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Reviewer in General Mathematics

This document provides an overview of key concepts in general mathematics including: 1) Functions are defined as a special type of relation where each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. 2) Piecewise functions use more than one formula to define the output. Evaluating a function means replacing the variable with a value from the domain and computing the result. 3) Intercepts and asymptotes are important properties when analyzing rational functions graphically. Vertical and horizontal asymptotes are determined based on the degrees of the numerator and denominator. 4) Exponential functions have the form f(x) = bx where b is the base. Their graphs approach but do not reach the x

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34 views

Reviewer in General Mathematics

This document provides an overview of key concepts in general mathematics including: 1) Functions are defined as a special type of relation where each element of the domain corresponds to exactly one element of the range. 2) Piecewise functions use more than one formula to define the output. Evaluating a function means replacing the variable with a value from the domain and computing the result. 3) Intercepts and asymptotes are important properties when analyzing rational functions graphically. Vertical and horizontal asymptotes are determined based on the degrees of the numerator and denominator. 4) Exponential functions have the form f(x) = bx where b is the base. Their graphs approach but do not reach the x

Uploaded by

kimseonwoo01130
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reviewer in General Mathematics

A. FUNCTION
a. A special type of relation where each element of domain corresponds to
exactly one element of the range.
B. PIECEWISE
a. A piecewise function is a function in which more than one formula is
used to define the output.
C. EVALUATING FUNCTION
a. Evaluating a function means replacing the variable in the function, in this
case x, with a value from the function's domain and computing for the
result. To denote that we are evaluating f at a for some a in the domain of
f, we write f(a)
D. OPERATION ON FUNCTION
E. RATIONAL FUNCTION
I. Intercepts
The intercepts of the graph of a rational function are the points of
intersection of its graph and an axis.

a. The y-intercept of the graph of a rational function r(x) if it exists, occurs at


r(0), provided that r(x) is defined at x = 0. To find y-intercept simply
evaluate the function at x = 0.
b. The x-intercept of the graph of a rational function r(x), if it exists, occurs at
the zeros of the numerator that are not zeros of the denominators. To find
x – intercept equate the function to 0.

II. Asymptotes
An asymptote is an imaginary line to which a graph gets closer and closer
as the x or y increases or decreases its value without limit.
a. Vertical Asymptote

The vertical line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical asymptote of a function f if the graph


increases or decreases without bound as the x values approach 𝒂 from the
right or left.

To determine the vertical asymptote of a rational function:

1. reduce the given function to simplest form, then


2. find the zeroes of the denominator that are not zeros of the numerator.

b. Horizontal Asymptote

The horizontal line y=b is a horizontal asymptote of the function f if f(x) gets
closer to b as x increases or decreases without bound.
To determine the horizontal asymptote of a rational function,
compare the degree of the numerator n and the degree of the
denominator d.

1. If n < d, the horizontal asymptote is y= 0;


2. If n = d, the horizontal asymptote y is the ratio of the leading coefficient
of the numerator a, to the leading coefficient of the denominator b. That
𝑎
is 𝑦 = .
𝑏
3. If n > d, there is no horizontal asymptote.

c. Slant / Oblique Asymptote

An oblique asymptote is a line that is neither vertical nor horizontal.


It occurs when the numerator of 𝑓(𝑥) has a degree that is one higher than the
degree of the denominator.
F. INVERSE FUNCTION
a. A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one function.
b. The inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)
c. 𝑓( 𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑥 for all x in the Domain of x.
d. The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) are symmetrical to identity function: f(x)=x

G. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
An exponential function can be written as f (x) = bˣ, where b > 0, b ≠ 1, and x is
any real number. In the equation f(x) = bˣ, b is a constant called the base and x
is an independent variable called the exponent.

Properties of Exponential Functions and Their Graphs


Let f(x) = bˣ, b > 1, and b ≠ 1.

1. The domain is the set of real numbers, (-∞, ∞).


2. The range is the set of positive real numbers, (0, ∞).
3. If b > 1, f is an increasing exponential function. If 0 < b < 1, f is a decreasing
exponential function.
4. The function passes through the point (0,1) because f(0) = b⁰ = 1.
5. The graph approaches but does not reach the x-axis. The x-axis is the
horizontal asymptote.
Exponential Models and Half-life

The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the substance
Example

Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days and there are
10g initially, determine the amount of substance remaining after 30 days, and give an
exponential model for the amount of remaining substance.

Solution. We use the fact that the mass is halved every 10 days (from definition of
Amount of Substance = 10g Amount of Substance = 5g
Amount of Substance = 2.5g Amount of Substance = 1.25g
𝒕
An exponential model for this situation is 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎(𝟏/𝟐)𝟏𝟎

If the half-life of a substance is T units, and 𝑦0 is the amount of the substance


corresponding to t=0, then the amount of y of substance remaining after t units of time
𝑡
is given by 𝑦 = 𝑦0 (1/2)𝑇

Sample Problem:

What is the half - life of a radioactive substance if 75% of any given amount of the substance
disintegrates in 60 minutes?

H. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION
Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that 𝑏 ≠ 1. The logarithm of
a with base b is denoted by log 𝑏 𝑎 and is defined as:
𝒄 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 𝒊𝒇 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒊𝒇 𝒂 = 𝒃𝒄

Logarithm is applicable in the following measurements:


1. Richter Scale

2. Sound Intensity

3. pH Scale
The pH level of a water-based solution is defined as:
𝑝𝐻 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔[𝐻 + ]
Where [𝐻 + ] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter.
Solutions with a pH of 7 are defined neutral; those with pH < 7 are acidic,
and those with pH>7 are basic.

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