ORAL COMM

LESSON 1

Communication- a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to another within and across
channels, contexts, media, and culture
-is a message understood.
-is a social interaction through messages.
Communicare- latin term means TO SHARE
Communis- WORKING TOGETHER

COMMUNICATION CONTEXTS/SITUATIONS
*Face-to-face interaction
*Phone Conversation
*Group Discussion
*Meeting/Interview
*Letter Correspondence
*Class Recitation

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
*Communication is a process
*Communication is systematic
*Communication is symbolic
*Communication involves meaning

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Inform, clarify, buy, teach, accept, criticize, inspire, question, understand, learn, affirm, deny, and many more.

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICAITON
1. Speaker- the source of information or message
2. Message- the information, ideas, or thought conveyed by the speakerin words or in action.
3. Encoding- the process of conveying the message into words, actions, or other forms thst the speaker understands.
4. Channel- the medium through which you can send a message to the inteded audience.
5. Receiver- the receiver of the message
6. Decoding- the process of interpreting a message that has been encoded by a source or the sender
7. Feedback- the reactions, responses or information provided by the receiver
8. Context- the environment where communication takes place
9. Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
1. Physical/Physiological Barriers- the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication. also
called as external noises
2. Psychological Barriers-mental barriers. The social and personal issues of a speaker towards communicating. Also
called as internal noises.
3. Cultural Barriers- the communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and
traditions in conflict with others
4. Linguistic barriers- the conflicts with regard to language and word meanings. Also called as semantic noises.
LESSON 2
S MODELS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS
1. Linear Communication- a one-way communication, focusing on the transmission of a message to a receiver who never
responds or has no way of responding to the information conveyed.
2. Shannon-weaver Model of Communication= it is also considered as the mother of all communication models.
3. Interactive Approach- Is a two-way communication process where a response is given after a message is sent. The
recipient of the action intentionally or unintentionally gives feedback associated with the information received.
4. Schramm Model of communication- Schramm (1954) visualized the process of communication as an exchange of
thoughts and ideas.
 5. Transaction Model of communication- The communicator encodes the message and transmits it through a channel,
The message transmitted may be affected by the barrier. The receiver decodes, processes and filters the message for
understanding and is now ready to give his own feedback to the sender.
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LESSON 3
VARIOUS STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATON BREAKDOWN
1. Have Clarity of thought before speaking
2. Learn to Listen
3. Take care of your body language and tone
4. Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others
5. Communicate face to face on the important issues

THE 7Cs OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

1. Completeness
2. Conciseness
3. COnsideration
4. Concreteness
5. Courtesy
6. Clearness
7. Correctness

HELPFUL EXPRESSIONS TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

1. Use helpful expressions to gain time to think-really, uhmm, uh-huh, anyway, tell me more...
2. Give positive remarks or comments- sound goods, I see what you meant
3. Ask for repetition-”what did you say again?”
4. Check for understanding- “so, are you saying that?

Lesson 4
VERBAL COMMUNICATION- is the use of words to share information with other people. It can therefore incude both spoken
and written communication.
-the verbal element of communication is all about the words that you choose, and how they are heard and interpreted.
-systematic arrangement of letters,figures, symbols and words through which a message is transmitted or communicated
-it makes use of words in the process of sending and receiving messages
CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Appropriateness- using of words appropriate by whether formal or informal
2. Brevity- simple and precise, direct to the point (avoid fillers)
3. Clarity- clearly state your message
4. Ethics- word should be carefully chosem
5. Vividness- using of words creatively to make them pleasant to hear
TIPS WHEN COMMUNICATING VERBALLY
1. Start with what your listener needs to know.
2. Limit the amount of information.
3. Eliminate unnecessary words.
4. Make your messages relevant to your listener
5. Pause occasionally
6. Respect individual differences.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION- generating meaning using behavior other than words
- process of exchanging ideas in the absence of words
-more expressive (action speak louder than words)
SIX UNIVERSAL EXPRESSIONS
1. Happiness
2. Sadness
3. Disgust
4. Fear
 5. Anger
6. Surprise
KINDS OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
1. Language of Kinesics- it involves body motion/physical actions. Oculesics- eye movement/contact. Facial expression-
how facial muscles are set to express emotions. Gestures- the movement of head, arms, hands, and shoulder to
convey a message
2. Language of Haptics/Tactile- involves touch.
3. Language of Proxemics- involves space and arrangement of the environment.
A. Physical Arrangements
B. Distance
4. Language of Chronemics- involves the use of time in communication.
A. Duration- length of time devotes to activity
B. Punctuality- the exact time agreed upon
SOME REASON FOR USING NONVERBAL
1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus making it more meaningful, truthful and relevant.
2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perspectives without you saying a word.
3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them engaged in the speech
4. It gives the audience a preview of the type of speaker you are.
5. It helps make your speech more dramatic.
6. It makes you a credible speaker.
7. It can build a connection with listeners.
LESSON 5
Intercultural Communication- it refers to the effective communication between people/ workers/ clients of different culturl
background. It also includes managing thoughts patterns and non-verbal communication.
THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL SENSITIVITY
Stage 1. Denial. The individual does not recognize cultural differences.
Stage 2. Defense. The individual starts to recognie cultural differences and is intimidates by them, resulting in either a superior
view or an unjustifies high regard for the new one.
Stage 3. Minimization. Although individuals see cultural differences, they bank more on the universality of ideas rather than on
cultural differences
Stage 4. Acceptance. The individual begins to appreciate important cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in values.
Stage 5. Adaptation. The individual is very open to world views when accepting new perspectives.
Stage 6. Integration. Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures and see themselves and their actions based on
multifarious cultural viewpoints

