defense system against disease-
causing organisms
PINEAL GLAND

 Located near the thalamus of the brain

Melatonin
Target: Brain
 Promotes sleep
 Signals your body to sleep
FUNCTIONS OF THE PINEAL GLAND
  Produces the serotonin derivative melatonin, which influences sexual development, sleep-
wake cycles, & seasonal functions- which means melatonin helps regulates the body’s
internal clock & circadian rhythm.
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Gastrin
Target: Gut cells
 Stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion & you end up hungry
HORMONES

 Chemical messengers, carrying instructions to cells to change their activities

 Collective term for all the chemical messenger of the body that carries instructions to cell
or another gland to do its job.
 It is made of protein that is why eating meat & vegetables is important
 Its mechanism is to reach the target cell or receptor to make that targeted cell to gland to
function
 Slow-acting & longer-lived messengers
 Hormone levels are primarily controlled through negative feedback, in which rising levels
of a hormone inhibit its further release. 3 mechanism of hormonal releases are:
Humoral
 Responds to changes in the blood
 To the control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular
fluid such as blood or the ion concentration in the blood
 A rise in blood glucose levels triggers the pancreatic release of insulin
Hormonal
 Stimulation from other hormones
 To the release of a hormone in response to another hormone
 A number of endocrine glands release hormone when stimulated by
hormones released by other endocrine glands
 The hypothalamus produces hormones that stimulates the anterior
portion of the pituitary gland
Neural
 Stimulation by nerves
 The nervous system directly stimulates endocrine glands to release
hormones, which is referred to as neutral stimuli.
 The activation of the fight or flight response by the sympathetic
nervous system. When an individual perceives danger, sympathetic
neurons signal the adrenal glands to secrete norepinephrine &
epinephrine
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
Dwarfism
 Happens primarily when the cartilage in the bones does not grow or divide properly
due to the lack of growth hormone
 Can be congenital or acquired after birth
 Insufficient production of GH
 Unusually smaller stature compared to other of the same age
 APD can cause by brain tumor, head trauma, pg or hypothalamus disease or
radiation therapy
  Treated with synthetic GH
Gigantism
 Hormonal disorder that develops when your pituitary gland produce too much
growth hormone.
 A rare condition that cause abnormal growth in children
 Occurs when a child’s pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone
 Treated with bromocriptine & cabergoline ( drugs that can be used to lower growth
hormone)
Diabetes Mellitus
 Blood glucose level is high due to inadequate insulin production or inability of
body cells to respond to insulin
 Experience frequent urination & excessive thirst & hunger
TYPES OF DIABETES
 Type 1 diabetes
 The body does not produce insulin
 Type 2 diabetes
 The body produces minimal insulin or the cells do not react to
insulin (insulin resistance)
 Gestational diabetes
 Common to pregnant women due to hormonal change during
their pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism (thyroid disorder)
 Overproduction of thyroid hormones
 Tremors, nervousness, fatigue, intolerance for heat, concentration problems, sweating
increased bowel movement
 Graves’ disease is the common form of hyperthyroidism symptoms is goiter
 Occurs when your body doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormones
 Symptoms includes goiter, fatigue, dry skin & cold feeling
 Treatment can be surgical removal of your thyroid, radiation therapy, and
medications.