Scribd
Upload
55 views

Chapter 4

This document provides an introduction to integration, which is the reverse process of differentiation. It defines indefinite integrals and the rules and properties for evaluating indefinite integrals of various functions, including constants, powers, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. Example problems demonstrate the application of these integration rules and properties.

Uploaded by

2022473608
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
55 views

Chapter 4

This document provides an introduction to integration, which is the reverse process of differentiation. It defines indefinite integrals and the rules and properties for evaluating indefinite integrals of various functions, including constants, powers, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions. Example problems demonstrate the application of these integration rules and properties.

Uploaded by

2022473608
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

CHAPTER 4 INTEGRATION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

 Integration is a reverse process of differentiation.

4.1 THE INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

 Definition:
• A function F is called an antiderivative of a function f on a
given interval I if F’(x) = f(x) for all x in the interval
 f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C
 The expression  f ( x)dx - an indefinite integral.
 “Indefinite” == the result of anti-differentiation is a
“generic” function, described only up to a constant
term.

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 1 of 11


 The “elongated s” appears on the left side – integral
sign
 The constant C – constant of integration
 It’s read as “The integral of f(x) with respect to x is
equal to F(x) plus a constant”

4.2 RULES & PROPERTIES OF INTEGRATION

4.2.1 Constant Rule

 kdx = kx + c
Example 4.1:
5
(a)  − 3 dx (b)  dt

4.2.2 Power Rule

n +1
x
 dx = n + 1 + c, n  −1 &
n
x

n +1
( ax + b )
 + dx = + c, n  −1
n
( ax b )
a(n + 1)

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 2 of 11


Example 4.2:
x 3
Evaluate: (a)  dx (b)  dx
3 x4

4.2.3 Properties of the indefinite integral

i) ∫ 𝑐𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

ii) ∫[𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Example 4.3:
Evaluate:
√𝑥
(i) ∫ 3 ( + 𝑥 2 − 6) 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫(5𝑧 + 4𝑧 3 )𝑑𝑧
2

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 3 of 11


𝑢2 +3𝑢−1 (4−𝑥)(4+𝑥)
(iii) ∫ 𝑑𝑢 (iv) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑢4 𝑥2

3 1
(v) ∫ ( 𝑥 2 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 (vi) ∫[𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1)2 ]𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 4 of 11


2 2
(vii) ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥 (viii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2−6𝑥)9 𝑥

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 5 of 11


4.2.4 Trigonometric Rules

d
dx
(sin x) = cos x  cos x dx = sin x + c
d
dx
(cos x) = − sin x  sin x dx = − cos x + c
d
 sec x dx = tan x + c
2
(tan x) = sec2 x
dx
d
dx
(sec x) = sec x tan x  sec x tan x dx = sec x + c
d
dx
(csc x) = − csc x • cot x  csc x cot x dx = − csc x + c
d
 csc x dx = − cot x + c
2
(cot x) = − csc2 x
dx

Given f(x) a linear function:


sin f ( x)
 cos f ( x) dx = f ' ( x) + c
cos f ( x)
 sin f ( x ) dx = −
f ' ( x)
+c

tan f ( x)
 = +c
2
sec f ( x ) dx
f ' ( x)
sec f ( x)
 sec f ( x ) tan f ( x ) dx =
f ' ( x)
+c

csc f ( x)
 csc f ( x ) cot f ( x ) dx = −
f ' ( x)
+c

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 6 of 11


cot f ( x)
 f ( x) dx = − +c
2
csc
f ' ( x)
Example 4.4:
Evaluate:
(i) ∫(−2 cos 𝑥 + 4 sec 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

(ii) ∫ cos 𝜃 (tan 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 )𝑑𝜃

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 7 of 11


4.2.6 Logarithmic rules

𝑑 1 1
(ln 𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑 1 ′
𝑓 (𝑥)
[ln 𝑓(𝑥)] = ∙ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)

Example 4.9:
Integrate the following:
3 1 2
(i)  x dx (ii)  5x dx (iii)  x + 1 dx

1 1 x
(iv)  2x + 3 dx (v) 
3 − 5x
dx (vi) 
x2 + 3
dx

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 8 of 11


x+2 x −1
(vii)  2
dx (viii)  2
dx (ix)  tan(2x + 1)dx
x + 4x − 9 8 + 2x − x

(x)  cotx dx
𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
(xi) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2+𝑒 sin 𝑥

Note: Example 4.9 can also be solved using the method of


u-substitution
4.2.7 Exponential rules

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 9 of 11


𝑑 𝑥
[𝑒 ] = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) Or
[𝑒 ] = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ∙ 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 ∫𝑒 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 = ′ +𝑐
𝑓 (𝑥)
(where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≡ linear function)

Example 4.10:
Integrate the following:
(2x + 3)
(i)  e 2x dx (ii)  e −4x dx (iii)  e dx

3x 2 −1 2
2 + 2x − x
(iv)  cos(x)  e dx (v)  (vi)  (x − 1)e
sinx
xe dx dx

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 10 of 11


Note: Example 4.10 can also be solved using the method of
u-substitution

Calculus1/chapter 4/integration Page 11 of 11

You might also like