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPONENT INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATORS

1. Flexibility and the ability to tolerate high levels of uncertainty
2. Reflectiveness or mindfulness
3. Open-mindness
4. Sensitivity
5. Adaptability
6. Ability to engage in divergent thinking ( or thinking creatively) and systems-level thinking
7. Politeness

DO’s OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

1. Avoid assumptions and jokes which are misunderstood
2. Use of symbols, diagrams and pictures
3. Avoid stereotypes
4. Investigates their cultures perception
5. Take cultural and local differences into account
DONT’s OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
1. Using the same appeoach world-wide
2. Letting cultural differences become a source of conflict that hinder the process or word.
3. Fail to ignore culturally-dependent enabling and counteracting forces
 4. Fail to take language barriers into account

LESSON 6
Speech Context- It refers to the situation or environment and the circumstances in which communication occurs.
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
Intrapersonal- focused on one person; communicating with oneself
- the message is made up of thoughts and feelings while the medium is the brain that processes what you rhink and feel.
( Hybels & weaver, 2012)
Example: daydreaming, reflecting, analyzing, evaluating and even mumbling
Reminders in Intrapersonal:
Use self-talk to your advantage
Don’t overdo it
Interpersonal- Dyad communication. Type of communication that happens netween two people
Example: You consoled your brother who was feeling down
Types of Interpersonal
Small group- this applies to interactions involving at least three but not more than twelve people engages in face-to-face
interactions to achieve the desired goal.
Example: discussions, panel discussions, group brainstorming
Considerations in Interpersonal Communication
Know the objective of the communication
Let the other participant speak
Observe the other participants’ nonverbal behavior
Public Communication- It enables you to send or deliver a message before a crowd.
- Unlike interpersonal and small groups, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder, and the gestures are more
expansive because the audience is larger. ( Hybels & Weaver, 2012)
Example: Delivering a graduation speech to your fellow graduates
Mass Communcation- It refers to communication through television, radio, newspaper, magazines, books, billboards, the
internet and other types of media.
Examples: You are watching a televised news report.

LESSON 7
Speech Styles- refers to the form of language that the speaker uses which is characterized by the degree of formality
1. Intimate Style- used in conversations between people who are very close and know each other quite well because of
having a maximum of shared background information. This style is private, which occurs between or among clos
family members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be share in public
Example:Telling your bf/gf you love him/her
2. Casual or Information Style- This style is used in conversations between friends and insiders who have something to
share and have shared background information. There is free and easy participation of both speaker and the listener.
Casual or informal style have ellipsis, allows the use of slang, profanity, and unconventional English words. The diction or
vocabulary is informal
Example: used of contractions, slang words, simplified grammar
3. Consultative Style- known as the third level of language. It is an unplannes speech. This speech style uses listener
participations and feedback. This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this
style
Example: communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctorand patient
4. Formal Style- It uses formal words and expressions. This speech style is expected to be presented in
complete sentences with specific word usage. Most often seen in writing than speaking, This style is used in formal settings.
Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way
Example: sermons by priests and ministers, state of the nation address. of the president, formal speeches or
pronouncement by judges
5. Frozen Style- Also known as fixed speech. It is the most formal communicative style that is often used in a respectful
situation or formal ceremony. This style is “frozen” in time and reamins unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.
Example: The preamble to the constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and the allegiance to country or flag.
LESSON 8
Speech Act- is an utteranc that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Performed when a person offers an apology,
greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal

Speech act theory by J. L. Austin

Locutionary- occurs when the speaker performs a locution
Locution- is the phrase or sentence that has meaning and structure
Illocutionary- the performance of the act saying something with specific intention or illocution.
Perlocutionary- Happens when what the speaker says has an effect on the listener or perlocution.
CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT (ILLOCUTIONARY) by Searle
Assertive- speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition.
-commits the speaker to something being in the cases.
Example: No one can you better than I do.
Directive- speaker tries to make the receiver perform an action.
Example: Please maintain the cleanliness of our school.
Commissive- speaker commits to doing something in the future.
Example: from this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life.
Expressive- expresses how the speaker feels about the situation
Example: Thank heaven, you came to save me! I owe you my life
Declaration- change the state of the world in an immediate way
Example: You are hire